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141 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Dynastic Sumerian Civilization |
Sumerian civilization comes out of uruk - people of region use this as a spa area - garden of eden refers to tigris and euphrates rivers - connection with snakes |
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Start of Classic Sumerian civilizations timeline |
Predynastic sumer (4900- 4750 BP) Early Dynastic (first/2nd dynasties of Ur) Akkadian Dynasty Final Dynastic sumerian (3rd of Ur) Old Babylonian Period |
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Predynastic sumer |
Based on Archeological inputs -Period in which kings have not actually emerged -Separation of power between elite priests and those in power in the states |
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Early Dynastic Sumer |
(First and second dynasties of uR) Kingship in the sense of divine rulers Uruk begins to fade and rise of UR |
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Akkadian Dynasty |
Akkadians conquered Sumeria akkadian is where babylonians are from -other groups begin to emerge -creating a recognizable culture/pattern |
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Final Dynastic Sumerian period |
real emergence of kings -lasts just over 100 years -Kingship structure ripped apart |
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Old babylonian period |
Hummurabi's code- codifies the law- foundations of western law - where eye from eye -took control after 3rd dynasty -akkadian are ancestors of babylonians - Naram-sim puts the barbarian problem to rest -Barbarians- pastarol nomads that are able to move quickly -The plan does not work, parbarians defeat akkadians -kings-despotic, beautiful palaces, taxed their ppl heavily |
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Ur- City states of Sumer |
30-50/75 thousand -surrounding landscape- people paying homage to the place they are neighboring - pay fees and move into city wall in times of conflict or danger |
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Ur-Evolution of Writing- Cuneiform |
Standard tablet and stylus - fully literate - mostly used by the temple folk -sometimes created monuments covered in text - larger pieces enabled us able to figure out how this works |
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Jemdet Nasr v.s. Early dynastic in writing |
still basically making pictographs -from pictographs to more abstract versions over time |
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Cylinder Seals (UR) |
4500 BP - manufacturing -roll it on wet clay and get images - power - ownership - notary |
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Ur innovations - |
Evolution of writing- cuneiform cylinder seals -the calander - alulu beer |
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Dickinson -Circumscription article |
- Carneiro presents the environment as essentially a fixed set of natural conditions which impose constraints upon a society - paleoenvironmental research and contemporary experience indicate that desertification, deforestation, salinization and other salient enivro conditions confronting early states were neither fixed nor natural but dynami products of direct human ecological intervention. - this paper talks about evidence from S mesopotamia and suggests that Carneiro's thesis be amended to include changing patterns of "artificial" circumscription brought by anthropogenic environmental destruction -paper adds a form of circumscription overlooked by Careniero: the artificial circumscription- resulting from progressive anthropogenic environmental destruction. -Evidence shows that the enviro condition contronting early states were neither wholly fixed nor natural but were also dynamic products of direct human ecological intervention-this paper talks specifically abt data drawn from Tigris and Euphrates valley in S mesopotamia - "the seed bed which spawned the world's earliest states and civilization is now barren- and the author of this emptiness is man himself. - talks about salination of soil - irrigation->crops-> salinization... salinization happens through evaporation.. Solution to this would be getting more water for it to wash away. - evidence of people trying to handle salinization: drainage, flushing, flood fields, weed fallowing. abandon them-> circumscription! From notes: - Growing unnatural domestic plants that suck up all nutriends and don't replenish soil loses ability to be fertile and thus starts desertification - increase in degree of consumption -decrease on land to grow on -salination of soil (irrigation of land creates and evaborative effect which drops salt in the upper layers), salty persian gulf water comes up into soil... salt accumulation in first couple feet of ground (caused by human activity. - Barley is salt tolerant to a certain point - regian of sumeria was subject to salination -rivers are where the elevation is low enough that it actually hits the water table -? gets swampy. |
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Tainter "Understanding Collaps" |
