Ancient Egypt: Middle Kingdom, Military, Daily Life, New Kingdom

Front 1

Items found in wrappings: collars

Back 1

Wesekh collar - Horus on both sides
Shebyu collar - New Kingdom on

Front 2

Items found in wrappings: amulets

Back 2

Egg - calm arrangement of the universe
Djed pillar - stability and duration
Wedjat eye of Horus - remain whole and sound
Tjet girdle of Isis - eternity, long life
Shen/heart - eternity, long life
Scarab - rebirth; writing on back; over heart

Front 3

Coffin Styles

Back 3

Up until mid-middle kingdom rectangular, then anthropoid.

Front 4

Who are the four gods represented on the canopic jars?

Back 4

Imseti - human head, south, liver
Hapi - baboon head, north, lungs
Duamtef - jackal head, east, stomach
Qebehenuef - west, intestines

Front 5

What is the opening of the mouth ceremony?

Back 5

It is the restoring of the 5 senses to the mummy; perfomed by a sem priest.

Front 6

Sarcophagus

Back 6

A stone enclosure that is either rectangular or anthropoid; used as an additional mechanism to protect the bodies.

Front 7

Provisions for the dead

Back 7

Drawings of: receiving gifts, companions, servants, animals (dogs), offering tables full of gifts. Remains of: jars, basketry, food & drink. Offering cults would bring offerings perpetually if persons was high status enough.

Front 8

Shabti

Back 8

Usually made for pharaohs in their likeness; used as servants. Often there are 365, one for each day of the year.

Front 9

Ka

Back 9

Separated from body at death, it is the life force of the person. It is dependent on food offerings.

Front 10

Ba

Back 10

The exact likeness of the person; akin to our definition of "soul." It is unrestricted in its movement between the tomb and the underworld. Must return to the corpse. Depicted as a human headed bird.

Front 11

Ren

Back 11

The name of the person. If the name survives, so do they. Why pharaohs put their names everywhere.

Front 12

Book of the Dead

Back 12

"The spell for coming forth by day." 189 chapters of spells and instructions for how to travel safely through the underworld

Front 13

Negative Confession

Back 13

Depicted on the papyrus of Hunefer; it is the proclamation of innocence in front of 42 gods/judges. One spell for each god to appease them.

Front 14

Weighing the Heart Ceremony

Back 14

Occurs in the hall of Ma'at. It is the ultimate test of worthiness. If the individual's heart weighs less than the feather of truth, they can go on. If it is not, their heart is eaten by Ammut the gobbler.

Front 15

What rights did women have?

Back 15

To own land and businesses.
To have a will.
To decide inheritances.
To hold a job.
To petition for divorce.

Front 16

Men's Jobs

Back 16

Craftsmen
Political official
Soldier
Priest
Scribe
Farmer/Fisherman
Merchant

Front 17

Ages for Marriage

Back 17

Women 12 - 17
Men 17 - 19

Front 18

What kinds of prostitution were there?

Back 18

Sacred prostitutes lived in temples are were not paid for their services. They wore fishnet dresses and had a tattoo of Bes on their thigh.
Street prostitutes were a necessary evil, and were often found where there were many soldiers and sailors. They were paid for service.

Front 19

What toys and games were played?

Back 19

Board games: hounds and jackals, senet, mehen.
Toys: dolls, toys with wheels, balls of linen.

Front 20

What instruments were played?

Back 20

Lute, Lyre, castanets, sistrum, drums, harp, double flute, trumpet.

Front 21

What are considered to be aphrodisiacs?

Back 21

Lettuce and fennel
Onion and ginger
Pomegranates
Coriander in wine
Radishes
Water Lily

Front 22

How do we see sexuality as part of religion?

Back 22

Entire creation story is sexual; Ra masturbates Shu & Tefnut into existence. Nut & Geb are in a constant state of intercourse. Tales of seduction and homosexuality also present.

Front 23

Who was the god of reproduction?

Back 23

Min
Amun-min when wearing the double feather crown.
Associated with lettuce.

Front 24

Tomb of the Two Brothers

Back 24

5th dynasty tomb, located in Saqqara.
Shows two men in poses usually reserved for a husband and wife. They both held the title "Overseer of the Manicurists in the Palace of the King."

