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67 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Lower Paleolithic kind of tools/when |
Oldowan/Acheulian 24- 1.4 mya |
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Middle Paleolithic |
Mousterian (Neanderthals) 130 kya |
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Upper Paleolithic |
Aurignacian + maybe Chatel Perronian @ 45 kya |
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Important dates- Out of Africa 1 |
Adaptive radiation - 1-2 mya |
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Important dates - Matayama /Bruntes reversal |
700 Kya |
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Important dates- out of africa 2 |
65-60 kya |
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Important dates- modern humans populate Australia |
50-45 kya |
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Important dates modern humans meet neanderthals |
45-40 kya |
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Important dates- Bottle neck |
40 kya |
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Oldowan Type A- where |
- Gona, Hadar, Ethiopia, Olmo |
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Oldowan Type B- Where |
FLKN Olduvai Gorge Tenzenia, Has Kochi Foora, Kenya |
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Oldowan Type C- where |
Dk @ Olduvia Gorge, Tanzania FLK "Zing" @ Olduvai Gorge |
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Acheulian |
hand ax industry -everywhere (except passed Movius Line) |
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Mousterian |
Neanderthals Levallois Technique Definitely hunters |
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Aurignacian |
Big bifaces Assertive Style |
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Solutrean |
Cave Paintings Impressive Stone tools |
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Magdalenian |
microblades |
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Zhoukodian, China @ 600 - 230 KYA |
lots of bones -Black guano NOT Fire |
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Torralba- Ambrona - |
5 Pam... Lazaret Cave and Terra Amat - France - Big game hunting - Seasonal Mobility |
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Bore Excovated |
62 layers, identified 65 different kinds
- Argue that art was showing style not function |
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Binford |
argue against bore that must be function not style - Neanderthals very well adapted to their environment |
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Shaleporonian debate |
Deriko convinced that neanderthals not stupid that they developed tools of Shleperonian by thousands |
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Altruism |
members acting for a group above your own interest -reciprical altruism food sharing |
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Lovejoy |
mates put xtra energy to competing but females can coopt that and will fake. |
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Moving to South E Asia |
20,000 yrs ago, reason for not 50,000 not people in area to cross, 20,000 ya Dukti People |
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Extinction |
Blitzkreig model - when humans show up in New places w/ animals that did not have interactions |
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Bernaski article |
if Blitzkreig model were true than should not have been extiction in Africa or Europe during this time... thinks must have been climate combined |
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Upper Paleolithic Art - |
flutes, bone, art , cave art ... only humans had flute. |
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Civilization Mean |
Cultural relativity - judge people within their own standards, and ruels 2. Process of becoming civilized |
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Reciprocal Altruism - |
is the final, and perhaps most powerful explanation of apparently altruistic behavior, at least in the case of people |
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Becoming Human- what and when split off... when started walking |
Only need to distinguish early humans, modern humans, neanderthals.....DNA evidence points to the Late Miocene @ 6-7 mya human beings split off from the group of ancestors that became chimps and bonobos (not good fossil evidence, but DNA evidence)....3.5 mya started walking like humans (Bipedal) Bipedal locomotion energy efficient for LONG DISTANCE walking (not efficient for short, or fast) during this time we see that rainforests shrinking Bipedalism also free’s up hands to carry things (consequence of bipedalism- not why became Bipedal) Evolved in some kind of mutation |
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Explaining human Origins |
*Owen Lovejoy introduces The Sexual - and Reproductive- Strategy Model *Males canines start to shrink Females evolved to have permanently enlarged breasts and ovulatory crypsis (giving a evolutionary signal to males that they are in esteris) |
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Ovulatory crypsis - |
ovulation became hidden ( our species doesn’t know when fertile)We don’t know when breasts became permanently swollen or ovulatory crypis occurred Included grandmas - human beings go into menopause ..chimps don’t ( if you’ve got females spending more time on reproduction.. grandma’s help out and are important part of helping ) |
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human origins missing |