-collapse exists as part of a continuum in which several types of decline can occur- collapse being the most extreme -Based on the economic principle of "diminishing returns"- the more energy that is put into a society, the less you get back after a certain point. - sufficient amount of energy is required to maintain a sociopolitical system, the more complex the system the more energy is required. - "Diminishing returns" - a population must allocate greater and greater amounts of resources maintaining and evolving society, however after a certain point , higher amounts of this investment will yielf smaller increments of return - Avg. vs. Marginal product- complex society must invest in resources that are essential to the societies needs- however these investments are almost never equal in proportion to the costs - Increasing population strains land use- forcing new methods declining the productivity of labor - Human populations exploit resources that yield best return per effort, then after that use resources that return less than the best. - Complex societies have more problems - as more regulations are made and more taxes established, lobbyists seek loopholes- specializes are needed to take care of the lobbyists who seek loopholes not an efficient system. - rulers must provide more goods/services as more people are part of their society overall economic productivity. - often better to disintegrate the society into smaller groups than high complex societies for marginal returns -tempting for both upper and lower ranking populations to break off. -usually the lower ranking population causes an uprise. |
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Diamond "A tale of two farms" |
Even the most advanced societies face environmental and economic problems - collapses arebecause people destroy the environment resources on which the societies depended -"unintended ecological suicide " - ecocide -no food leads tofighting over limited resources ecocide has overshadowed nuclear war and diseases -past peoples were neither all knowing environmentalists nor wasteful people- - spcoety's collapse based on: environmental damage, climate change, hostile neighbors, and friendly trade partners. Fifth set: society's responses to enviro problems - how fragile an ecosystem is -climate change- varies from year to year and on a multi decade time scale - may benefit or hurt society -decreased support by friendly neighbors-societies rely on support from their neighbors - societies respond to problems differently |
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The calendar |
In Ur - to keep track of offerings - solar-like egyptian calendar-> basis of OUR calander - year is divided into 12 months |
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Alulu beer |
patron god of beer -first beer recipe- giving clue as to what they are thiniing -? what they think abt brew - just over 4,000 years old -evidence prior to this mentioning beer -residue from inside vessels |
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Anu |
Sumerian god of heavens |
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Innana |
sumerian- goddess of fertility love and war |
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nanna |
sumerian god of moon |
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warka |
sumerian -Ishtar in babylonian village |
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Aruru |
sumerian goddess of creation |
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Enlil |
Sumerian god of storms, wind and air |
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Shamash/Utu |
Sumerian-god of the sun |
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Nanna/Sin |
Sumerian god of moon |
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Enki |
sumerian god of sea, earth , wisdom |
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En |
Consort of the city goddess |
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Sangu |
"chief administrator of the temple" accountant |
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Ensi |
meaning unclear, but implies some sort of leader or king with implied to temple elite |
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Chief administrator of the temple |
Accountant -Gilgamesh was a brother of one (?) |
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Excavation of Ur 1922-1934 |
Sir Leonard Wooley - in period of depression and inbetween wars -still territory of the english at the same time. -representation of warfare period -charrits- trum big lines of infantry -urban p packed with houses -the great ziggurat -Burials found -streets -lines the little places to eat -Nana ziggurat at Ur |
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Wooley excavates 16 myal tombs at Ur, containing 2500 graves |
when their kingdied-they decided to die-> suicide -ceramic cups and lines of ppl -symbolizes power- ppl willing to die for them |
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Queen Shub-abs Pu-abi Tomb @4500 BP |
Headdress made of gold -leave shaped design |
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The epic of gilgamesh and its reflection on sumerian society- significance |
@4100 BP- 3850 BP - different versions - first piece of literature (12 tablets poems) - understanding the fatality of man/ inevitablity of death - belief in fickleness of gods - power of women (women are what tames man- women = culture.. love motivating force" - role of women - sleep with men, make children, make faimly (voice of reason, taming wild beasts - but also pawn of men.. slaves were most commonly women. - connections to Genesis: - genesis dates back to time when hebrews were prisoners in babylon - babylon libraries with stuff from ancient world -Wooley found huge 10ft layer that might have been the flood- flood 5500 BP according to wooley - sumerians also have flood story - Serpent - connected to adam and eve serpent |
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Ur |
