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76 Cards in this Set
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Sumerians |
4000 - 2300 BC "People of the river banks" Enki- sumerian god of crafts/intelligence, confined water within the canals, priests control water, |
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Warka Vase |
3200 BC (sumerian) 3 feet, 600 lbs vase, before actual written language, shows sources being collected (water) |
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3000BC Cuneiform, Wheel, Trade |
3000BC Sumerian Logograms --> syllabary, from pictographs to wedge shapes. wheel, pottery trade: bronze, thus trade in 3000bc |
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Flood Story |
2750BC Sumerian/Babylonian Utnapishtim: surives flood of hte gods, recieves eternal life, Like Noah he made a boat. Gods sent flood to quiet humans down. Stratigraphy: 10ft of mud @ city of Ur, oldest layers on bottom |
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Scribe Schools |
2000 BC , Sumerian described on two cuneiform tablets, what was training like? what were values/ context? Stylus: used to make cuneiform blocks
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Sumerian Tablet |
Letter; Complaint about wrong grade of copper and delays of further delivery between two gov workers. |
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Ziggurat of Ur |
2000 BC , Sumerian platform for gods, looks like pyramid, nothing inside, alter? PART OF SUMERIAN RENAISSANCE 2000 BC |
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Epic of Gilgamesh |
2000 BC, Sumerian SUMERIAN RENAISSANCE 2000BC House of dust = afterlife, no moral element, not who you once was, nothing continues on |
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Akkadians Sargon |
2330-2150 BC , 2330 = Sargon Akkadian Empire created by Sargon (first name mentioned in class). Semetic language, conqueror of Sumerian Cities. Dissolves around 2150 BC) |
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Babylonian Empire Mari Invaded |
2000 -1200 BC , 18 cen. 1760 invaded Hammurabi and Babylonian Empire (same time as Akkadians) Mari Invaded by Hammurabi, and tin, many others victoms of Hammurabi's invasions Created Calendar (shared with jews during neo babylonean) Base 60, astronomy |
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Code of Hammurabi |
1750 BC Babylonian Compilation of laws on Basalt finger, 142, wife devorce husband for neglegence appear as decrees, protection for independent business owners, May represent cases in which Hammurabi acted wisely and was proud |
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Ancient Egypt |
3200-2160 BC continuity of history, the same, Nile would leave the boarders and flood, everyone understood, Unlike babylonians/sumerians, has dependable flood cycle. three seasons Flood season, planting season, harvest season. Lower Egypt = North, marshy, land of reeds |
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Hieroglyph (Egypt) |
3100 BC Sacred carved letters, (records on papyrus), no vowels, |
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Narmer Pallete |
3000 BC Unification of Egypt, under great King (Narmer?) used to put make up on statues, this one used for this, but to show status of the catfish king, elevated catfish, represents unification. |
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Mythology and Kingship |
Egypt Ra & Horus vs Seth (god of chaos) |
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Old Kingdom |
2700 BC 2160BC First pharaohs, pyramids, -Djosers 2650, and his "step pyramid" (8% grade, 2.5 mill blocks granite limstone, 25,000 for 20 years. -Great Sphinx , prob depics Kephren |
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Old Kingdom Instruction of Ptahotep & Ma'at |
2700 BC 2160 BC ma'at = best practices, truth |
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Old Kingdom Intermediate Period # 1 |
2700 BC -unsettled politics & agriculture -I can be like pharaoh - century of chaos bc of flood - Osiris (god of flood, continuing life after death) Green Guy, Mummy, put back together by wife. |
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Middle Kingdom |
2060 - 1650 BC Capital Moves to Thebes, temples, no pyramids Queens could be depicted |
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Middle Kingdom Tale of Sinuhe |
2060BC, tale = 1875 The life of Egyptian Courtier, boss dies, new pharaoh, courtier goes to Retjenu, respects the new pharao, has duel for justice, decree for Sinuhe to return, mud brick temple is built, pyramid like, given to him with life story on tomb, could have been a dream Believes in afterlife, prepares to live forever, meals brought to him even after mummification , reader identifies w/ him |
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Middle Kingdom 20160 1650 BC Tale of Eloquent Peasant |
What is Justice? (respect) The peasant speaks well. Is tricked by a man, who is in assoiactionw ith people higher up, ruins crop. Appeals to High Steward, keeps appealing, "the gods are just, but highest I can go is a official" "if I do not get justice, humans aren't living up to the gods" |
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Middle Kingdom 2060 1650 BC Dialogue of a Man and Hist Soul |
What is death to Egyptian? Soul terrified to die, death is scary and it hurts, man has to plead with his conflicted soul, "my soul, stand by me" afterlife is open to everyone, finally optimistic, same thoughts as people today, |
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Middle Kingdom 2060 1650 BC Intermediate Period # 2 |
