Ancient Hebrew Paradigms From Ross

Front 1

Sibilants are...

Back 1

Zayin

Samek

Sin

Tsade

Hint 1

There are 4 in total.

Front 2

Gutturals are...

Back 2

Aleph

Hey

Ayin

Het

Resh

Hint 2

There are 5 in total.

Front 3

BeGadKePhat

Back 3

With dagesh = hard consonants

Without dagesh = soft

Bet/vet

Gimmel

Kaf/khaf

Pey/fey

Tav

Front 4

Summary of vowels

Back 4

Front 5

Length of vowels

Back 5

Front 6

Two types of syllables

Back 6

Open: Cv

Closed: CvC

Accent usually on last syllable, unless otherwise indicated

Front 7

Shewa under the first letter of a syllable is _________.

Back 7

Vocal.

Front 8

Shewa under a letter that closes a syllable is ________.

Back 8

Silent.

Front 9

When a letter with shewa follows a long vowel, shewa is ________ and the letter with the shewa is a new syllable.

Back 9

Vocal

Front 10

When a letter with shewa follows a short vowel, shewa is _______and closes the syllable.

Back 10

Silent.

Front 11

When two shewas occur together under 2 consecutive letters within a word, the first is ______ and the second is _____.

Back 11

Silent, vocal

Front 12

Compound shewas and gutturals

Back 12

If hatep vowels: vocal.

If simple shewa: silent.

Front 13

Two shewas are not written consecutively at the beginning of a word. Rather, the first becomes _____.

Back 13

Hireq

Front 14

When the second of the 2 shewas is compound shewa, the first shewa __________________________________________________________.

Back 14

changes to the full short vowel that corresponds to the following compound shewa.

Front 15

T plus closed and unaccented =

Back 15

Qames-hatup

Front 16

T plus meteg and closed & accented =

Back 16

Qames

Front 17

Dages lene

Back 17

Begadkephat

Hard letters when no vowel sound immediate precedes the letter.

Front 18

Dages forte

Back 18

Appears in any letter except the guttarals and resh to indicate doubling.

Can appear in begadkephat letters (if preceding is vowel, then it is dages forte)

Front 19

Mappiq

Back 19

Dot in the consonant hey at the end of the word

Front 20

Quiescent Letters

Back 20

Exception to the CvC/Cv rule.

Segol lengthens to sere

Yod at the beginning of the word may merge with the secondary hireq of a prefixed element such as Le

Example: le + Yehuda = lihuda

Front 21

Article before weak letters

Back 21

Ha + word = doubling the first letter or the word, but dages forte can't be added to guttural letters.

In words beginning with hard gutturals hey and het, implied doubling (no dages forte, vowel under article remains patah)

In words beginning with Yod + shewa and Mem + shewa, dages forte is omitted and vowel remains patah. Shewa under these letters form a closed syllable with the short vowel of the article, and doubling is omitted.

Example: yeled (children), ha'yeled (the children)

Compensatory lengthening = patah lengthens to qames before aleph, ayin, and resh

The vowel under the article changes to segol if the word begins with:

1) unaccented ha (hey plus qames)

2) unaccented 'a (Ayin plus qames)

3) unaccented ha or accented ha (chet plus qames)

4) unaccented ho (chet plus hatep qames)

Front 22

Sus Paradigm

Back 22

Front 23

Coordinating conjunction

Back 23

Vav = and, but, now

1. Never replaces hey of the article.

2. Takes simple vocal shewa

3. Before a word beginning with a guttural and compound shewa, the conjunction takes corresponding short vowel.

4. Before a word beginning with [Yod + shewa], vav takes hireq and Yod becomes quiescent.

5. Before a consonant with a simple shewa, vav becomes shurreq.

6. Before BMP, the conjunction is also shurreq.

Front 24

Propretonic reductions in nouns

Back 24

Qames and sere regularly reduce to shewa in a open propretonic syllable.

Front 25

Pretonic reduction in nouns

Back 25

Pretonic sere does reduce when suffix is added (because stress on the word has changed).

Front 26

Segholate nouns

Back 26

When pluralized:

Segol/patah = vocal shewa and qames.

Front 27

Min-

Back 27

Min = from; may be written separately or with maqqep

Before non-guttural letter:

the n of the preposition disappears and leaves dages forte or turns into hireq yod.

Before guttural letters:

short hireq becomes long sere and no n

Front 28

Adjectives function as...

Back 28

Attributives, predicates, and substantives.

Front 29

Attributive adjective

Back 29

Modifies a noun.

Threefold agreement: gender/#/definiteness

Front 30

Predicative adjective

Back 30

Noun is subject, adjective is predicate. Predicative adjective precedes the noun.

Two-fold agreement:

Gender/#

Adjective will be indefinite.

Front 31

Substantive adjective

Back 31

Function in the place of nouns

Always definite

No agreement because there is no noun to agree with (implied noun)

Front 32

Comparisons using min

Back 32

1. Thing being discussed is simple noun.

2. Noun with min is the one which noun #1 is compared to.

3. Min is translated as "than"

4. Min is translated in comparative degree.

Front 33

Back 33

Paqad: he appointed

Paqedah: she appointed

Paqadta: you (msg) appointed

Paqadt: you (fsg) appointed

Paqadti: I appointed

Paqadu: they appointed

Paqadtem: you (mpl) appointed

Paqadten: you (fpl) appointed

Paqadnu: we appointed

Front 34

Verbs whose first root letter is a guttural are identical to the regular paradigm with the exception of...

Back 34

2mpl and 2fpl

Instead of vocal shewa, compound shewa is present.

Front 35

Verbs whose second root letter is a guttural are identical to the regular paradigm with the exception of...

Back 35

3fsg and 3cpl

Compound shewa appears.

Front 36

Verbs whose third root letter is a guttural are identical to the regular paradigm with the exception of...

Back 36

2fsg, which is anomalous.

Front 37

Sign of the accusative

Back 37

Et is written before the direct object of a verb whenever that object is a definite noun.

Front 38

Back 38

Independent personal pronouns

He = hu

She = hi

You (ms) = ata

You (fs) = at

I = Ani or anoki

They (mpl) = hema or hem

They (fpl) = hen/hena

You (mpl) = atem

You (fpl) = aten/atenah

We = anahnu

Front 39

This and these

Back 39

May take the definite article

Msg = zeh and hazeh

Fsg = zot and hazot

Cpl = eleh and ha'eleh

Front 40

That and those

Back 40

Msg = hu and hahu

Fsg = hi and hahi

Mpl = hema or hem, hahemah or hahem

Fpl = henah or hahenah

Front 41

Demonstrative function as either pronouns or adjectives.

Back 41

Pronoun will not have article but will have two-fold agreement: # and gender.

Adjective:

Three-fold agreement (#/gender/definiteness)

Front 42

Construct noun endings

Back 42