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72 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Why does Ancient Egyptian Art and Architecture show remarkable uniformity across time? |
Art and Architecture controlled through the court and bureaucracy.
During intermediate periods, provincial styles and differences emerge |
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Evolution of shrine architecture at Medamud |
3 major periods at site: 1. Predynastic mound cluster--organic, no plan 2. Middle kingdom adobe structure/temple 3. New Kingdom-Adobe style w/greeco-Roman columns Organic/unplanned-->More planned/overseen |
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Elephantine sanctuaries |
Early ritual structures organic and unplanned, built into the "Elephantine Boulders" |
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How does Hierakonpolis illustrate temporal progression of court oversight and architectural regulation? |
Early dynastic mound overlaid by Middle Kingdom Adobe Sanctuary Narmer pallet found in predynastic deposit--indicates court interest in site, but not regulation |
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Court regulation of pottery art |
Non-existent, lack of court interest in pottery design, lead to little decoration |
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Egyptian Sculpure |
Both relief and 3D, grid system. Formal style was dominated by the court, waas systematic, idealized, heirarchical |
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Benben Stone |
Symbol of the primordial stone that emerged during creation. Pointed vs. Round Top-geographical trend |
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Djoser's Palace Facade |
Adopted from Mesopotamia, goes out of style after 2nd Dyn. |
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True and Reverse relief carvings |
True relief-Figures cut out of stone (all else is removed) Reverse relief-figures cut into stone (only material from within figure outline is removed) |
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15th Century BC Egyptian Empire |
1. Boundaries of Egypt expanded up to Southern Boundary of Anatolia South into Kush 2. Capital returns to Memphis 3. Asian Raiding Expeditions replaced by permanent presence and control 4. Increased association between kinship and diety 5. Bureaucratic specialization, no multiple titles |
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18th Dynasty-Ahmos I |
Ahmos I overthrows hyksos, campaigns into Gaza and south into Nubia, establishes permanent presence Succeeded by Amhenhotep I |
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18th Dynasty-Amhenhotep I |
Preceded by Ahmos I Ruled last quarter of 16th Century Raided Further into Asia Initiated Karnac building program-dedicated large Karnac estates Incorporated lower and upper Nubia Traded with Greece and Minoa Minoan decoration of his buildings Succeeded By Thutmose I |
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18th Dynasty-Thutmose II and Hatshepsut |
Two were married Hatshepsut ruled on her own following Thutmose II death Fabricated co-regency between her and her father (Thutmose I) Excluded brother and step son (Thutmose III) from Royal texts Propaganda said that "Ahmen (god) had put her in power |
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18th Dynasty-Thutmose III |
Began ruling on own in 1460s. 17 Asian Campaigns against Natany of Syria Established Northern empire Boundary Defaced Hatshepsut name in inscriptions Continued building at karnac Succeeded by Amenhotope II |
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18th Dynasty-Amenhotep II |
Continued campaigning in Asia, made peace with Natany |
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18th Dynasty-Amenhotep III |
No wars, era of peace and building at Luxor and Karnac |
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18th Dynasty-Amenhotep VI |
Named himself "Akenhaten" |
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18th Dynasty-Akenhaten |
Given name Amenhotep IV Radically changed Egyptian Religion |
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18th Dynasty-Tutankhamun |
Succeeded Akenhaten Abandoned Armana and Atun religion Young ruler, probably influenced by others |
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What happened after King Tut died? |
Generals orchestrated a coup and ruled through the military, established new dynasty (19) which began with Ramesses I |
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19th Dynasty-Seti I |
First to initiate the deletion of Akhenaten name Continued building at Karnac |
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19th Dynasty-Ramesses II (The Great) |
Very long rein Military campaigns into Hittite Empire Built lots of temples Made peace with Hittites through marriage |
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Trend after Ramesses II (The Great)? |
Series of short reigns Pharoahs toured less Increased provincialism/decentralization |
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Hurrians |
Non-indoeuropean people who conquered portions Western Asia and eventually formed the Mitanni Empire |
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Other Empires and entities present during the New Kingdom/Egyptian Empire |
Babylonian Empire Aleppo Empire Kassites Cyprus (mostly cultural force) Hittite Empire Mittani Empire Canaanite city-states (including Israelites) |
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Three components of Egyptian Imperialism |
1. Systematic, permanent control and exploitation of resources 2. Ideology of "warrior" king -validate role throne, and power 3. "Remember the Hyksos"--avoid repeat of asiatic occupation |