many pharaohs, including nubians (invaders from south, build mini pyramids) -not sure of one pharaoh - i can be pharaoh competing groups, military reunification |
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New Kingdom 1600 - 1100 BC |
Thebes, Burials in Valley of the Kings Hatshepsut ruled as Pharaoh first female pharaoh. Trade with Punt (somalia) Third intermediate period Amenhotep IV -- Akhenaten = capital ( living aten/sun) -created new sun god |
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Assyrian Empire 9th C BC Assyrian Mandate |
Capital = Asher, silver, tin, textiles. North of babylonia east of anatolia. Where trade routes are. Mandate: long military tradition, aquires land to get soldiers, permanent and professional army (takes food)
Deport: takes over place, takes everything gives it to Assyrians, makes people into assyrians basically, . [doesn't have any natural protects, mountains etc. live through conquest, make sure no one near you is threat) Always pictured with weapons of war |
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Assyrian // Sennacherib 705-681 BC Prisim of Sennacherib |
city of Nineveh (mosul). city of sex, corruption, sole goods, conquered many. prisim = enemy king = birds |
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Ashurbanipal 7th cent (Assyrian) |
LIBRARY, no stem texts, did it for pride, EPIC OF GILG. |
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Sack of Ashur 624 Sack of Nineveh 612 |
Jerusalem , victory of Egypt, capture of Memphis and Thebes |
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Phoenicia 1200 - 800 BC |
Coastal cities - kingdoms, harbors. Tyre & trading w/ Baby. Ass. Greece. Phonecian PURPLE rare goods |
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Israel / Hebrews / Israelites |
problems = not about the people, about their God YHWH & his people, the hebrews, wanderers. no reference to heaven or hell, |
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Boundaries/ Rules (Israel) |
Moses, Ark of Coanent, ark attendants (priests) whos in charge? -interpret honor, kill, eye for an eye, comapre to hammurabi |
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Israelites v Philistines 150 BC |
the philistines get the ark, is frees itself and returns to israel. |
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Samuel, |
last judge, "you do not know what kings are like" kings are tyrants (looking at sumerian type kings) gets a king anyways |
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David, 1000- 961 BC |
Captures Jeruselem, ark with priesthood- moves ark to jeruselem but cannot build house for it bc his hands are dirty (murder and adultry) |
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Solomon 961 - 922 BC |
son of David: built temple w/ israelite labor (similar to ziggurat, but no statue of God), bought horses from egypt & made chariot cities (army bases) Okay with polygamy - worshipped gods of his wives, he falls bc breaks promise with God |
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Neo Babylonians 586 BC |
Babylonian captivity (jeremiah's prophecy) |
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Persians 559 - 330 BC Cyrus the Great 559 530 bc Battle of Opis 539 BC |
from Iranian plateau, cities include: pasargadea (persia) Ectabana (media) & sardis (lydia) battle: Cyrus v Nabonidus (neo babylonian). Tigris river, military skill, bribery, massacre of babylonians at end of the battle |
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Cylinder of Cyrus 530 BC |
in Akkaidian/ Babylonian: person king "chosen of marduk " resettled w/ gods (not document) |
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Book of Ezra: 538 (persian) |
messianic Persian King, how to rule 35 mill people, large diversity of people |
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Zoroastrianism (persian) |
Religion, king as a servant of Ahura Mazda (lord of light & wisdom, dualism (god of 2 forces) priests = MAGI(wise men) |
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Darius the Great 522-486BC (persia) |
Darayaush, achaemenid Empire. use 20 satraps , expansion |
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Royal Road Behistin Inscription 581 BC (persia) |
susa to sardis, 180 miles / day , Susa is primary capital, Elamite is administrative language. Trilingual, of Darius,: smerdis: written to Gumata "you who shall be king.. protect yourself from lies, punish liars well, if you shall think the country be secrure, on trade troute REVOLT OF GREEKS of Anatolia , Ionian coast vs Darius, burning of the satrap's capital at sardis. |
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Greece: Med & Mountains |
Double edged 'oar' of med; harbors/sea - connection to wealth, strong currents winds in mid falll to mid spring. , wisom of phoenicia. , order/disorder, civilization/barbarism. Mountainous Peninsulas: Iberian (spain/portugal) Italian Greek Greece: 75% elevated, hard to farm. small amount of rain. agriculture = grains grapes and olives --> bread oil and wine. barley vs wheat (essential surplus) Irrigation contrast: mesopotamis ky father (seus) poseidon = earth shaker |
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Early Greece |
on Crete, labyrinthine palaces. (contain sophisicated storae jars) Knossos (principle palace), lots of archaeologist theories :administration (no minotar) |
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Minoan 200 1425 BC |
Destroyed by volcano, Frescos preseved, wall paintings. Artistic culturally = bull leaping , double axe (labrys) L |
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Minoan 2000 1425 Linear A Trade with Avaris |
Linear a Sometimes on clay discs, not able to read.