Euphrates on west bank - city wall around - wooley excavated 16 tombs- ritual? sacrificial? (consenesus bodies of kings and queens) - practice of sacrificing ppl along with kings and queens ends around 3rd dynasty of Ur - metal working with soft metal (using molds) - most famous of femals- Queen shubabs (pu-abi) tomb @ 4500 .. buried in a top chamber- next to her is a female attendant who died playing a lyre to her queen. - high salinization- drainage .. flood fields abandon- CIRCUMSCRIPTION |
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Uma and Girsu (War) |
Sumerians- lots of war - city states in sumeria: they are 2 of big 13 (Uma is later important) - ex. of circumscription as possible cause - Girsu and Umma on opposite sides of river. - They dig a canal from tigris over to water the crops - both euphrates and tigris water are - water table and salinization rises and this poisons soil - creates mars like landscape - circumscribed areas -There was a strip of land on east side of euphrates between both states (war over this strip) - CIRCUMSCRIPTION legit theory: ppls actions alter their land- form of circumscription - Classic caneiro- fighting over land -Girsu wins but uma is vindictive- they higher on euphrates- so they interdict the water flow .. Girsu cant plant anything on the strip of land they just won in the war - So uma just make a canal from tigris--- hugee canal |
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Uma fight dirty by... |
Girsu wins war so uma cuts off their water supply. Canal uma made so big turned into tigris |
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urukagina of lagash |
-has a short reign where he tries to go back to the days of proto democracy -lugal - known for deed/reforms that were in the form of legal doctrines - reform (preserved on structures of lagash) - when the temple was supreme and the right of the ppl were protected - put out a code: earliest form of legal system (hammurabi's code influenced by this... - boosting his own authority - claimed covenant with God's - would not deliver the weak and the widow to the powerful man.. working class ppl freed |
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Who ended Urukagina of lagash's reign |
Lugalzagesi of umma |
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Lugalzegesi of umma |
ended urukagina's reign - he starts going to war with other city states - declared war on southern most city of Akkadia named kish, conqured it and declared himself king. - conquers uruk, lagash and kills Urukagina - claims to have complete authority over sumeria - brief moment in which he conquers all city states here - ruled first 50 city states, but archeologically its more like 30 - followed Carneiros theory - war by circumscription creates complexity and civilization |
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Sargon of Akkad - Akkadian period |
Elected by akkadia to be military leader bc pressure from Lugalzagesi - sargon saved as baby in read basket like moses - elevate him to power to be war lord - one city state emerges as conqueror-> creating a nation - sargon bc sumeria has been at war for 20 years akkadian wins - sargon beats lugalzagesi - destroys sumerian nation - sargon the conqueror -claims to be king of the land- send out messangers to tell ppl to come to his coronation. -throws party/feast- with beer, wine and sheep... Biggest feast . -Akkadians now in control of sumeria - sets up a 150 year long empire. |
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Akkadian period 4334-4154 |
- interesting in sense now represents a nation -> Akkadian nation - dont know where capital is - get to the coast - contacts ppl far and wide - trade outposts in perian gulf - active trade - natural resources flow - babylonians (akkadian ancestors( - his sons -> expand - now going after the elamites- these ppl are persians stirring things up - makes it to the mediterranean sea -expansion of the known world into greater spheres and south into persian gulf - trade with meluhha- starting to connect to india ... -Direct line of descent from sargon : starts to get involved w putting barbarian problem to sleep- highland pastoralists- ppl here numerous - have horses n what not -> civilizations threatend by barbarians and is defeated - Sumerian rise up again - sumeria rises up again.. kings are despotic, tax ppl alot |
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Naram sin- fourth akkadian emperor |
huge problem on eastern border with his time- barbarians - zagros mountains they wipe out akkadian empire - babylonian rise again starts where old akkadian city states were |
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Babylonian period starts 3800 BP |
Akkadian descends - hammurabis code- seen in old testament.. underlying structure of western legal codes |
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Egyptian civilization |
-neolithic orgins the archaic and old kingdoms ramsy the 2nnd - loved to make figurines of himself in giant proportion - was the great builder - buried in the valley of the kings- mummy was lost - lots of stautes of him - cache of mummies found in 1890's - some of mummies preserved. some made it stragnge places such as Niagara falls - found out to be ramses 2- repatriated back to egypt |
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Rosetta stone |
foundin the french revolution - by napolean (1798) invaded egypt bche wanted to invade more land - expanded into north africa and invaded egypt - British navy allowed for this to happen - took with him a group of scholars to study egypt- took description of things they found - most important discovery was the ROSETTA STOne - Discovered as french troups were building a fort. - 3 different languages (greek, hieroglyphics, demotic(egyptian writing). 1840 babylonian deciphered.. |