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18th Dynasty-Thutmose I Imperial Actions |
First to establish Imperialism--claimed Egyptian boundary at Upper Euphrates
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18th Dynasty-Thutmose II and Hatshepsut Imperial actions |
Continued sporadic raiding into Canaan city states Mittani incorporate Qadesh |
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18th Dynasty-Thutmose II Imperial actions |
1458-Marched Northward into Canaan +7 month siege-won and captured 2000 horses Later moved into Syria and defeated Mittani armies Established "Vassal states" in Hittite and Syria (probably not seen as vassalship to vassal states) |
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18th Dynasty-Amenhotep II Imperial Actions |
Three Syrian Campaigns Negotiated with Mittani against the Hittites |
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18th Dynasty-Thutmos IV Imperial Actions |
Last to campaign for two generations Put down rebellions of canaanite vassal states |
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18th Dynasty-Akhenaten (Amenhotep IV) Imperial Action |
Allied with Hittites against old ally, the Mittani, and destroyed the Mittani Empire Hittites expand down to Qadesh |
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19th Dynasty-Seti I Imperial Action |
Secured Egyptian Control up to Qadesh
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19th Dynasty-Ramesses II Imperial Actions |
In 5th Year-Defeated Hittites at Qadesh in two day battle Later campaigned into Southern Palestine Made peace with Hittites in 24th year through marriage to Hittite princess Assyrians began attacking Hittites during his reign |
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How did Imperial presence and control differ from Palestine/Canaan and Nubia? |
Egyptians established control over Palestine using a "Vassal" system, established control over Nubia using a "garrison" system of forts. Note: There were two Palestinian Garrisons-Jerusalem and Beit-She'an |
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How were vassal relationships initiated and maintained? |
Headman swears allegiance to Pharoah, his sons are sent to be educated in the Egyptian court Taxes (in the form of gifts) were delivered annually Required to support, house, and augment Egyptian forces Ad hoc agreement system, differed from Hittite treaty system Employed deportation as a tool to punish revolts and ascertain labor |
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How did Amenhotep III portray himself? |
Half man, half god, his father was Amun and his Queen was human Mutemwia |
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Who was allowed inside the temple of Amun and others? |
Only the king, priests, and elites--practiced daily rituals |
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When did "Amun" statue leave the temple? |
During procession festivals, was carried in a small boat on the shoulders of priests, who moved one way or other, serving as an oracle to answer questions, "bowed" boat to Amenhotep or pharoah |
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Why did the King have such great control of the Priesthood? |
No priest class-priests were chosen from Egyptian Elite families Land supporting Priests was given by the state and maintained by the elites No Priests ever became King |
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Ramasseum storage capacity and reason for it |
Has enough storage to feed 3400 families for 1 year. Redistribution took place during festivals |
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Temporal progression of relationship between pharaoh and gods |
Old Kingdom: Kings were "Sons of Raa" Middle Kingdom: Amun Ra (King of all gods) develops New Kingdom: Amun Ra becomes the literal father of Pharaoh |
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Festival of the Valley |
Took place in Winter Pharaoh and Amun pass from Karnac to Mortuary temple (Ramasseum?) distribute goods, then return |
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Opid Festival |
Summer festival Procession went from Luxor Temple to _____ to Ramessid Centered around divine birth and conception of Pharaoh--conception rehearsed annually Kings with contested legitimacy practiced this ceremony more often |
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Luxor Temple--Who built it? Distinctive Architecture? |
Amenhotep III; Hypostyle Halls (Forest of Columns) Temple labyrinth of progressively smaller and darker rooms |
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New Kingdom government org. What 3 "units" were directly beneath the Pharaoh |
1. Dynasty court 2. Government of Conquests 3. Internal Government |
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New Kingdom Dynasty court organization |
Included: Crown prince Chief wife and other wives other relatives by marriage and descent |
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New Kingdom Government of Conquests organization |
Governor of Southern Lands--Nubia/between first and second Cataract Governor of Northern Lands--Asia and Vassal Kings, included Battalion commanders of Strategic Permanent Garrisons (as in Jerusalem) |
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New Kingdom Internal Government Organization |
1. Royal Domain--Chancellor, Chief Steward, many scribes 2. Army/Military--Commander in Chief (often Crowned Prince); Chief deputies 3. Religious Government--King is High Priest; acting chief priest while king away; Lower chief priests of temples; scribes 4. Civil Government--North and South Viziers; Chief tasking master; Overseers of Granaries |
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Horemheb |