things that are missing: criticised for creating a flintstone model (monogamy) - doesn’t involve hunter gatherer groups - look at other monogamous ape (gibbons 20my separated) |
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Owen Lovejoy introduces The Sexual - and Reproductive- Strategy Model |
his big questions, if you look at apes … not many other apes involve males in childcare : How did females get males to cooperate in child care? Key slices of energy budget: Food, Safety, Reproduction If females have males cooperating than they can spend more time on reproduction (less time spent worrying about food and safety)Provisioning (going out to get food)Key to love joy- Pair-bonding Orangutans 14 mya separate… babies all in mothers handGorillas 10 mya separate….. protects harem (female) fights for...ignores but tolerates contact with childrenChimps dominance hierarchy (subject to change)... when females come into esteres dominant male mates NO PATERNITY...... Females guaranteeing paternity |
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Archeological Record |
Olduvai Gorge in 1960, the Leakey’s discovered fossils they named Homo habilis …. found fossils and stone tools together from 1.6 to 1.9 mya....Don’t need to know fossil numbers ect. 1.8 mya found dental perspective modern humans but not the same skull structures as modern humans Like chimps, early humans probably used organic and other kinds of unmodified tools …. chimp archeology evidence that chimps have been using tools for my |
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First modified stone tools appeared |
sometime 3+ mya… sceptical because it is hard to identify…. also created by geological processes - have to be careful |
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Leakey guilty of saying stones that are geologically created were archeological sites..t/f |
true |
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Not even rocks that are important …what are more important ... why? |
the flakes are the most important… used like knivesimportant... because using to modify our niche |
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Mary Leakey came up with |
organization for rocks… chopper probably only real purposely made one |
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Oldowan site typologies |
Type A - artifacts without bones (least definite..) a for amorphis Type B - artifacts with remains of single animal = butchery sites Type C- artifacts with remains of several animals (= living floors or camps) … Leakey called Camp sites but may be a bit of a stretch to be called this |
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Examples of Type A sites |
Gona, Hadar, Ethiopia @ 3.0 -2.0 mya (up until this fall was known as oldest legitimate site) ...Potassium argon dates 2.6 to 3.15 The Shungura Formation at Omo, Ethiopia @ 2.4-1.9 mya |
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Examples of Type B sites |
FLK N (someones Initials), Olduvai Gorge, Tanzania @ 1.8 -1.5 myaElephant found meat scraped off… no evidence of hunting, scavenge dead meatOlduvai Gorge is not a site… geological system that is pulling the land apart … can see 2 mya90 locations from Olduvai Gorge **HAS (hippo artifact site), Koobi Foora, Kenya @ 1.9-1.5 myaHippo the most dangerous animal in AfricaHippo odd choice |
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*Tuff in rock map… |
what can be dated- in between tuffs guesstimations |
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Examples of Type C sites |
Site DK (Douglas Karongo) at Olduvai Gorge (working with leakeys), @2-1.8 mya many bones found… Antelope 40% of bones- believes this is what the people would be eating, crocodile teeth, flamingo theory that acacia thorn bushes in circle are put bones seperate from rocks Site FxJj50 at Koobi Fora @1.6 mya3 episodes - don’t know if they have anything to do with eachother Site FLK “Zinj” at Olduvai Gorge @ 1.8 - 1.5 myafound Bosie (early human) … Leakey found skull 2 clusters |
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Microwear found at FxJj50 and FLK “Zinj” |
Oldowan flakes were used to butcher/remove tissue from animal carcasses |
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Cutmark analysis |
bones cut (u shaped, and dents from teeth) |
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Microwear-- |
Flakes (sharp shards of rocks),,, people are using stone tools to cut meat off of bones..Also looked at where the cut marks are on animalsFound many cut marks in the legs looks like people are taking animal legs. busting up what’s inside and getting the bone marrow (Fat & Protein)Cut mark evidence points to scavenging rather than huntinghave good evidence for this in the bones… showing cut marks that come across tooth marks (scavengers not hunters) |
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Shade Tree Hypothesis |
Trees - hide from predators and use shade during the day |
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How did humans move from scavenging to hunting |
One example of club found at Kalambo Falls, Zambia @ 650,000 ya In Africa, the Oldowan tradition of making choppers and flakes continue to be madeStart to get more advanced shapes of “flakes” - Scrapers are ex. of whats developed in “developed Oldowan”By 1.4 mya more sophisticated stone tools begin to be made...Tools called Bifaces (Opposed to Uniface)...Bifaces look like Hand Axes appear in Archeological recordAcheulian - First BEYOND shred of a doubt that these were the first developed tools to be made..1.4 mya to 300k (Q acheulian name of hand axe?)Hand Axe Variations include forms like Cleaver and pick |