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Egyptian geography |
focused on nile river- nile flows NORTH upper egypt is south lower egypt north - Nile river is in mountains lak-> lake vicotira.. africa in mnt snow -> melts -> fills up river.. floods nile-> predictable floods - |
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Kemet |
the black land ( fertile ) |
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Deshret |
red dry desert land |
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Life on nile river |
kemet and deshret- origins of some of the oldest most fundamental metaphors of life and death... |
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Grafton elliot not right |
egypt not center of all civilizations - cairo now at base of funnel- can control both areas at same time- linear settlement pattern.. geographic circumscription bc of desert... ** big diff. from mesopotamia: no violent, episodically floods= instead, it floods predictably when the snowpack metls in spring... harldy any irrigation, no giant canals just ditches - Alluvium in the valley rising -> rising soil with lowering flood levels. - occasional droughts * chart on powerpoint* - no big irrigation systems- shadufs- using weight of H20 to move H20.. 2 foot irrigation canals .. 2 big periods of ppl not having to work much bc of how seasons and fertile land is -Gov tax then pay workers back in food |
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Domestication of plants |
- mostly diffusion from fertile crescent- no evidence for migration of ppl- just migration of ideas. wheat and barley , flax leeks , grapes, dates - first evidence of domestication 9,000 years ago |
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Origins of the old kingdom |
Gerzen neolithic period @ 6000- 51000 BP. - precursor to egyptian civ... housing andvillages- egyptian rin to them- arranged along nile. spread out to take advantage of farm land - groups of settlement start to coalesce into kingdoms (?) -> kingdoms lined along the nile -> linear kingodms with central towns... then smaller villages that pay homage to central towns, cheifdoms? average distance 40 km.. - |
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archaic period .. 5100-4700 BP |
end of archaic is start of the old kingdom - what seems to be going on -> kingdoms forming alliances with adgacent kingdoms and pick on other kingdoms- - carneiro- circumscribed cheifdoms in search of opportunity for mor food sources start to prey on eachother bc of pop. pressure - civil war (entire south (upper egypt) go into a war with the kingdoms of lower kingdoms in the north |
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Narmer Palette @5100 BP |
piece of stone w interesting drawings cow goddess Maat- right doing things are as they should be - catfis with chisel-Narmer- thing its the name of guy in stricking pose wearing crown of upper egypt. Hawk in front holding head- bleasing is happening. |
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Maat |
right doing |
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sarisvati river |
harappans used- - unpredictable flooding. - too much water, sometimes not enough - unniform weights- measures and writing.. - TWIN CITIES - mojenjo daro and harapa--- built almost identicall - planned- no windows, thick brick walls - great baths. courtyards within. |
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Old kingodm 4700-4000 BP |
from standpoint of egypt- history starts here. MEMPHIS- egypts first capital |
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Memphis |
egypts first capital - went all out on building.. not urbanization process- this is abt occulant display of power- pharoh display unified egypt- all of ancient civilization egypt skips urbanization and fragmentation and stay unified up until the middle age |
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Pitting north against south - south wins .. still have no capital so decide to build... |
Memphis |
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where is memphis |
at the base of the delta town |
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Pharaohs take it a step further than sumerians |
kings are basically gods- when they die need to be treated as gods |
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Egyptian ppl philosophical base to it- Maat- right doing |
things are as they are bc it is the way things are supposed to be- dont question nature |
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Horus |
god of the gods- egyptian. they had a lot of god |
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Amarna |
lost city- new capital... doely planned out bc the egyptians . swimming pools - palace had a pool inside - tutankhaman- preists didnt like him. when he dies, 2 short reigns after - 2 kids both died buried in tomb with. Burried in valley of the kings |
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King tut |
disability- club foot, heart disease, not active... back of his skull crushed dont know if its in ground rock ` |
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xian great king wu |
first system of justice for ppl based on teaching of confucious. |
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Hun dynasty |
wu di knew wall would never suffice to protect- |