Front 25

Turin Papyrus

Back 25

Found in Deir el Medina; most erotic papyrus every found. Debate on whether it represents a brothel, fantasy, humorous art, political satire, or social commentary. Now in Museo Egizio, Turin, Italy.

Front 26

What kinds of sexually explicit art have been found?

Back 26

Graffiti and iconography from temples, phallic art pieces, love songs and poetry, Hatshepsut and her lover in the cave, and ostraca from Deir el Medina.

Front 27

What two festivals are associated with sexual activity?

Back 27

Beautiful Embrace - for Hathor, lasted 14 days.

Cult of Apis - worship of bulls; thought to bring fertility.

Front 28

What items were included in the provisions for the dead to promote sex in the afterlife?

Back 28

Fertility dolls, frogs, phallic offerings, false penises and nipples on mummies.

Front 29

What pharaoh is attributed with restoring order at the end of the 1st Intermediate period?

Back 29

Mentuhotep II restores order, trade, and irrigation.

Front 30

Where is Mentuhotep II's mortuary temple/tomb? What is significant about it?

Back 30

Deir el Bahari, next to Hatshepsut's temple.

Unique because he was actually buried in his mortuary temple.

Front 31

Amenemhet I

Back 31

12th Dynasty, Middle Kingdom
Not of royal blood
Moved capital to It-towy
Aggressive expansionist policies
Was assassinated by gaurds
**Introduced co-regency

Front 32

Senusret I or Sesostris I

Back 32

12th Dynasty, Middle Kingdom
Continued expansionist policies
Established southern border at Buhen
Moved west into Libya
Established relationships with Syria and Canaan
Ambitious building project - Temple of Re-Atum @ Heliopolis, White Chapel @ Karnak

Front 33

Senusret III

Back 33

12th Dynasty, Middle Kingdom
Colonizes Nubia
Builds fortresses along the Nile
Abolishes power and privileges of the nobles
New middle class arises

Front 34

Amenemhet III

Back 34

12th Dynasty, Middle Kingdom
Black Pyramid at Dashur
2nd pyramid (labryrinth) at Hawara; first tomb to incorporate security features

Front 35

When was pyramid building resurrected? Why are these pyramids in bad shape today?

Back 35

During the 12th Dynasty of the Middle Kingdom. They are built from mud-brick, so the outsides of them have not survived well. Located in el Lisht, Dashur, and Lahun (Fayoum).

Front 36

Tombs of the Middle Kingdom at Deir al Bersha, Beni Hassan, and Luxor are all known for what?

Back 36

These tombs have a high level of preservation of images and they show everyday life. Wrestling, weaving, the entrance of the Hyksos into Egypt, reed boats and fishing techniques, etc.

Front 37

Why do we see the decline of the Middle Kingdom?

Back 37

Weak rulers during the 13th &14th dynasties, two capitals (It-towy and el Lisht), during the 14th dynasty Xois province (delta) breaks away where the foreigners enter Egypt and built a power base. Hyksos princes take over-16th Dynasty.

Front 38

What foreign group invades Egypt and takes over during the 2nd Intermediate period? How long did they rule?

Back 38

The Hyksos rule for about 100 years; dynasties 16 - 17.

Front 39

What new military technology did the Hyksos bring?

Back 39

Forts (that Egyptians later continued to use).
Khepesh sword
Composite bow
Horse drawn chariot

Front 40

What cultural innovations did the Hyksos bring?

Back 40

Metalworking skills
Vertical loom system
Humped cattle
Lyre
Lute

Front 41

How were the Hyksos finally chased out of Egypt?

Back 41

During the 17th dynasty a family rose to power in Thebes (the Hyksos didn't expand that far south) and challenges them. Ahmose I ousted them, and chased them into Palestine.

Front 42

Describe military structure before the New Kingdom.

Back 42

No standing army.
Governors expected to amass volunteers in the event of war.
Open to abuse from upper classes.
Middle Kingdom had a royal army that was volunteer and conscription.

Front 43

Describe the military of the New Kingdom period.

Back 43

No longer auxiliary.
Large, professional army.
Full conscription.
Specialized units.
Hierarchy.

Front 44

Describe military tactics during the New Kingdom.

Back 44

Did not fight open-plain battles (except Ramesses II Battle of Kadesh).
Subdue weaker state, one city at a time.
Take city by siege or wait them out.
War of attrition - wear them down by continual losses until they give up.

Front 45

What was a soldiers uniform?