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Possible Functions of Handaxes: |
Butchering digging for tubersstripping bark from treeshunting (tear dropped).... do something with our arms other animals don’t (Throw) “Flake dispensers”So which one is it? Possibly all of them |
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Gadeb @ 1.2 mya concentration of tools (including A LOT of handaxes) with animal bones Middle Awash @ 1.1 mya |
^These 2 are still hard to differentiate between Oldowan sites… thought to still be majority scavenging not hunting for animal meat (not gona be tested on Gadeb and middle awash) |
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Out of Africa |
Europe is last to be moved to (cold ect.)How people got to Java - more land uncovered bc water was in glaciers … Land called Sunda .. walked over --Brain developing most important development during this time |
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During first out of africa Earth’s magnetic poles were |
flip all at once “reversals” at about 700,000 years ago- famous reversal that put things back to normal, -you can measure polarity of certain rocks and sediments |
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*Chanel = |
paleo stream… at bend in stream concentrated sediments |
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Olorgesailie -Kenya |
700,000 - 400,000 ya found by Glynn Isaac Where the gelada baboons (extinct) come to die... there are 1, thousand pounds of bonesite is loaded with handaxesfound mni (minimum number of individuals) 90 gelada baboon bones (probably more)Almost 1100, teeth many different animals in this assemblage 70% has dental wear patterns that are younger baboonsIsaac thinks the baboons are from huntingof the 37 proximal femurs in assemblage are all damaged in the same way (big muscle looks like it was detached… possibly by a small toolanother possible reason could be leopards kill and humans scavenge (there are leapord tooth marks on the bones) |
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Zhoukodian Cave, China |
600,000 - 230,000 ya . Huge Cave! Known for producing bones...Zhoukoudian (means dragon bone hill) Human teeth foundexcavations not done very well- done between 1920’s and worls war s’got at least 100,000 stone toolsremains of 40-45 individuals (in form of skull caps, not whole skulls) bones lost on trainHomo Erectus … shovel shaped incissors (true of most asian and native american)’Argument that there was ritual of cannabalism 3,000 deer bones found in caveJiant hiennas - possible that humans were in the cave because of predatorsBlack stuff in cave- Bat … level 5Level 4 could found more human artifacts …. possible evidence of firel¼ million years ago humanss should be hunting |
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Give me fire middle of glaciation people probably moved out of europe |
After @ 400,000 ya, people began to adapt to diverse niches.-These humans are lumped into Archaic Homo sapiens (not us - homo sapien sapiens)...Acheulian tradition continuesstill making handaxesnew technology FIRE… use begins by at least 400,000 ya and is widespread, but not ubiquitous after 300,000 ya… brought light lost enzymes raw meatFire critical - start to find spears that have been fire hardenedweapons |
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Evidence for big game hunting |
Torralba - Ambrona, Spain @ 400,000 -200,000 ya -wood preserved (found piece of spear),, - cut marks on Elephant bones - possibly layed out as a bridge- human cut marks on- evidence of fire… possible that they scared animals into swamp and killed them there… |
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Lazaret Cave, France @ 300,000 ya |
on sea wall on cliff near beach…. found hearths, bedding areas, animal bones ( jouvenel Ibex, marmots)... looks like where people could have spent the winter |
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Terra Amata, France, @ 300,000 |
found a hut (oldest ex.)seeds in hut, fragments of nutsfossilized turd - water bones - elephant bonesstags, ibecs bonessea turtle bones, fish, shellfish |
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Hypothetical settlement pattern: Scheduled seasonal round |
Torralba- Ambrona - migratory herds in mt. passes - fallLazaret Cave - protection for winter- winter/early springTerra Amata - Coastal resources- late spring/summerScare animals off cliffs |
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Neanderthals |
Homo Sapiens Neanderthalensis became extinct as a species found old man skullemerged distinctly sometime last quarter million years 250,000 or so evidence that they branched away from us 450,000dont have chinsvery distinctive wear pattern on teethbarrel shap chested people |
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Allens rule- |
in a cold environemnt species will respond by changing surface area with same volume… decreased surface area |
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The range of “Classic” neanderthals extends from Europe to…. |
Dordogne River Valley - where thick neanderthal sites found *triangles mean skeletons circles without on map |
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Neanderthals and their contemporaries..are associated with - |
Neanderthals and their contemporaries in Africa -Mousterian Industry |
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Middle Paleolithic- No Neanderthals |
in Africa |
