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115 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Town founded by Aeneas
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Lavinium, named after Lavinia
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Town founded by Julus
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Alba Longa
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Numitor
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King of Alba Longa
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Julus (Iulus)
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Son of Aeneas
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Rhea Silva
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Daughter of Numitor
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Romulus
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Son of Rhea Silva and Mars(god of war). 1st king of Rome, kills brother Remus.ant than blood brother)
(Roma is more import |
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Roman Monarchy
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753 - 510 BC
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Roman Republic
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510 - 27 BC
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Roman Empire
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27 BC - 5th cent. AD
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Pomerium
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City limits/boundaries
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Etruscan Rule
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600 - 510 BC
Co-equal Lords Patronage System Invented Arch |
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Patronage System
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-Thanks to Etruscans
-Reason why there was never a pure democracy in Rome -Key difference between Rome and Greece -Patron class- Patricians -Client Class- Plebians |
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Last King of Rome
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Tarquin the Proud
Son raped Lucretia- symbolic of what Etruscans did to Rome Noblemen rebel and expel him |
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Competitive Aristocracy
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Dominant in the Early Roman Republic. Consisted of Magistracies and class mobility
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Senators
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Wealthy Former Magistrates
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Magistrates
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2-15 colleagues with equal authority
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Assemblies
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All male citizens over 18 years old, originally separate for Patricians and Plebians
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Struggle of the Orders
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450-250 BC (Plebians gradually gain power over Patricians)
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12 Tables
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450 BC- Plebians went on strike until laws were written down
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Tribunes
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Magistrate at the head of the Plebian assembly
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Lex Hortensia
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287 BC- (Hortensia Law) Plebians could make law. Voting was more obsolete after this law
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First Consul
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Brutus (510 BC)
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400-250 BC
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Rome conquers Italy & internal strife
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Punic Wars
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265- 150 BC
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First Punic War
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264-241 BC. Rome takes control of Corsica, Sardinia, and Sicily. (Innovated Carthaginian ships to favor their infantry skills).
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2nd Punic War
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218-201 BC: Hannibal marches through Spain to northern Italy
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Battle of Zama
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Scippio attacked Carthage, so Hanniball returned and was defeated by the Romans (202 BC)
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250-133 BC
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Rome goes from controling only Italian Peninsula to being the Dominant empire of the Mediterranean.
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Social Unrest/Change in 2nd century Rome
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-Disparity of Wealth (money didn't flow to plebians)
-Influx of Slaves (cheaper & the rich bought larger land) -Birth of Equestrian Class |
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Equestrian Class
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Merchants, upper-middle class, lots of money w/ no political interest
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Standing army in 2nd century Rome
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Marius, formed of the Urban Proletariat (non-land owners who moved into the cities and were causing trouble)
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Contact with Foreign Cultures in 2nd century Rome
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-Apropriation of high Greek culture (eg Terence)
-Introduction of Roman administration, laws, and Latin into provinces |
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Optimates vs. Populists
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Competition among aristocrats for power:
-Gracchi Bros. vs Senate Class (130-120 BC) -Marius vs. Sulla (80's BC) -Caesar vs. Pompey (49 BC) |
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Terence
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160 BC
Freedman from N. Africa Ex of Social mobility |
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New Comedy
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Plautus, Terence (2nd Cent. -175 BC)
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Middle Comedy
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Menandes - 300 BC
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Old Comedy
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Aristophanes 420's BC
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Micio vs Demea
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M: Urbane, permissive, new values
D: Country, tough, traditional values |
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Aeschinus vs. Ctesipho
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A: adopted by Micio, loves Pamphila
C: Son of Demea, loves Bacchis |
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Demea as "deus ex machina"
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Aeschinus marries Pamphila, Ctesipho marries Bacchis, Syrus- freed and $
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Micio's consequences
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-Marry Sostrata (Pamphila's mom)
-Tear down Wall & Refurbish ($) -Give up country farm to Hegio -2 Slaves freed ($) -$ for Syrus |
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Demea at the end of "Brothers"
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Changes to some extent (Ctesipho and Bacchis), but a lot of tongue in cheek and gets back at Micio
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Roman Executive Branch of Government
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Ladder of Offices: Consul, Praetor, Aedile, Quaestor
(also censor, Tribune and Dictator) (Consul and Praetor have imperium) |
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Imperium
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Power of life and death over anyone held by the Consul and Praetor
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Judicial Branch of Roman Government
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Praetor acted as Judge, No check by Judiciary on Executives
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Legistlative Branch of Roman government
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Senate,
-Tribal assembly (Plebian, statutes) Centuriate(Patrician) -War, elections (consuls and praetors) |
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Sella
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Seat of Imperium (consuls and praetors)
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Aedile Responsibility
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Public Works
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Quaestor Responsibility
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Treasurers
(Banks: Temple of Saturn and Jupiter) |
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Tribunes' Role
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Plebian representatives as of 450 BC
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Censors' Role
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Moral gaurdians, public contracts, Census (18 months instead of 12)
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Tribe
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Voting and Taxing Unit based on where you lived
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Century
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Voting and taxing unit based on how much money you make
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Senate Responsibilities
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(Unofficial Power)
Religious, foreign, or financial affairs Ratified (before 340 BC) or preapprove statutes (after 340 BC) |
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Who was a Senator?
