Ancient Jap Final Test

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Champa Rice

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heartier, faster maturing rice. resisted drought better than the rice that was currently available in Japan.

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Za Guilds

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associations of merchants at markets who specialized in the sale of a particular good. comparable to European trade guilds. date from early Heian. Za would affiliate with temples or aristocracy for protection and monopolization

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Tally Trade

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Kango trade with the Ming dynasty, tallies used to determine legitimate trade. Res sealed ships were only ships that were permitted to trade in Tokugawa Japan, through the port of Nagasaki.

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Silver Trade

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In sixteenth and seventeenth centuries Japan accounted for 1/3rd of the world’s silver trade. Traded for luxury southeast asian goods,; spurred the world economy.

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Tanegashima

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Trading port in southern Japan where contact with europeans was first established with the portuguese. Introduced firearms to medieval Japan; previously established trading port with the ryukyu.

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Three Capitals

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Three capitals of Japan in Tokugawa Era: Osaka was the commercial and economic center as it housed the largest trading market; Kyoto was the cultural center as it was the seat of the emperor / aristocracy; Edo seat of political power as it housed the shogunate.

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Oda Nobunaga

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One of the three unifiers of Japan, first to undertake quest to unify Japan.Marched on Kyoto in 1568 and established control of the capital. Goal was tenka fubu, to extend military control over the realm. Encountered resistance from other sengoku daimyo and religious institutions. Maintained close ties with the emperor and the aristocracy, stripped toll barriers off of trade roads to encourage inter-domain trade

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Ikko Sect (True Pure Land Buddhism)

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formed in the 13th century, gained support during the Sengoku era through mass support of the commoners. Strength lay in outlying provinces; ikko means single minded, followers all displayed faith and devotion to the sect.

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Toyotomi Hideoyoshi

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2nd of the unifiers of Japan. Rose from the peasantry to become a general under Nobunaga, and assumed power after Nobunaga’s assassination. in 1585 became the chancellor of Japan, and acting “under the emperor “ moved to unify Japan.1590 destroyed the Hojo, his last resistance. Confiscated and transferred domains of Daimyo to retain power. Regarded as the person who established Japan’s early modern system

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Sword Hunt/Land Survey

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1588, prohibited farmers and commoners from keeping any weapons. Reduced threat of armed resistance of commoners to daimyo rule, and solidified the gap between samurai and lower classes. Land survey’s were meant to ***** all arable land in order to unify administration and taxation among all domains.

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Korean Invasions (1592 and 1597)

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Megalomania of Hideyoshi, he wanted to control all of East Asia. Invaded Korea in 1592, but was repelled by combined forces of Korea and China. Attempted again in 1597, but was abandoned in 1598 after Hideyoshi’s death.

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Wako, Japanese Pirates

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Arose in late 14th century as a byproduct of Japan, China, and Korea all undergoing governmental change. Conducted illicit trade, looting and pillaging of coast. First wave of Wako brought down by Korean kings. Resurged in early Sengoku era as a result of decline of private trade in China and Ashikaga power in Japan.

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Tokugawa Ieyasu

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Third and final unifier of Japan. Won Battle of Sekigahara in 1600, and established shogunate in 1603. Established policy of domain allocation / dispersal, and fashioned the sakoku edicts curtailing aristocratic life in early 1600’s.

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Toyotomi Hideyori

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Son of Toyotomi Hideyoshi, attacked by tokugawa in 1614 at Battle of osaka. rallied in 1615 in battle of western (Toyotomi’s) vs. Eastern (Tokugawa’s ) forces; defeated and commited seppuku, last true uprising against Tokugawa rule until 1850’s.

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Tokugawa Iemitsu

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3rd shogun of Tokugawa dynasty. Credited with establishing sankin kotai, or the policy of alternate attendance. Suppressed Shimabara rebellion, and established firm anti-christian policies. in the 1630’s wrote edicts expelling all europeans except Dutch from japan, who were relocated to the island of Dejima in Nagasaki harbor. Established 4 mouths of Japan to the outside world: Nagasaki with the Dutch and Chinese, Satsuma Domain with the Ryukyu kingdom, Tsushima Domain with Korea, and Matsumae Domain with Hokkaido.