Last pharaoh of 18th Dynasty General--Tut's commander in Chief Took crown adn legitimized poistion through Opet Festival Propaganda said Amun had anointed him in a dream |
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What was the Armana Period? |
When the capital moved to newly constructed Armana, a city designed by Amenhotep IV (Akhenaten) as the center of his new religion |
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Reign of Akhenaten |
Founds and Constructs city of Armana/Akhetaten Focused worship of sun disk Aten--shut down temples and priest class--erased other gods names Aten had personal relationship with Royal Family, Royal family conveyed acess through them to the public Egypt didn't convert, just the royal family and Armana area Religion died with him |
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"Problems" and Effects of Aten Religion |
No opportunity for personal piety No justice system or afterlife, no Ma-at Couldn't change thousands of years of religious conservatism in a generation However, sundisk continues to play a part in trad. religion AND direct personal connect between king and god continues |
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Daily procession at Akhetaten |
Akhenaten processed by chariot from Northern Palace to Central quarter--mimicked the passage of sun each morning Made daily offerings to Aten by King King and Queen appeared in "Window of Appearance" to distribute gifts daily |
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Examples of diety importation |
Astarte/Ishtar from mesopotamia Ba'al from Syria |
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Geographic Triad make up |
Most often 2 parents-one child ex. Isis, Osiris, and Horus |
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How was religion practiced in Private? |
Religion and gods isolated from commoners in temples Shrines set up around temple walls for day to day contact Medallions and images--apotropaic effect (Bes) Love and Magic spells |
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Why did the New Kingdom end/Third intermediate period begin? |
Introduction of the Sea peoples resulted in the toppling of Empire, political fragmentation, loss of central unity Lack of Iron resources Economy harmed by low floods and famine |
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Who were the Sea People? |
Islanders and Coast dwellers from Aegean Sea and Anatolia Several groups xAkaians xDannans xTrojans and Greeks note: described by Egyptians as one people/group |
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First attack of the sea peoples |
Group from around Crete, joined Lybian tribes in N. Africa-marched together and fought Egyptian state in 1210 at Merenptah--Lost Group was not expelled, but resettled by Egypt in underpopulated regions--eventually rose up and created own states during 3rd int. |
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Second attack of the sea peoples
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Went to Egypt through Anatolia and Levant coast--where they destroyed the Hittite, Hurrian, and Amarru Empires
Defeated by Ramesses III in 1180. Not settled in Egypt, eventually assimilated with Philistines. |
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Evidence of economic downturn during Third Int. Period |
Valley of Kings worker town shut down--monumental burial siezes Systematic looting of tombs for metal by authorities and generals (including partial looting of Tut) |
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How did regional Egyptian "kings" rule differently than in New Kingdom? |
Ruled with armies rather than Bureaucrats |
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Who ruled during the 25th Dynasty |
The Kush (Region south of Egypt) |
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Transition from 3rd Int. to Late Period |
25th Dynasty (Kushite) ejected by Assyrian invaders, who appointed native Egyptian Vassal Rulers. One of these rulers was Nekau I, his son Psamtek I rebelled against Assyrians and began 26th Dynasty |
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How did Psamtek I consolidate Egyptian vassal states of Syria? |
Greek mercenaries through treaty with Greek leader Gyges Forced god's wife of Amun to adopt his daughter Nitocris as her successor |
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26th Dynasty--Nekau II |
Supported Assyrians against Babylonian Empire Fought against Israel (Babylon Vassal) at Negiddo Defeated Babylon in 610 with Syria, but then returned to Egypt Eventually Assyrian empire was absorbed into Babylonian Empire |
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Ahmose II |
Usurped Aprehes with Army, married his daughter, then defeated Babylonians trying to install Aprehes as Vassal in 567 Eventually erected grand alliance w/ Babylon against Persia, allied with Croesos and Sparta xAlliance never pooled resources, and were defeated independently by Persia Gave 1000 talents of silber to Temple of Apollo Died just before Persian invasion |
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Persian Period (27th Dynasty) 525-404 |
Divided Egypt into "Satropics" "Great King" of Persian considered Pharaoh Satrops disliked, frequent rebellions Darius finished Suez Canal-in operation through Roman Period |
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Dynasty 28 404-396 |
Overthrew Perisan Overlords |
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Alexander the Great |
Conquered Egypt 332-31 Founded Alexandria--greek style city that was occupied by mostly foreign traders Contains library, lighthouse, and Alexander's tomb |
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Ptolemy |
Alexander's general Ruled as regent of Egypt with puppet kings after Alex's death Declared himself king in 305 |
