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58 Cards in this Set

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Second Intermediate Period
(1500-850)
Different groups of people ruled parts of the FC for short periods of time
Assyria (850-600)
Their empire included Babylonia, Syria, Phoenicia, Palestine and Egypt.
The capital was Ninevah.
What were factors that led to Assyria conquering a large empire?
--They had superior armor (helmets and metal breast plates)
--weaponry (iron swords and iron battering rams)
--They used cruelty and scare tactics to force the enemy to surrender quicker
--New military strategies such as i.e., warfare (the practice of surrounding a city to force it to surrender; and
--sapping (the practice of digging tunnels under walls to make them collapse).
Chaldea (600-550) or "Neo-Babylonia"
The Chaldians overthrew the Assyrians and ruled the F.C. for 50 years.
--They rebuilt the city of Babylon and made it their capital.
Their great King, King Nubuchadnezzar, had the Hanging Gardens built.
Their greatest contributions were in the field of astronomy.
The Persian Empire: Who was Cyrus
Cyrus was a Persian King know for conquering several neighboring kingdom.
Persian Empire:

Who was Cambyses?
Cambyses was the Persian King known for expanding the Persian Empire by conquering Egypt.
Persian Empire:

Who was Darius?
Darius was known for being the kings bodyguard.
Persian Empire:

What is Satrap
Satrap was a governor of a province inthe Persian Empire.
Persian Empire:

What is the Royal Road
The Royal Road was in the Persian Empire, stretching over 1,600 miles from Susa in Persia to Sardis in Anatolia.
Persian Empire:

What is Zoroaster?
Zoroaster was a Persian prophet known for offering an answer.
What were some of the characteristics of the Persian Empire under Cyrus?
Cyrus was a military genius. He was known for his method of governing and he honored customs and religions and also prayed.
What contributions did Darius make toward the advancement of the Persian Empire?
Darius spent the first three years putting down revolts. He spent his next few years establishing a well organized and efficient administration.
What is the Sumerian Ziggurat?
--By 2000 BC, the main feature of the city-state was its temple, called a ziggurat.
--temples were built of mud bricks and had several stories each one smaller than the one below forming a pyramid shape.
--The lower stories were platforms of solid mud brick.
What are features of the Sumerian Ziggurat?
Tallest and most important building in the city. About
150 ft. high and could be seen for miles.
Levels of the Sumerian Ziggurat
--The top level was where the Temple of the Patron God/Goddess
--Next to Top level was the Home of the priests;
--The next level was where he Archives and records were kept;
--the next level was where the food and supplies were kept.
What were the two main regions of Mesopotamia?
Assyria in the North and Babylonia (Sumer and Akkad) in the South.
Describe the government of Sumer
(3300-2350 BC)
Until 2500 BC, Sumer was a region of independent city-states.
Cities had their own self government and were not under any higher form of government. Many were rule as theocracies (governments ruled by religious leaders).
Describe Sumer after 2500 BC
Wars and constant invasions.
Most city-states became military monarchies.
Government ruled by military leaderes who i nherited power.
Describe the culture of Sumer
Ur was the leading city-state.
Each city-state had a ziggurat that served as a multi-functional building.
Their religion was polytheistic (many gods) and anthropormorphic (worship of animals. They developed cultural diffusion or the practice of spreading new ideas and products from one place to another.
What were some of the other major contributions of Sumer.
--Developed cuneiform--one of the earliest writing systems --Invented the wheel, the plow, and the potters wheel.
--Developed the worlds first alloy (bronze=copper+tin)
Developed a 60 base number system that is still used today to tell time.
What are the Ziggurants?
Temples built by Sumerians built. They were the main feature of the city-state. Impressive structures were built of mud bricks and had several stories. Most important building in the city.
Describe the life of Sumerian society.
Beginning of a class society.
--Highest/Top of class were the king, landowners and some priests
--Next were wealthy merchants;
--Next the vast majority of ordinary Sumerians who worked with their hands on farms or workshops
Lowest: slaves. Some slaves were foreigners who were captured in war; others were sold into slavey to pay a debt.
Describe the Bablonian empire.
In about 2000 BC, there were nomadic warriors known as Ameroties invaded Mesopotaniam.
--Asmorites conquered the Sumerains and established their capital of Babylon on the Euphrates river.
Babylonian empire reached its peak during the rein of Hammurbi.
Who was Hammurabi?
Head of the Bablyon empire from 17922-1750 BC.
--Most important legacy was the code of laws he put together.
--He recognized that a single, uniform code of laws would help to unify the people in the empire.
Collected existing rules, judgements and laws into the Code of Hammurabi.
He had the engraved into stone.
What were the Ziggurants used for?
Top story was devoted to worshipping the city god and goddess.
Second level: Home of the priests.
Third level: archives (records were kept)
lower level: Temple had storage areas for grain, gems and textiles which were kept for the comfort of the gods and support the people who lived in the temple.
What were some of the religious beliefs of the Sumarians?
Believed that each city belonged to a main god to whom the city had been assigned on the day the world was created.
Believe that the people were the slaves of the gods.
Describe Sumerian contribution to science and technology.
Invented the wheel, the sail, and the plow. First to use bronze.
Arithmetic and geometry: Developed a number system in base 60 from which modern units for measuring time (60 seconds = 1 minute)--360 degrees of a circle.
Developed irrigation systems and survey flood
What were the Sumerians contribution to architectural innovations.
Arches, columns, ramps, and the pyramid shaped the design of the ziggurat and permanently influenced Mesopotamian civilization.
Describe the Sumerians contribution to the written language.
Created the cuniform--first written language.
Made one of the first maps on clay tablet in 2300 BC.
Other tablets contain some of the oldest written records of scientific investigations in astronomy, chemistry and medicine.
Who was Sargon of Akkad?
Around 2350 BC, a conqueror named Sargon defeated the city-states of Sumer.
Largon led his army from Akkad, a city-state north of Sumer.
Akkadians adopted most aspects of Sumerian culture.
Sargon's conquests helped to spread the culture even farther beyond the Tigris-Euphrates valley. Created the first empire.
What is an empire?
An empire brings toegether different people, nations or previously independent states under the control of one ruler.
What is the Akkadian empire?
The Akkadian empire loosely controlled land from the Mediterranean Coast in the west to present day Iran in the east. His dynasty lasted 200 years.
Declined because of internal fighting, invasions and famine.
VI. What was the second Intermediate Period?
1500-850