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Former Magistrates
Members for life |
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How many Senators were there?
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Monarchy= 100 Members
Early Republic= 300 members Late Republic (80 BC)= 600 members |
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Senate meeting procedures
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Meet in Templum
Summoned by magistrate with imperium Replied by Rank Open Debate Expressed sentiment by walking towards speaker |
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Centuriate Assembly
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MIlitary assembly (193 centuries in saepta) ($ made)
-originally patrician -electoral (elected the magistrates with imperium) -Legislative: Too cumbersome to use -Judicial: capital punishment of elite |
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Popular Assembly
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Tribal (35 Tribes based on location)
-3/35 controlled by wealthy -Originally plebian -Electoral (in Saepta): the lesser magistrates -Legislative (in forum): applies to all after 287 BC -Judicial (in forum): fines & punishment of plebians |
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The Saepta
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Electoral Voting Structure
-35 rows, 2000 people p/ row -Campus Martius |
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Secret Ballot in Rome
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Late 2nd cent BC
-voting bridges and urns |
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Temple of Castor and Pollux
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Voitng location of the Late Republic
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Problems with Written ballots
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-assumes high literacy
-write & walk at same time (long lines) -Vote for many candidates at once (use initials?) -Stylus with sharp tip is dangerous |
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Rostra
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Orator's platform. Symbolic move of rostra to people, not the senate
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Virgil
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-Augustan Poet, 70-19 BC
-Not endebted to oral tradition -Literate poet, literate audience -200 verses to 20 -Unfinished at his death |
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Achilles vs. Aeneas
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-Divine mothers
-Achilles double fate, Aeneas fate looms larger -Aeneas controls emotions better |
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Heldenshau
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Hero Show pg 185
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Marcellus' Life
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42-23 AD
Declared aedile in 23 AD Nephew and Son in law of emperor Augustus |
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250 BC
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Rome controls Italy and Islands
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150 BC
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Rome conttols most of meditteranean
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Late Republican Politics
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130-30 BC
-Standing armies loyal to warriors -Aristocratic rivalries (but all unite against external threats) -Rise of populists, power for people: (Gracchi, Marius, Caesar) |
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Familia
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Group of descendants from the same pater
-Communal and combined -Often blended because of early deaths |
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Patria Potestas
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-Roman fathers absolute power over the family
-Right to kill children and spouses |
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Roman Mothers
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"ideal"
-communal care to raise kids -no legal control over children -Became the responsibility of their children when widowed |
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Child Rearing
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-Involved many people
-Children provided with financial gaurdian when father died |
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Pietas
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Being obedient and respectful (Children and wives)
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Cicero's career
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90 BC- military service
81- 1st big trial as defense attorney 75- quaestor 66- praetor 63- 1st in his family as consul 58-57- exiled 53- augar in charge of augery 51-50- governor of Asia minor 43- on Marc Antony's hit list |
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Caesar's career
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68- Quaestor
65- Aedile 63- Pontifus Maximus (bribery) 59- Consul and 1st triumvirate 58-50- conquest of Gaul 49-45- Civil war vs. Pompey 44- dictator for life March 44- murdered at theater |
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First Triumvirate
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Pompey the Great (Senate)
Crassus (Wealthiest) Julius Caesar (Support of the People) |
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Caesar's conquest of Gaul
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50's BC
Changes face of Europe forever (Roman values in Western Europe) |
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Caesar's seige of Alesia
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52 BC
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Pharsalus
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48 BC (Caesar defeats Pompey)
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Phillipi
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42 BC (Antony and Octavian defeat Optimates)
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Actium
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31 BC (Octavian defeats Antony)
Naval Battle General Agrippa Antony's forces were weakened because of cutoff/seige |
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2nd (New) Triumvirate
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Octavian, Antony, Lepidus
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Augustus and Aeneas
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Both found new Rome
Faithful to higher destiny Self-sacrificing, Father figures, Warriors (pietas) |
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Caesar and Augustus' reforms
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-Enlarged senate with Equestrians and Provincials
-Streamlined courts and law codes -Imperial civil servants supplants magistracies -Foreign Policy and treasury pulled from the Senate |
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Caesar and Augustus' socioeconomic reforms (Romanization)