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Shimabara Rebellion

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1637 to 1638; masterless samurai joined forces with peasants burdened by famine and taxation. rose in rebellion in a very christian part of Japan, the Shimabara peninsula. Held for a couple months, but the lasting effects was the death of thousands and growing anti-christian policies and resentment in Japan.

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Fumie

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Christian icons that were used in public renunciation rituals, conducted by Buddhist temples. People had to step and desecrate these icons to prove that they were not christian

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Ie household system

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loosely- termed families, it was a network of economic and social relationships that allowed a “family” of individuals to exercise political or economic control over an area. Applied to all classes, Ie were found in merchant houses and guilds, samurai families, etc. practiced primogeniture, or the passing of rights to a single, eldest male heir.

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Shinpan Daimyo

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direct relatives to the shogunal family that had gained daimyo status.

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Fudai Daimyo

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Fudai daimyo were legacy Daimyo that had extensive histories of allegiance to the Tokugawa family.

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Tozama Daimyo

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Designed “outer” daimyo, Tozama daimyo were daimyo that had only recently declared allegiance to the Tokugawa.

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Sankin Kotai

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Alternate attendance of Daimyo residing in Edo / their Domain.

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One Castle per Domain policy

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each Daimyo could only have one castly in his domain; used to make sure that Daimyo’s military might never trumped the Shogunates.

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Foreign Policy

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Encouraged controlled trade with other nations through Daimyo families that monopolized that trade, e.g the So family controlling trade with Korea, Matsumae with Ezo, etc. Also accepted gifts, and welcomed embassies publicly in Edo with big celebrations served to increase his prestige and legitimacy to rule.

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Marriage Policy

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Married members of the Tokugawa family into regional Daimyo’s family, which served to incur a feeling of indebtedness to the shogunate as they were honored to accept a member of the Tokugawa family into their own. Longstanding practice in Japan

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Highway barriers

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eschewed highway barriers and tolls to promote free trade within the domains of Japan to strengthen the economy.

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Neo-Confucianism

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served to strengthen the feeling of a Japanese identity in the populace, making Ieyasu’s claims to the throne stronger.

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Control of the 3 capitals

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Directly controlled the economic, cultural, and political capitals of Japan to oversee ruling.

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Silver/Gold mines-

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controlled the mines that produced silver and gold in order to control the flow of trade in Japan.

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Bakuhan System

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pledges of loyalty between daimyo and shogun, with authority dispersing to daimyo from centralized shogun rule. Mixture of Bakufu (shogunate) and daimyo domains (han). Dubbed centralized feudalism.

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Four-class system

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rigid social hierarchy in Tokugawa Japan; shi (samurai), no (farmers), ko (artisans), and sho (merchants). encouraged social stability and discouraged mobility. Merchants were considered lowest as they did not create anything, but rather lived off of the work of others.

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Ronin

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Masterless samurai. Served daimyo who were deprived of status during Ieyasu’s rise to power. Free-floating status in Tokugawa warrior order, usually hired their services to live.

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Ako incident

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47 samurai whose master was forced to commit seppuku for a crime. The ronin plotted revenge for 2 years before exacting it, only to then commit seppuku themselves as per bushido code for committing murder. Emblematic of loyalty, bushido, etc. retold in Kabuki and other theater for the stories valor and signifiance.

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Ihara Saikaku

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Published “Buke giri monogatari” in 1688, or Tales of Smaurai HOnor. Cast samurai in an ironical manner in his stories.

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Chikamatsu Monzaemon

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regarded as the greatest Japanese playwright and dramatist of all time. Wrote for puppet theatre, bunraku, and live-action theatre, kabuki. Signature was double-suicides of honor bound lovers

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Eta and Hinin

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members of outcast communities considered beneath the 4 caste system. Their jobs often dealt with deathly professions; lived in communities of Burakumin. Eta were the original outcast caste, and hinin were typically ex-convicts and vagrants.

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Zhu Xi

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also known as Chu Hsi, developed main stream Neo -Confucianism. Sought to reinvigorate Confucianism as an intellectual discipline.Used the 4 books: Analects, Mencius, Great Learning, and Doctrine of the Mean. Came up with ri/li principle

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Ri/Li principle

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metaphysical system in Neo-Confucianism that interprets all reality in terms of a single cosmic principle. By studying confucian classics, one was able to determine the values of an ideal society that could restore order and harmony to the world.