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NEw kingdom mummies |
King tut, Amhotems (father and grandfather)- some wives - Ramseys- -Ramsses 2 ( in niagara falls- gave back to egypt) |
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Indus valley or sarasvati civilization |
Harappans |
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Sarasvati- |
river that ran parallel to the indus river for a bit' |
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Indus Valley v.s. Harrappan |
indus valley where it happened- harappans name of culture |
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Indus valley |
more like tigris & euphrates than nile.. 7 branches- pretty flat, build its own levee - each flood- builds its own wall - cimate diff. than sumeria- snow melt from himalayas.. subjected to monsoons- strangest weather patterns on earth - months of dry weather then bucket snd buckets of rain for months... narrow zone with nasty desert off to east |
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Harappan script |
2500 unique symbols- more like chinese - association with zoomorphic and geometric design.. mythological creaturs - guesses- languages that are boustrophodonic- went right to left than left to right ... showing transaction - showing what are essentiall stamps- cows, alligators, deer, variation. |
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Tepe Yahya |
up in persian plateau - ppl that were trapping into elite objects |
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Early Harappan Hakra Ware |
5300 BP - pottery - humpback bulls - branches with pissul leaves - chickens - birds or goats - peacocks - hakra ware @4600 BP |
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Rapid spread of harappan styles @ 4600 BP suggests... |
integration of culture into state level society |
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Classic harappan @4600-3900 BP |
Wealth not being displayed disproportionately here... uniform weights and measures - Necklaces and beads. -pottery and beads is similar - Uniform civilization - there doesn't seem to be much of an elite class - society ruled by tradition - conservative ethos that is not materialistic or on conspicuous consumption -leaders tied into religious system - theocracy- religious leaders at its head |
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Twin cities of the Indus |
Mohenjo Daro and Harappa - twin capitals - seem to be identical . - built around same time, last until around the same time as well - the cities give us a clue about this being a society w/ conservative tradition, cooperation w/ each other, not abt consumption and wealth - cities are planned, built to a design- unlike sumeria and uruk: the more ppl, the more streets were put in -these places grew organically |
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Mohenjo Daro |
built out of same red bricks - no burials - bricks same weight and size. - assemble hall - public pool - not many fortifications - no real evidence of warfare - some dressing rooms have toilets- sewage systems. - Hindu- sacred bathing-> cleanliness- > ppl of this culture - fact of dressing rooms imply nakedness is no longer acceptable - big walls - houses with no windows - 5 designs of houses. |
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Religion and politics of Mohenjo Daro |
How do u pull this off - how is this civilization kept together- we dont know ... there this figurine of this stoned looking person- position of power "priest king" - Horn being repeated diff. places - worship shiva |
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What happens to harappans |
collapse quickly sometime around 37000 yrs ago. -cities abandoned, civies along sarasvati also abandonded - Harappan civilizaition may have fallen to barbarians - the Aleats- Arians coming out of central asians- > migratin to south and into eastern europe- brought cattle, sheep goat... hard put a date on when they spread thru this regions |
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Massacre of Harapan- evidence |
Aryan invasion possibly -11/12 bodies in a house - no evidence forbattle - first written document Rigveda (wrote of invadors- couple hundreds years later- God destroyer of cities)- - 2 ppl dying on stair wells pretty mysterious may or may not be vilent. |
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Indra |
- breaker of cities |
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Indus capture of the Sarasvati River system |
complex water system - dissapeared by stream capture... spossible reason for abandoment |
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Mohenjo daaro evidence of nine floods |
rebuilt 8 times.. sewage systems could have gotten mixed with drinking water- cholra...feel like you are constanlty thirsty- die of dehydration even tho constantly drinking - cholera epidemic? buy why no graves? |
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City of anyang |
1928 archeologiccal find- tortoise shells- prophecies in strange characters -read them |
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Shang moseleums |
headless skeletons everywehere - heads arranged in mysterious patterns Shang kings built empire on foundation of human sacrifices - meat, wine , bronze etc -> offerings - valued bronze more highly than gold |
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Wu dang |
many of his greatest achievements accredited to his wife - she was a great general in war - led army of 13000 warrior- led great victories - Fu died-> king heartbroken - Alcohol - lasts shang king fond of drinking - shang use of bronze with high lead content could have impacted abilities to lead |
