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83 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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What happens in stage 2?
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Obtunded reflexes, pupils start to dilate, involuntary struggling
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What happens in stage 3 light?
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decreased reflexes, pupils CONSTRICTED, p and c reflexes, lacrimation
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What happens in stage 3 medium?
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pupils DILATED, loss of pain, loss of palpebral
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What happens in stage 3 deep?
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respiratory depression, severe muscle relaxation, bradycardia, NO reflexes, pupils DILATED
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What do nystagmus and lacrimation mean?
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Too light!
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Where should eyes be for surgical depth?
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medioventral
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How do you set up a base apex lead?
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One on jugulaar, one above heart, one below heart
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What is bradycardia in dogs?
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less than 60bpm
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What is bradycardia in cats?
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less than 90 bpm
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Which drug classes cause bradycardia?
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alpha 2 agonists, opioids (both can be reversed)
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What is tachycardia for a dog?
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180 to low 200s
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What is tachycardia for a cat?
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high 200s
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What drugs can cause tachycardia?
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Ketamine, anticholinergics
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What physiological states cause tachycardia?
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hyperthermia, hypoxemia, hypercapnia, pain, hypovolemia
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When do you treat arhythmias?
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multiform, rate approaches tachycardia, ectopic beat overrides T wave of previous
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At what PO2 does near maximal hemoglobin saturation occur?
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75-80 mmHg
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When do you supplement oxygen- at what Spo2?
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93% (70 mm Hg)
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During what phase does the wave go sharply UP in capnography?
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phase 2
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What would cause low ETCO2?
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Hyperventilation or an increase in dead space
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What causes prolonging expiratory upstrokes?
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obstruction to gas flow
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What causes an elevated baseline ETCO2?
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Equipment problem- absorbent is no longer working
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What causes wobbly inspiratory (downward lines) in ETCO2?
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system leaks. Expired sample is contaminated by fresh gas or ambient air
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What causes an exponential decrease in the height of the ETCO2 waves?
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blood loss, hypotension, major vessel obstruction...patient is going wrong
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What causes a sudden drop off in wave in ETCO2?
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Airway is goign wrong. extubation, ventilator malfunction, total obstruction of ET.
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What is normal mean arterial BP?
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80-120 mm Hg
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What do you call the cuff BP monitor?
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oscillometric
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What should the width of the BP cuff be?
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.4 x the circumference of limb
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How do you measure central venous pressure?
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place a jugular catheter with the tip in the vena cava
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What is part of the high pressure system?
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pipeline and cylinder supplies
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What is part of the low pressure system?
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where oxygen and volatile anesthetics are mixed
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What is the pressure of an oxygen tank?
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2200 psi
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What is the pressure of nitrous oxide tank?
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750 psi
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What color is nitrous oxide tank?
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blue
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What color is a nitrogen tank?
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black
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What should the pressure regulator on the tank be set to?
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45-55 psi
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How do you calculate the content of oxygen tank?
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Multiply pressure gauge on E tank by .3. Multiply pressure tank on H tank by 3. Gives you liters.
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What is the critical temperature of nitrous?
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36.5. (At 20, room temp, it is a liquid)
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When does pressure on nitrous oxide tank start to fall?
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When it is less than 25% full
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How do you prevent diffusion hypoxia of nirous?
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Continue admin of O2 for 10-15 min after
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What is bobbin thing called?
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flowmeter
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What is button that pushes oxygen through?
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oxygen flush
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What is pressure of oxygen flush?
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35-70 L/min
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Where do gases leave machine to enter breathing circuit?
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common gas outlet
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What does dial on vaporizer control?
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SPLITTING RATIO
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What is the name of the circuit that puts tubing inside other tubing?
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Bain
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What are products of soda lime reaction?
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calcium carbonate and sodium carbonate and water adn heat
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Where do gases from common gas outlet enter circle system?
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fresh gas inlet
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What is pressure gauge within breathing circuit called?
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Pressure manometer. (don't go over 20 cm H2) in small animal)
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What should the bag size be for an animal?
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3 x tidal volume
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WHat is the little hole at the end of the ET tube?
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murphy eye
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How do phenothiazines work?
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depress brain stem and neuronal signal transmission, inhibit dopamine release
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What are major phenothiazine side effects?
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Hypotension
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What is azaperone?
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a swine sedative. A butyrophenone
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How do benzodiazepines work?
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Potentiates GABA. Makes Cl- channel more open
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How do benzodiazepines effect heart?
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Not much at all
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What is a problem with benzodiazepines?
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paradoxical aggression or excitement
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What animals should not get benzodiazepines?
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Healthy cats
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Can you give diazepam IM?
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It will hurt
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What is good about midazolam?
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water soluble- changes form with pH
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What is xylazine
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alpha 2 agonist
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How do alpha 2s effect cardiovascular?
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transient hypertension, then prolonged hypotension
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What all do alpha 2 agonists do?
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increase blood glucose, relax muscles, hypotension, increased urine, increased uterine contraction, ADH antagonism, decreased intestinal motility
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what can you use to reverse alpha 2s?
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atipamizole, yohimbine, tolazoline
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What is danger with xylazine?
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Sedation lasts longer than analgesia. Also more vomiting. also CAUSES ANESTHETIC DEATH IN SMALL ANIMALS
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What animal should not get medetomidine?
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horses- causes ataxia
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What do opioids do?
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agonists on receptors that modulate inhibitory/excitatory effects of CNS.
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What do mu receptors control?
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supraspinal analgesia, euphoria, sedation, respiratoy dpression, bradycardia, increased gi transit time, hypothermia, physical dependence
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What do kappa and delta receptors control?
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spinal analgesia
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What happens when opioids bind their receptors?
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inhibition of the activation of a neuron
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In what animals do opioids cause arousal?
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Cats, pigs, ruminants
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In what animals do opioids cause hyperthermia?
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cats pigs ruminants
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In what animals do opioids cause mydriasis?
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cat and horse
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Do opioids effect the heart?
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Not much
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Can you take morphine by mouth?
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Yes but only 25% absorption
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Which opioids cause histamine release?
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morphine, meperidine
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How do barbiturates effect CV and respiration?
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Dose related depression of both. Careful! ventricular bigeminy, hypotension, arrhythmias, the works!
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Are barbiturates good for the brain?
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Yes, reduce O2 demand, no change in cerebral perfusion pressure, but intracranial pressure goes down
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What is special about propofol metabolism?
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hepatic and extrahepatic- kidney liver and plasma
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How is propofol for respiration, heart?
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Respiratory depressant, causes hypotension
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What does propofol do to cats?
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heinz body anemia
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What does ketamine do the respiration
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minimal change- cheyne stokes or apneustic
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What does ketamine do to the heart>
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dose dependent- stimulate sypathetic so tachycardia, hypertension, cardiac output up
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How does ketamine work?
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NMDA receptor antagonist
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