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ki/qi

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energy or force within every living thing on earth that can be harnessed if one studies how to do so.

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Wang Yangming and innate knowing

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One of the most influential philosophers of confucianism. Studied at first under the thoughts of Zhu Xi, but later contributed in his own way to Neo-Confucianism. His concept of innate knowing is best understood as an attempt to propose personal morality as the main way to social well-being. The fundamental root of all social problems lies in the fact that one fails to gain a genuine understanding of one’s self and its relation to the world.

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Nakae Toju

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The neo-confucian scholar that established the idealist thought of Wang Yangming in Japan. He enforced the main thoughts of Wang Yangmin that the unifying principle of the universe exists in the human mind and not in the external world. The true Way could be discovered through intuition and self-reflection. Thereby rejecting Zhu Xi’s idea that it could be found through empirical investigation. Nakae emphasized practice rather than abstract learning.

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Kogaku (School of Ancient Studies)

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One of the three schools of Neo-Confucian studies that developed in Japan in the Tokugawa period.

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Yamago Soko, justification of samurai existence, loyalty, and Japan as middle kingdom

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A military strategist and confucian philosopher that set forth the first systematic exposition of the missions and obligations of the samurai class. He justified the samurai existence by equating the samurai with the Confucian “superior man” and taught that his essential function was not only to keep himself fit for possible military service, but to justify the stipend his lord provided him with by becoming an exemplar of virtue for the lower classes. Another of his ideas was that Japan’s civilization was superior even to that of China, “the middle kingdom.” He maintained that since its founding Japan had remained loyal to its divine imperial line, whereas China’s dynasties had come and gone.

Front 44

Yamamto Tsunetomo, Hagakure, and honor

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A japanese samurai that when his lord died, didn’t kill himself and renounced the world to live in the mountains as a hermit. He later became famous for a piece of work titled the Hagakure which was a commentary on the failing ways of the samurai caste. He believed that becoming one with death in one’s thoughts, even in life, was the highest attainment of purity and focus. He felt a resolution to die gave rise to a higher state of life, infused with beauty and grace beyond the reach of those concerned with self-preservation. He was a man of immediate action, and thereby criticized the 47 ronin ordeal for its delayed response.

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Arai Hakuseki as example of rationalism and quest for empirical evidence

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A japanese statesman that was chief advisor to the tokugawa shoguns in the early 18th century. In his studies he tried to understand Western Science within the framework of the Zhu Xi school of thought. For instance, he used Neo-Confucian terminology to express the notion of physics

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Mito domain, The History of Great Japan

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During the Edo period, Mito represented the center of nativism largely as a result of the Mitogaku, an influential school of Japanese thought, which advanced the political philosophy of sonnō jōi. Mito's sponsorship of the Dai Nihon-shi (A History of Great Japan) established the domain's tradition of intellectualism. Later, Mito scholars and their ideology influenced many of the revolutionaries involved in the Meiji Restoration.

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Kamo Mabuchi, Man'yoshu

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Motoori Norinaga (1730-1801), mono no aware, and the Kojiki Motoori Norinaga - father of kokugaku. thought that universal truths could only be gleaned from ancient texts. used the kojiki and the tale of genji. more concerned

Front 48

Hirata Atustane

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a Japanese scholar, conventionally ranked as one of the four great men of kokugaku (nativist) studies, and one of the most significant theologians of the Shintō religion. Stressed the divine nature of the emperor.

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Genroku Era

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culture of the cities was expanded to the rural villages. literacy, medicine, religion, philosophy, and other scholarly areas were absorbed by rural village leaders who became an elite class within the peasantry.

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Ukiyo-e

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Japanese woodblock prints and paintings that arose in the Tokugawa era. featured beautiful, fleeting, serene worlds  that were free from the mundane tasks and everyday chores of the normal world. ukiyo translates to floating world.

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Suzuki Harunobu

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Japanese woodblock print , or ukiyo-e, artist. first to produce full color woodblock prints, or nishiki-e. also produced many shunga, or erotic images.