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Sanxindui |
fighting for mandate of heaan - mysterious that stautes so intricately built were being deliberatly destroyed |
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xian |
great king of wu - first system of justice for common ppl based on teachings of confusious - nobles raised armies of their own - fierce fighting erups - crossbows - ruthless destruction and inspired creativity - hade symbol of power |
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son of heaven , Chin tron di |
first emperor of china - even million strong defeated rivals - even in lowest social status, a person-increase rank based on heads cut off in battle. destroyed 2/3 of his enemies population - unified china! - thousands perish from exposure and fatigue - 26000 mile great wall of china- warning unified china - standardized money system -rutheless decision-> 460 scholars burried alive 0 collections of history and poems destroyed -FIRST BOOK BURNING - opposition of chin grew - Concoction he though would make him immortal killed him |
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After chin tron di |
15 years of unrest |
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Hun dynasty |
5th emperor- wu Di knew wall would never suffice to protect - attempted to be peaceful w/ diplomat but diplomat captured and given up for dead -10 yrs later old man shows up diplomat had survived- escaped his captors and found chinese goods on sale in every market - Sild road |
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Neolithic and shang dynasty |
plows - silk - Bronze age walled settlements - production of pottery - written documents- > unique and independent lagnuage that is completley their own . -rice domestication |
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Topography |
green to the east: piedmont: term that is applied to a plain that grades into the ocean - Beijing a little more temperate than it is here - yellowish zone-> higher altitudes to the west -> have a major effect from glaciation: wind blown silt: loess -Ecotone:) - 3 rivers gorge one of the biggest dams in the world |
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Neolithic cultures |
huge language barrier between us and chinese - pretty much ignorant in terms of trying to learn chinese/ transliteration |
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Yangshao village houses |
5500 BP - ppl living in village agricultural settlements - moats with houses on the inside - palisdaded village with big houses - for elders and eladers to make decisions -subterranean houses vessels-> hand made pottery - drink alcoholic bevarages out of these |
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Dawenkou Neolithic elit burial |
Jade necklace - |
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Langshan walled neolithic town 4400 bp |
moved into cheifdom civilization - make towns with walls around |
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Campbells network and boundaries approach to understanding shang |
very outside typical archeoloigcal thought - what we really need to use is use history what are the relationships were in ancient china - recontextualize ancient policies as bundle of relationships - tribute and reward- alcoholic drinks, slabs of meat - jade gifts - Oracle bones |
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Kings dont rule with divine authority in china they... |
rule in favor of these ppl who are either allies or enemeis - much more fluid than in any other socieity - notion of urbanism diff.erent - relationship that flows bc all ppl in the system - ppl before and ultimately god - discursive relationship |
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Oracle bones |
Gui mao day may order wind |
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Di |
curses our harvest |
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Guo of zhi |
whom king should meet to attack the ba fang |
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Urban lature of late shang |
they have center then they wrap things areound - great settlement ofshang - direct coercion harvvest - center organically grows |
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Shang bronzes |
incscribed on bone then moved into bronzes - take a shape of vessels used by dziwenko - use wax cast - have drinking vessels - intricate design |
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southern style |
tigers more in form of pendants |
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sHANG WEAPONS |
INITIALLY made of bronze - tried to coat them with other matallic substance to make harder and sharper - ax to cut ppls heads off |
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Shaft tombs |
shang tomb at anyang - shang did not go into afterlife alone- ppl oxen weapons bronze were buried w the kings. dogs on rampway as well. one outfit- jade pieces tied down with gold wire - some even took chariots and horses |
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Shade king in late shange pd. commisioned sailors and told them to discover the world |
olmec head- important culture in meso american culture.. olmec loved jade |
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Campbell |
king pwer in shang not absolute - practises of autority emanated from were empowered by broader traditions |
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Over throw shang |