Back 45

Kilt with front tab.
Weapons: spears, bows, arrows, shields (if not an archer).

Front 46

What weapons does the military use?

Back 46

Composite bow
Double bow
Spears
Shields
Swords

Front 47

How was the military organized?

Back 47

Pharaoh was supreme commander of the military; would fight with them.
Under him is the 4 commander-in-chiefs of each division; figure heads, did not fight.
(Divisions Amun, Seth, Ptah, Re)
Division - 5000
Company - 250
Platoon - 50

Front 48

How was the chariot changed from the Syrian chariot?

Back 48

Used lighter and stronger wood (from cedar to birch and ash).
Tough leather platform added to absorb shock.
Wheels were reinforced with more spokes.

Front 49

What are Egypt's natural defenses?

Back 49

North - Mediterranean Sea
West - Western Desert
East - Sinai Desert
South - Cataracts of the Nile

Front 50

Describe life as a soldier.

Back 50

Assigned to a post for up to 6 years.
Soldiers were taken care of; well fed, housed.
Bodies brought back after battle.
Worst assignment: Western Desert

Front 51

What pharaoh drove out the Hyksos? What evidence do we have to suggest this was a long process?

Back 51

Amosis I
His father and brother had fought the Hyksos for many years.
He became pharaoh at 10, drove them out 16 years later.

Front 52

Why is the 18th Dynasty referred to as "The Golden Age?"

Back 52

Due to the large amount of area under the control or influence of Egypt, there were many rulers paying tribute to the Egyptian government. Wealth was pouring into Egypt during this time.

Front 53

Amenhotep I

Back 53

18th Dynasty, New Kingdom.
Military campaigns into Syria, Palestine.
First to establish monumental building at Temple of Karnak.
Died childless.

Front 54

Tuthmosis I

Back 54

18th Dynasty, New Kingdom.
Commoner by birth.
Rose to power in the military.
Married Amenhotep I's sister.
Establishes Valley of the Kings as important necropolis.

Front 55

Tuthmosis II

Back 55

18th Dynasty, New Kingdom.
Married to half-sister Hatshepsut.
Physically weak.
Tried to name son to throne before death, son was too young.

Front 56

Hatshepsut

Back 56

18th Dynasty, New Kingdom.
Names herself as pharaoh because her step-son was too young to rule.
Known for expeditions to the land of Punt*, Sinai, Palestine.
Large funerary temple at Deir el Bahari (next to Mentuhotep II).

Front 57

Tuthmosis III

Back 57

18th Dynasty, New Kingdom.
Regains power from Hatshepsut.
Extends kingdom into Sinai.
Egypt is at its largest during this time.
Defeated Mitannians.
Destroys almost all of Hatshepsut's monuments, pictures, and cartouches.

Front 58

Amenhotep III

Back 58

18th Dynasty, New Kingdom.
Married to Tiye (she is not royal).
Colossi of Memnon.
Statues of the couple show them equal in height.
Tiye may have been Nubian; was Tut's grandmother.
Aten becomes prominent god.

Front 59

Amenhotep IV/Akhenaten

Back 59

18th Dynasty, New Kingdom.
"Heretic King"
Introduces monotheism; worship of Aten.
Establishes capital at Amarna.
Married to Nefertiti.
All are depicted with elongated heads and exaggerated secondary sex characteristics.

Front 60

Tutankhamun

Back 60

18th Dynasty, New Kingdom.
Son of Akhenaten and lesser wife, Kiya?
Rises to throne at age 9; Nefertit's father was his advisor.
Moves capital back to Thebes.
Dies at age 19.

Front 61

Reeder Article

Back 61

"Same Sex Desire..." Tomb is blatantly that of two lovers, not of brothers as once thought. There is reference to the wives, but in all important banquet and intimate scenes, it is the two men alone. There is also reference to mythology involving Horus and Seth.

Front 62

Monserrat Article

Back 62

"Sex in Graeco-Roman Egypt"
Sex is a necessary therapy for people to maintain good health. The way that people adorn their bodies affects how they experience the world.

Front 63

Robins Article

Back 63

"Women in Ancient Egypt" Women were allowed to inherit property, decide inheritance, own slaves, participate in business deals, acquire debts, and were responsible for their own actions. But, could the records have been kept because these were rare cases? Did women's rights extend beyond theory for everyone?