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Kitagawa Utamaro

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also a Japanese woodblock print artist. especially known for his masterfully composed studies / paintings of women, known as bijinga.

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Sharaku

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a great master of Japanese woodblock painting. his true identity is unknown, but some speculate that he is actually Katsushika Hokusai.

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Katsushika Hokusai

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Japanese artist, woodblock painter, and printmaker.  Influenced by sesshu and other styles of chinese art. Best known for his The Great Wave of Kanagawa.

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Ando Hiroshige

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Japanese Ukiyo-e artist, influenced by sesshu style painting, and known for his works The 53 stations of Tokaido, and The 69 stations of Kisokaido. Best known for his 36 views of Mt. Fuji,

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Bunjin literati style

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Nanga (南画 lit. "Southern painting"?), also known as Bunjinga (文人画 lit. literati painting"?), was a school of Japanese painting which flourished in the late Edo period among artists who considered themselves literati, or intellectuals. While each of these artists was, almost by definition, unique and independent, they all shared an admiration for traditional Chinese culture. Their paintings, usually in monochrome black ink, sometimes with light color, and nearly always depicting Chinese landscapes or similar subjects, were patterned after Chinese literati painting, called wenrenhua (文人画) in Chinese. The namenanga is an abbreviation of nanshūga, referring to the Chinese Southern school of painting.

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Ike no Taiga

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Japanese painter and calligrapher born in Kyoto during the Edo period. Together with Yosa Buson, he perfected the bunjinga (or nanga) genre. The majority of his works reflected his passion for classical Chinese culture and painting techniques, though he also incorporated revolutionary and modern techniques into his otherwise very traditional paintings. *A lot of mountains.

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Yosa Buson

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a Japanese poet and painter of the Edo period. Along withMatsuo Bashō and Kobayashi Issa, Buson is considered among the greatest poets of the Edo Period. Sample Poem:
In nooks and corners
Cold remains:
Flowers of the plum

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Maruyama Okyo

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aJapanese artist active in the late 18th century. He moved to Kyoto, during which he studied artworks from Chinese, Japanese and Westernsources. A personal style of Western naturalism mixed with Eastern decorative design emerged, and ÅŒkyo founded the Maruyama schoolof painting

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Shiba Kokan

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a Japanese painter and printmaker of the Edo period, famous both for his Western-style yōga paintings, in imitation of Dutch oil painting styles, methods, and themes, which he painted as Kōkan, and his ukiyo-e prints

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Toriyama Sekien

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was an 18th-century scholar and ukiyo-e artist of Japanese folklore. He was the teacher of Utamaro and, before taking up printmaking, a painter of the Kanō school. Toriyama is most famous for his attempt to catalogue all species of yōkai in the Hyakki Yagyō series.

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Yokai or mononoke

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a class of supernatural monsters in Japanese folklore. The word yōkai is made up of the kanji for "bewitching; attractive; calamity" and "apparition; mystery; suspicious".[1] They can also be called ayakashi (妖?),mononoke (物の怪?), or mamono (魔物?). Yōkai range eclectically from the malevolent to the mischievous, or occasionally bring good fortune to those who encounter them. Often they possess animal features (such as the Kappa, which is similar to a turtle, or the Tenguwhich has wings), other times they can appear mostly human, some look like inanimate objects and others have no discernible shape.Yōkai usually have a spiritual supernatural power, with shapeshifting being one of the most common.

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Ogata Korin

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a Japanese painter of the Rinpa school. particularly known for his gold-foil folding screens

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Hon'ami Koetsu

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a Japanese craftsman, potter, lacquerer, and calligrapher, whose work is generally considered to have inspired the founding of the Rinpa school of painting.

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Rimpa school

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Rinpa artists worked in various formats, notably screens, fans and hanging scrolls, woodblock printed books, lacquerware, ceramics, and kimono textiles. Many Rinpa paintings were used on the sliding doors and walls (fusuma) of noble homes.  The stereotypical standard painting in the Rinpa style involves simple natural subjects such as birds, plants and flowers, with the background filled in with gold leaf.