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Early Greek |
civilization in mainland Greece, chieftans/warriors, graves w/ masks, weapons, domed tombs, long building process. |
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After Mycenaeans (greek) |
Iron age, lower pop density. |
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After Dark Age (greek) 8th C. Renaissance |
impressive geometric pottery Greek Language -use of aphabet -USE VOWELS -right to left , allows for reproduction. |
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8th Cen Reaissance |
kind of a folk singer, not fantasy novelists, memory and improvisation, formulaic construction "clever odysseus" in meter, doesn't rhyme. - creation of Greek National Epics. -what it means to be greek, learn greek just to read these stories |
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8th Cen Renaissance |
underlying fame through struggle: -greek warrior coalition vs walled city of troy (explains mycenaean and tojan war) -sieze it, take glory by throat |
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8th Cen Renaissance Homer (greek) |
Story of Odysseus (Ulysses) and his metis (cleverness), Illiad as Heroic Saga. -search for value of life -iron age romance -search for new things (full of heros, shows exotic outside world) odysseus --> Ajax |
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Odyssesy (greek) |
Zeus "the father of gods and men" daughter athena "goddess of wisdom" & patroness of Ody. Obligations of sacrifice to Zeus. Telemacheia: an epic quest to find dad, doesn't find him, finds friends, tell how awesome he was Odyssey = jason's quest: jason & golden fleece, like percy & sea of monsters) Homecoming: reuninted w/ son comes of ages, kills suitors Sterotypes of Greek Sea: trader/pirate, filthy profit. gets sterotyped, ends up sacking Troy Choices: calypso's offter vs. "i'll endure" stay on island w/ woman live forever. -is wife as pretty? no -sleeps with her anyways, i willl still go back tho odyssesus doesn't kill himself |
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Ithica |
island, found nothing, no bronze age palace, but on (iron age) trade route to italy, a small stop like murphy |
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700 BC Hesiod (greek) |
Work and days: must compete in a village strife: of war and work, different ideas of the gods sages of men. strife goddess= Eris Zeus as personification of Justice, goddess -dike justice. in the beginning there was justice. there is discord (disagreement between people) (apple of discord, love beauty wisdom have consequence |
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700 BC Hesiod (greek) 5 Ages of Man |
Age of gold - gods created humans, stuff grew without having to be tended, gods dwelled w/ humans. humans are mortal, age ends when they all die. Age of silver - more distance from gods, creation of religion, having to work and farm, Age of Bronze - Super soldiers, killing machiences, kbasically wipe each other out. Age of Heros - Ody, god shown in people, semi-gods, Ajax, glimpse of early humanity, "maybe good and gods do exist" last connection to gods. Age of Iron - us, cheat lie, steal. when things go wrong, each generation getting worse than before,gods and goddesses leave. |
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Aetolians (greeks) |
greeks without city-states, shepherds, shared mythis, genealogy, drama. culture: dominated by goddesses (pairs) women, independent, "the aetolians) triabal. |
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Greek City States - Polis Change after dark ages |
Population increase, bc agriculture (grain olive oils, cows sheep) more food, weaker aristocracy of land owners, -growing food give peasants more power, trade withothers more agency and mobility mobility w/ polis / city state state of citizens may not be physical place. central temple, organizes polis, festivals, legislative, Boonites, farmers market) |
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Local Loyalty |
tension between local and national identity, gods work even if we can't see them. |
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Local Loyalty 2nd institution = Olympic Games 776 BC |
compete naked, represent city-state, every four years, sacrifices for zeus, -dedications include, assyrian bronze cauldron, pile of loot Olympic truce - no war during olympics, there should be peace. men can show off, women sponsor teams. |
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Greek Colonization 750 - 580BC |
runnning out of land, colonization of med coast. -result of pop pressure + trade routes west (raw materials &east (luxury goods) -places they had gone to trade but now have gone to live and set up city-state -new independence, connected cipty states. ex: corinthians to syracuse: huge, lots of money, |
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Defence: Hoplites |