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-Public Works Projects
-Roman citizen colonies in provinces -Roman citizenship for intellectuals -Schools and public libraries in western provinces |
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3 Pillars of Emperor's Power
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-Supreme Imperium (5-10 yr periods)/(source of military might over the consuls)
-Life Long supreme Tribunician powers (consul+tribune) -Pontiifex Maximus (religious power, chief priest, and controls calendar) |
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Forum of Augustus
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Empire needed more space and shops
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Ara Pacis
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-Golden Age altar of Peace (celebrating Pax romana)
-Augustus closed the doors of the Temple of Janice as symbol of peace |
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Augustus' Sexual Legislation
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-Offenders subject to death or exile
-20 BC- after 500 AD -Defined adultery, fornication, prostitution, incest, and pimping -Prohibited marraige of senators w/ freed people -Punished single/childless ppl -Promoted marraige and procreation |
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Perks for having kids under Augustus' Sexual Legislation
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-Could ask for a tutor to be removed
-Could make a will w/o tutor approval -Less taxes |
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Augustus' definition of fornication
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Affairs with high class married woman
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Augustus' definition of pimping
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-Husband of aristocratic woman who looked away while she had an affair for some financial or political gain
-He was required to bring his wife into court within 6 months |
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Sine manu
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With Out Hand. Remained part of father's familia
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Cum Manu
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With Hand. As if she was his daughter
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How one would become a slave
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-Captured in battle/kidnapped
-Slave Trade -Born to a Slave mother -Exposed children -Sold oneself into slavery or sold by parents |
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Manumission
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Freed slaves became clients to their Former masters or the person who freed them
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Status of Freedmen
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-Often became artisans, shopkeepers, and merchants
-Often became tremendously wealthy -In theory freedom= other citizens, but there was often a social stigma |
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Types of Roman slaves
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Public slaves
Factory slaves Household slaves (Slavery sometimes used as apprenticeship) |
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Gladiators
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-Games started around 3rd cent as funeral games
-Exotic spectacles -Mostly slaves, some freedmen -Some gained almost "rockstar" status |
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Spartacus
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-Revolt begins in 73 BC
-Romans can't stop him for several years, many failed attempts -Crassusgets him in 71 BC |
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Attitudes towards slaves
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-"pueri" i.e. Children, depicted with odd proportions
-Tortured for info/ crucified -Some laws to stop cruelty -Feared revolts against master -Possibility of close relationship |
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Benefits of Cheap Slaves
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-Urban proletariat
-Standing Army -Latifundia -Land redistribution (gracchi) -Grain dole (welfare) -Aedile's edict on slaveslaves -Lack of innovation/craftsmen |
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Benefits of more Freedmen
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-More $
-More power -Imperial Civil Servants -Legal rights increase -Become clients of former masters -Run small shops |
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Saturn Alia
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-Roman Equivalent of Christmas to thank Saturn for harvest etc.
-Set precedent for gift giving -Slaves & masters traded roles (wore pileus (freedom hat) that looks like santa hat) -Bring saturn statues out of temples, picnics -Gambling was allowed |
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Roman Values
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-Law and Society builders
-Great Engineers (applied and mass produced other people's technology) -Loved spectacles more than the Greeks (processions, public celebrations) -Valued violence |
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Triumphs
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-Type of festival for triumphant Generals
-General's face painted red -Slave whispering- "remember you are mortal" -Ended at Capitaline Hill w/ Sacrifice at Temple of Jupiter -Captured generals ritually strangled (no blood) |
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Religion
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-Declared war=Religious spectacle
-Priests throw spear from front line to enemy, chanting, to declare war -Grand public celebrations (take gods out of temples) -No doctrine/theology/sin -Powerful gods had to be appeased for positive interaction in their lives -No personal salvation |
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Value of Violence
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-Gladiators, ritual killings
-Killed exotic animals to show power over everything -No nursing-homes/hospitals etc -Interaction w/ death was daily |
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Roman effects on us
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-Values for self-rule (ppl decide how to live their lives)
-Puritan work ethic (profit from labor allowed by weak central authority, avg citizens owned land) -Flawed system but best so far -Greco+Roman+Judaism= Western Culture -Actions of one affect all -Social mobility, property, work ethic |
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Battle of Cannae
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216 BC- (2nd Punic War) Worst defeat in Roman History
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Sacking of Carthage
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146 BC
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27 BC
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Augustus tries to give his powers back to the Senate
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