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Tawaraya Sotatsu

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a Japanese artist and also the co-founder of the Rimpa school of Japanese painting. Sōtatsu began to work as a fan-painter in Kyoto. Later, he rose to work for the court as a producer of fine decorated papers forcalligraphy. He was highly influenced by Kyoto’s courtly culture. Sōtatsu also developed an original style of monochrome painting, where the ink was used sensuously, as if it were color.

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Kano school

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one of the most famous schools of Japanese painting. The Kanō school of painting was the dominant style of painting from the late 15th century until the Meiji period which began in 1868,[1] by which time the school had divided into many different branches.  The school was instrumental in developing new forms of painting for decorating the new styles of castles of the new families of daimyo or feudal lords

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Haiku

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is a very short form of Japanese poetry typically characterised by three qualities:
• The essence of haiku is "cutting" (kiru).[1] This is often represented by the juxtaposition of two images or ideas and a kireji ("cutting word") between them,[2] a kind of verbal punctuation mark which signals the moment of separation and colors the manner in which the juxtaposed elements are related.
• Traditional haiku consist of 17 on (also known as morae), in three phrases of 5, 7 and 5 on respectively.[3] Any one of the three phrases may end with the kireji.[4] Although haiku are often stated to have 17 syllables,[5] this is inaccurate as syllables and on are not the same.
• A kigo (seasonal reference), usually drawn from a saijiki, an extensive but defined list of such words.
haiku are traditionally printed in a single vertical line while haiku in English often appear in three lines to parallel the three phrases of Japanese haiku

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Basho

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the most famous poet of the Edo period in Japan. During his lifetime, Bashō was recognized for his works in the collaborative haikai no renga form; today, after centuries of commentary, he is recognized as the greatest master of haiku (at the time called hokku). His poetry is internationally renowned, and in Japan many of his poems are reproduced on monuments and traditional sites

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Ninomiya Sontoku

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a prominent 19th-century Japanese agricultural leader, philosopher, moralist and economist.  Ninomiya combined three strands of traditional teachings Buddhism, Shintōism and Confucianism and transformed them into practical ethical principles which matured out of his experiences. He saw agriculture as the highest form of humanity because it was the cultivation of resources given by the Kami.  Ninomiya Sontoku emphasized the importance of compound interest which was not well understood among samurai and peasants.

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Great learning for women

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A manual widely spread throughout Japan from the Edo era to Meiji period was Onna Daigaku, Great Learning for Women, which aimed to teach women to be good wives and wise mothers. Women were to maintain the strict family system as the basic unit of Japanese societyby unconditionally obeying their husbands and their parents-in-law. Women were confined to their households and did not exist independently. They were subordinate to their father's or husband's family. A woman was divorced and sent back to her family not only for bad health or barrenness but disobedience, jealousy, and even talkativeness

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Terakoya or temple schools

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private educational institutions that taught writing and reading to the children of Japanese commoners during the Edo period.

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Commodore Matthew Perry

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As he arrived, Perry ordered his ships to steam past Japanese lines towards the capital of Edo, and turn their guns towards the town ofUraga.[11] Perry refused Japanese demands to leave.[11] He then demanded permission to present a letter from President Millard Fillmore, and threatened to use force if the Japanese boats around the American squadron did not disperse.[11]
Perry attempted to intimidate the Japanese by presenting them a white flag and a letter which told them that in case they chose to fight, the Americans would destroy them.[12][13] Perry ordered some buildings in the harbor shelled. (Walworth,Arthur; Black Ships Off Japan p.21) Perry's ships were equipped with new Paixhans shell guns, cannons capable of wreaking great destruction with every shell.[14][15] In Japan, the term "Black Ships", used for centuries to refer to foreign trade vessels, would later come to symbolize a threat imposed by Western technology.[16]
After the Japanese agreed to receive the letter from the American President, Perry landed atKurihama (in modern-day Yokosuka) on July 14, 1853,[17] presented the letter to attending delegates, and left for the Chinese coast, promising to return for a reply.[18]
After Perry's departure, fortifications were built on Tokyo Bay at Odaiba in order to protect Edo from possible future American naval incursion.
Second visit, 1854
Perry returned in February 1854 with twice as many ships, to find that the Japanese had prepared a treaty accepting virtually all the demands in Fillmore's letter. Perry signed the Convention of Kanagawa on March 31, 1854, and departed, mistakenly believing the agreement had been made with imperial representatives.[19] The agreement was made with the Shogun, the de facto ruler of Japan.