armies, farmer-soldiers with round shields, long spears, had to afford own armor, defend self and each other. -need group training -morale, -low casualties atheltic war - walk into each other |
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Control of Polis: |
aristocrats vs. everyone else olgiarchy: rule of the few --> tyrants --> democracy (rule of the people) how to ensure freedom/equality ? |
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LYCURGUS of Sparta 650 BC (greek) |
life of lycurgus by plutart (long after it happens) -law maker -the great saying : 2 kings + council of elders + citizen assembly (full blood male spartiates) |
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Lycurgus 650 BC spartan social system: |
antii-luxury: (iron money) no gold or silver, could not profit, could not trade, cannot steal. -egalitarianism: radical land separation for every spartan, plows own field as of among many brothers. xenophobia: kicks foreigners out, fear of corruption of eqalitarianisim common dinining: more social, neighborhood -more important than family -spartans thought it worked, greeks calle dhtem crazy |
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Sparta, Lycurgus 650 BC Rules: women education etc. |
-woman always expected to exercize (zumba) -wants them to be free, chose their own mate -council decides if children should be raised as spartan or should be exposed (outside, and turned into slaves) breed people, better generation, cannot kill children. male education: "companies" from age 7 -stay with group until adulthood, extreme boyscout camp, each class has their own leaders -educating lifestyle to: obey, endure, win & avoid discord. no spartans fight other spartans *rich women |
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Helots 7th c BC (economy) Greek (sparta) |
conqueror of laconia slaves = helots things aren't always spread evenly -village owned by sparta now, -people still live in village -how to deal with large # of slaves -they basically feed sparta (farm) kryptera (secret service of sparta) young men. -if looks at you like real person, upity, no fear, sneak in at night and kill them. -scared helots and many others -scared that women may fight -did them dirty to stay on top - couldn't tell if they were slaves unless you really talked to them, questioned |
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Solon of Athens 594 BC |
archon, ruler/arbitrator, how to solve avoiding discord. moderation of demands of rich and poor, if you owe debt and don't pay you become slave seisachteia: "shaking off burdens" vs. debt bondage, frees debt |
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seisachteia Solon of Athens 594 BC |
SeISACHTEIA 4 property classes. -those who had land counted, fixed by census, makes them into groups by how much grain land produces. -bottom = vote but cannot hold public office -second from bottom = hoplites, respected, called to defend, vote -second from top, = hold offices, vote -top = 5% , generals, treasurers, so no one steals, king from 2 fams. ones of top know everyone you can move social status, if you clear a bar , you can move up and serve. -belief in chance to get rich, encourage trade. |
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act of treason |
cannot be netral in political debate, can't be "eeh" can not pull out of system |
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Pisistratus of Athens (greek) 560 BC |
tyrant known to solon -popular with people -gets "beat up" , needs body guards, uses them and dispands assembly. -rules as dictator, first coins of athens -tyrant like politician, spends a lot of money, pub spending, temple, fountains, festival. -people have good feelings of town they will like him -gets kicked out, (used power for self unlike odysseus) -gets in chariot with girl posed as athena, people rise up, gains control again. -2nd tyrany, less than decade kicked out again 3rd tyrany |
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athenian gov |
archons (9) + areopagis (aristocrats) + assembly |
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Persian Wars 490 - 479 BC Herodotus 484 - 425 BC |
father of history (or of lies?) few free greeks vs huge empire why did greeks win? |
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Persian Wars 490 - 479 BC Battle of Marathon 490 BC |
Revenge of Darius (sardis) suppress greek subjects of persia -Darius dies from news of losing |
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Persian Wars 490 -479 BC Xerxes |
Son of Darius, -army of 2mill men -goes in person with them, out numbers greeks -sends army of 1200 ships (supplies etc.) - builds a bridge at Hellspont -hubris, not pride, but god like "you are risking too much, no i can do what i want with my army" greek persepective: made bad decisions |
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Athenian - Spartan Alliance Battle of Thermopylae 480 bc Battle of Salamis 480 bc |
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