two cheifs conqued shang |
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mandate of heavan |
king chang in the da gao- earliest reference of proclomation |
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Zhou gong |
heavan helps those who help themselves |
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shao gong shi |
argues that it was the king alone who recieved the mandate of heavan |
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Religion |
Ancestor worship - need sustance from the living Ritual offerings |
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Collapse of western zhou |
political disintegration-- king lin driven out of capital - conspiracy of many lords- earthwuake in 780 bc- regions 3 rivers dried up - creates nasty flood .. move east- extend easter zhou.. built wall to keep northern mongolians out |
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mongolians |
rapidly mobile expert horse men. walls dont work very well |
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Eastern zhou ritural reformation |
king should have all power - sparks problems |
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Confucious 515 -479 BC |
born into aristocratic fam in lu - advocated restoration of mandate of heaven - man must be guided by mortality and virtue |
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legalism (taoism) |
4th and 3 centuries bc. loa tsu opposed confusion - chin adopted this new philosophy in the Tao - killed all confucianisms |
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Wrring states period |
constant war Chin emerges as most powerful |
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Chi'in get upper hand bc head of clan was young |
advisors convinced him it was perfect time... created huge army- killed 3/4 of all enemies.. duplicated chin army when dead |
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han dynasty |
lady shin elite burial - so well preserved did autopsy- turbuclousis tapeworms and heart disease- tombs buried deep underground- encased in charcoal |
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Collapse societies sumeria important lesson |
human induced- > human responsibl e salinized their soil
- currently doing same in california- only 100 yrs into industrial agriculture only |
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Collapse defined- diamonds view |
drastic decrease in human pop. size and political economic social complezity over a considerable area for extended perod of time - greenland: little slivers of land on edges - easter island - tiny island Decrease complexity |
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Five point framework diamond |
damage inclicted enviro - climate change anthropogencially induced - hostile neighbors - decreased support from friendly neighbors |
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Easter island |
pacific ocean almost 2000 miles ot the west of chile - about 1000 miles away form others - was uninhabited when eastern islanders sailded - we know polynesians who moved in would go exploring using canoes divided into diff. kinds of lineages clans with cheif - sea birds trees fish decreased Moai statues- basaltic voltanic rock carved - brought rats 00soil depletion.. started fighting blaming eachother going to war- lots of conflict ,,, suggestion of cannabilism |
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Greenland |
- arctic ocean Erik the red upon exile from iceland ends up in greenland - colonies in geenland support by iceland and norway- walrus ivory - classes- cheifs farmers ect. - collapse- deforestations, soil and turf damage - failure of subsistence -loss connection to norway - limited resourcers |
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Tainters argument |
collapse exists as part of continuum in which several types of decline can occur -collapse being the most extreme- creastes moedl from economic perspective when you create political system energy reqiered- - 1) human socieites are problem solving organizations 2) sociopolitical systems require energy for maintenance 3) increased spcio political complexity require increase cost per capita 4) investments in sociopolitical complexity to solve problems subject to law of diminishing benefits (interstate road syystem) |
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Historical places |
using proxy -> size of empires |
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Usa |
point of no return |
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solutions |
goo ahead and collapse- local ground sever ties to central gov. - find new cheaper source of energy |
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memphis |
least evidence for urbanism |
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1st dynasty in china |
sha- associatiated with erlitou |
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shang |
tortoise shells scapula things warriors bronze dragons |
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zhou |
brick tiles mandate heavan - ancester worship 2 main philosophic - Confucianism and legalism |
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confusianism |
every happens bc its supposed to happan fate |
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legalism |
order to entire universe,,, governers do the right thing |
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diamond concerned |
not being able to adjust to environmental thing- ppl destroy enviro ... easter island and greenland- depends of how u react to enviro changes. |