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Black ships

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used for centuries to refer to foreign trade vessels, would later come to symbolize a threat imposed by Western technology.

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Townsend Harris

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a successful New York City merchant and minor politician, and the firstUnited States Consul General to Japan. He negotiated the "Harris Treaty" between the US and Japan and is credited as the diplomat who first opened the Empire of Japan to foreign trade and culture in the Edo period.  securing trade between the US and Japan and paving the way for greater Western influence in Japan's economy and politics

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men of high purpose (shishi)

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was a group of Japanese political activists of the late Edo period. The term shishi literally translates as "men of high purpose."[1] While it is usually applied to the anti-shogunate, pro-sonnō jōi (尊王攘夷; "Revere the Emperor, Expel the Barbarian[s]") samurai primarily from the southwestern clans ofSatsuma, Chōshū, and Tosa, the term shishi is also used by some with reference to supporters of the shogunate who held similar sonnō jōi views.

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Bushido

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literally "the way of the warrior", is a Japanese word for the way of the samurai life, loosely analogous to the concept of chivalry.  Bushido originates from the samurai moral code stressing frugality, loyalty, martial arts mastery, and honor unto death. Born from Neo-Confucianism during times of peace in Tokugawa Japan and following Confucian texts, Bushido was also influenced by Shintoand Zen Buddhism, allowing the violent existence of the samurai to be tempered by wisdom and serenity

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Sakoku isolation policy "chained country"

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was the foreign relations policy of Japan under which no foreigner could enter nor could any Japanese leave the country on penalty of death. The policy was enacted by the Tokugawa shogunate under Tokugawa Iemitsu through a number of edicts and policies from 1633–39 and remained in effect until 1853 with the arrival of the Black Ships of Commodore Matthew Perry and the forcible opening of Japan to Western trade. It was still illegal to leave Japan until the Meiji Restoration (1868).

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Bunraku

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also known as Ningyō jōruri (人形浄瑠璃), is a form of traditional Japanese puppet theatre, founded in Osaka in 1684.
Three kinds of performers take part in a bunraku performance:
• Ningyōtsukai or Ningyōzukai—puppeteers
• Tayū—the chanters
• Shamisen players
Occasionally other instruments such as taiko drums will be used

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Kabuki

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classical Japanese dance-drama. Kabuki theatre is known for the stylization of its drama and for the elaborate make-up worn by some of its performers.
The individual kanji characters, from left to right, mean sing (歌), dance (舞), and skill (伎). Kabuki is therefore sometimes translated as "the art of singing and dancing".

Front 81

Aizawa Seishisai and Shinron (New proposals or new theses)

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a Japanese nationalist thinker of the Mito school during the late shogunate period.
In 1799 he became involved in the compilation of the Dai Nihon-shi (Great History of Japan) being undertaken by the Mito school.
In 1825 he wrote his Shinron ("New Theses"), a collection of essays that mainly dealt with the concept of kokutai ("national polity"), a term which Aizawa popularised. The Shinronwarned of the threat of foreign ships and later became an important work for the sonnō jōi movement.

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"expel the barbarians" joi

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Sonnō jōi (尊皇攘夷 Revere the emperor, expel the barbarians?) is a Japanese political philosophy and a social movement derived from Neo-Confucianism; it became a political slogan in the 1850s and 1860s in the movement to overthrow the Tokugawa bakufu, during the Bakumatsu ("End of Bakufu") period.

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"revere the empreror: sonno"

Back 83

Sonnō jōi (尊皇攘夷 Revere the emperor, expel the barbarians?) is a Japanese political philosophy and a social movement derived from Neo-Confucianism; it became a political slogan in the 1850s and 1860s in the movement to overthrow the Tokugawa bakufu, during the Bakumatsu ("End of Bakufu") period.

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Kokugaku

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school of nation learning; national revival  and school of japanese philosophy that emphasized studying early japanese classics (heian period) rather than the study of chinese, confucian, and buddhist texts. showed the emotion of japan. Mono no aware means a sympathetic awareness of the sadness of things.