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51 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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What makes a civilization?
(Big Picture Concept) |
Existence & development of cities; Formal institutions (political, economic, religious); Social levels & occupations; Technology; Arts; Communication & transportation
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Cultural Diffusion
(Big Picture Concept) |
When a society changes due to exposure to another culture with a different way of doing things
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Impact of nature on people
(Big Picture Concept) |
Geography + climate = where ppl live & build cities + why they move + types of defense + isolation from other civilizations
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Impact of people on nature
(Big Picture Concept) |
Technology = change landscape (divert water, move natural resources, transportation networks)
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Major Changes of 8000 BCE to 600 CE (10,000 years)
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Farming & food supplies; Developing technologies & ideas to support cities; World religions; Collapse of classical empries
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Nomads
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Focused on satisfying basic needs of shelter & food
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Major developments before the Neolithic Revolution
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Development of spoken language; Ability to control & use fire; Ability to make simple stone tools
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Foraging Societies
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Small groups of hunting-gathering people who traveled based on climate and availability of plants & animals; No permanent shelters, few personal belongings
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Threats to foraging societies
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Climate changes, disease, famine, natural disasters, inability to store food long-term
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Pastoral Societies
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Domestication of animals, food supply based on animal products; Some supplemental small-scale agriculture; Patriarchal w/ important extended family; Nomads b/c need grazing areas & water for herd
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Social status in Pastoral Societies
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Based on size of one's herd
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Neolithic ("New Stone") Revolution
aka Agricultural Revolution |
8000BCE to 3000BCE
Shift from nomadic lifestyle to agricultural lifestyles & town/city life; Birth of small, independent communities |
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The Driving Forces of the Neolithic Revolution
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Cultivation + Domestication + Simple Tools = Constant Food Supply & Staying in one place (birth of private property!)
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Consequences of Agriculture & Food Surpluses
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Specialized labor; Organized economies; Governmental structures; Religious organizations (Beginnings of civilization)
*All because now there's time for other stuff than looking for food* |
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Development of Civilization
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Labor specialization & food surplus
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Results of AG on the Environment
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Land & resources reconfigured to fit needs; Animals for AG labor; Land cleared for farmland
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Technologies of the Neolithic Era
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Stone tools, pottery, weaving, complex clothing, wheels, sails, BRONZE
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Bronze Age
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Latter part of the Neolithic Era; Discovery of combining copper with tin to make bronze for tools & weapons
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Why civilizations were in River Valleys
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Regular water supply, nutrient-rich soil, animals & plants for food, transportation
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City-states
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Urban center & agricultural land around it under its control; Common cultural characteristics but independent & competed
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Mesopotamia
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"Land between the rivers" (Tigris & Euphrates)
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Ancient civilizatons of Mesopotamia
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Sumer, Babylon, Persia
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Fertile Crescent
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Large area of arable land from Mesopotamia to Mediterranean
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Sumer
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3000BCE to 1700BCE in southern Mesopotamia
City-states of Ur, Erech, & Kish Successful agriculture & river management, cuneiform writing, wheel, 12-month calaendar, math system, geometry, polytheistic, ziggurats |
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Cuneiform
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Sumerian writing used for laws, treaties, social & religious customs
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Ziggurats
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Sumerican temples like pyramids; Based on polytheistic religion
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Akkad
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City north of Sumer
Developed 1st known code of laws, written in cuneiform |
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Code of Hammurabi
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King Hammurabi of Babylon developed an extensive code; Significant step toward modern legal codes; Major vs. minor offenses & "rule of law"
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Hittites
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Overtook Babylon, became military superpower w/ iron weapons
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Assyrians
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Empire across Fertile Crescent
Learned of iron through trade routes, capital at Nineveh |
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Nebuchadnezzar
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Chaldean king who defeated the Assyrians & rebuilt Babylon, extended empire
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Persian Empire
(Around 500 BCE) |
Eastern Mediterranean around Turkey (Stretched from Egypt to Greece to Afghanistan)
Improved transportation & communication w/ road network |
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Great Royal Road
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Longest of Persian roads, stretching from the Persian Gulf to the Aegean Sea
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Lydians
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Used coined money for trade + monetary system
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Phoenicians
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Powerful naval city-states along Mediterranean
Simple alphabet (better than cuneiform) |
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Hebrews
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First Jews, monotheistic
Established Israel (1000 BCE), invaded & enslaved, but maintained identity |
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Egyptian Empire
(1450 BCE) |
Predictable flooding & rich soil of Nile = plentiful AG & stable food supply
Old, Middle & New Kingdoms New Kingdom = peak Pyramids, hieroglyphics, calendar, mummification Dependent on trade, especially for timber Polytheism & afterlife |
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King Menes
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United Nile valley before Egyptian Empire
Capital @ Memphis, drainage/irrigation systems |
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Pharaohs
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Powerful Egyptian rulers
Lavish tombs for afterlife |
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Hieroglyphics
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Pictures as writing system, used by Egyptians
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Queen Hatshepsut
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1st known female ruler
New Kingdom in Egypt Expanded trade |
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Egyptian Women's Rights
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Better than Mesopotamia
Buy, sell, inherit & will property; dissolve marriage Subservient to men, valued as childbearers |
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Egyptian Social Structure
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Pharaoh, priests, nobles (according to teacher not really because of pharaoh's absolute power), merchants, skilled artisans, peasants, slaves (POWs)
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Fall of Egyptian Empire
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Assyrian & Persian conquer parts, Greeks occupy, Romans eventually completely absorb it
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Commonality in Decline of Civilizations
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Civilization becomes powerful, attracts attention = invasions + civilization too big to adequately protect all borders
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Indus Valley
(2500-1500 BCE) |
Northwestern India, cut off by mountains, threat of invaders
Strong central gvt w/ priest-king Cloth industry |
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Khyber Pass
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Connection to Indus Valley in Kush Mtns. used for trade & invaders
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Harappa & Mohenjo-Daro
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Major cities of Indus Valley: master-planned, uniformly constructed, wastewater systems
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Aryans
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Nomadic tribes who conquered Indus Valley w/ horses & advanced weapons
Established religious beliefs, reincarnation & social structure (basis of caste system) |
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Vedas & Upanishads
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Religious recordings of Aryans which formed the basis of Hinduism
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Caste System
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Social structure in India
Brahmans (priests), warriors, landowners & merchants, peasants, untouchables Rigid w/ little mobility |