Different groups of people ruled parts of the F.C. short periods of time.
VII. Assyria (850-600)
Where was it located?
What was the capital?
--This empire included Babylonia, Syria, Phoenicia, Palestine, and Egypt.
--The capital city was Ninevah.
Assyria had superior military strategies. Explain.
What were their military strength?
Military strength led to them conquering a larger empire.
They had superior armor (helmets and metal breaast plates), weapony (ironswords and iron buttering rams)
What where some of the Assyrian military strategies?
Assyrians practiced cruelty and scare tactics to force the enemy to surrender quicker.
--Use military strategy of surrounding a city to force it to surrender.
--used sapping (the practice of digging tunnels under walls to make them collaspe.
VIII. Chaldea Empire
What was it called and when did it exist?
Chaldea was called "Neo-Babylonia"
They ruled from 600-550.
They overthrew the Assyrians and ruled the F.C. for 50 years.
What was the capital of Chaldea?
They rebuilt the city of Babylon and made it their capital.
Who was the greatest king of Chaldea?
What was their greatest contribution?
Their greatest king was King Nebuchadnezzar and he built the "Hanging Gardens".
--Their greatest contributions were in the field of astronomy.
IX. Persia

When was the Persian empire?
Where was it located?
Persia was from 550-350
--It extended from the Indus river (?) to the Mediterranean Sea.
It was the first empire to extend into European lands along the Black and the Aegean Sea.
What was the capital of Persia?
Their capital cities were Susa and Persepolis.
Who was the first great king of Persia and when did he rule? What was important about his empire?
--Cyrus was one great king and he ruled from 550-530.
--He conquered most of the empire.
--He developed a new system of governing in which the conquered people were allowed to follow their own laws and customs as long as they provided taxes and soldiers to the Persian government.
Who was the second great king of Persia and when did he rule?
--Darius ruled between 522-486.
He divided the empire into 20 saptrapies (provinces) and each one was ruled by a satra (governor).
--He built an excellent road system (Royal Road went from Sardis in Anatolia to Susa in Persia);
--He used a standard coinage system for better communication and trade.
X. Other Fertile Crescent Civilizations
When was the Phoenician civilizations and what were their significant contributions?
The Phoenicians ruled from 1100-800 BC.
The Phoenicians were the greatest sailors, shipbuilders and traders of their day.
--They were the first people of Asia to sail west of the Strait of Gibraltar, north to Britain, and south around the tip of Africa.
What was Phoenicia like and where was it located?
Phoenicia (modern day Lebanon) was a region of independent city-states, the 2 most important being Tyre and Sidon.
What were some of the other contributions of the Phoenicians?
Their greatest contribution was a phonetic alphabet (symbols stood for sounds) which led to a simplified writing system.
What did the Phoenicians trade?
The most unique product they traded was a red-purple dye produced from snails (Murex) that was used to make expensive cloth.
X. Other Fretile Cresent Civilizations

When was the Hebrews civilization and where did they settle? Who was their leader?
--1800-500 BC
--The Hebrews originally settled in the region of Cannan in Palestine under the leadership of Abraham.
When did the Hebrews relocate?

Who was involved in their relocation? Where did they relocate.

What was the relocation called?
1650 the Hebrews moved to Egypt.
They remained until Moses led them out of slavery and back to their homeland during the Exodus.
Where did the Hebrews live until 1020?
What were they called?
Until 1020 they lived in Palestine and were known as the "12 tribes" although they were self-governing and not united.
When were the Hebrews united as the Kingdom of Israel?
Who were the kings?
From 1020-922 they were united as the Kingdom of Israel and were ruled by their 3 great kings--Saul, David, and Solomon.
What happened to the Hebrew kingdom in 922.
In 922 the region split into two:
--Israel (north) with a capital at Samaria;
Judah (south) with the capital at Jerusalem.
What happened to the Hebrew kingdom in 725?
The two kingdoms were taken over by the Assyrians in 725, the Chaldeans in 585, and the Persians in 540.
What was the greatest contributions of the Hebrew kingdom?
The greatest contribution was monotheism and the worship of their sole God, Yahweh.
Describe Ur--one of the earliest cities in Sumer.
It stood on the banks of the Euphrates River in what is now southern Iraw.
Some 30,000 people onece lived in thies ancient city Ur.
Ur was the site of a highly sophisticated civilization.
What was Ur like in 3000 BC?
Describe the social classes.
Ur was a flourishing urban civilization.
People in Ur lived in well-defined social classes.
Rulers as well as prieests and priestesses were powerful.
There were wealthy merchants, artists and artisans that created lavish jewelry, instruments, etc.
What were some of the contributions of the Sumer in Ur?
Large-scale irrigation system to provide Ur with food;
They used the barter system.

They use the cuneiform signs on clay tablet.
Describe the temple in Ur.
The temple or ziggurat was the center of city life. ]
It was the tallest and most important buillding.
It was a walled city.
The Ziggurat was a phramid-shaped monument, which means "mountain of god."