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64 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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What were most important Sumerian gods in control of?
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Natural Occurrences
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Who were the 7 deities who decreed fates? (Sumerian)
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1. An/Anu
2. Enlil 3. Ninhursag 4. Enki 5. Inanna 6. Nanna 7. Utu |
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An/Anu
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God of Heavens
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Enlil
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God of Air
Surpassed An/Anu around 2500 BC Temple at holy city Nippur Loved bc he bestowed arts of how to farm Feared bc he could blow storms on the people |
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Ninhursag
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Goddess of childbirth, temple at Kish
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Enki
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God of freshwater/rivers
temple at Endu |
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Inanna
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Goddess of Love&War
Temple at Uruk Pictured with veg on right, w/ weapon on left |
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Nanna
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God of Moon (Male)
Temple at Ur |
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Utu
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God of sun
Temple at Larsa |
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Nippur
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Sumerian religious capitol
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What were the 50 less important gods known collectively as? (Sumerian)
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Annunaki
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Sumerians were Anthropomorphic. What is Anthropomorphic?
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Humanized their gods, perceived gods with family, spouses, having human personalities (generally good but if provoked could be pushed to acts of vengeance)
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Horntiaras
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If a carved figure wore this, they were a god
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Temple Complex
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Main temple; had granaries, storage areas, ziggurat, courtyard
These were major employers, major landowners, merchants came and congregated here to buy and sell, but main purpose was religious |
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2 Main Types of Activities & Temple Complex
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Offerings
Sacrifices |
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Offerings @ Temple Complex
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Lay food/drink on altar tables
Sumerians believed gods (statues) just by looking at food could consume it |
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Sumerians literally believed gods resided in what?
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Statues
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Sacrifices
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Animal Sacrifices, Mainly Sheep sometimes bulls or rams
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Sanga
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Sumerian Priest who looked over economic matters for temple
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En
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Sumerian High Priest
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Haruspex
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Believed to have the ability to translate omens and interpret dreams
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Extispicy
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A sheep would be sacrificed, and its liver would be removed & laid next to a clay model of a healthy sheep's liver. Then the haruspex would note its physical attributes. Tablets would be evaluated and determine what would happen.
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Substitute King Practice
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King's council would search for someone to replace king temporarily until crisis passed. (Usually commoner or retarded) This new king would take a bride to fuck, then they would both be ritually executed.
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River Ordeal
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When someone was accused of a crime but it couldn't be determined whether the person was guilty or not...person would take to river and swim a pre-determined length, if this person could complete it, then he was innocent, if came up early the gods pulled the up out of their guilt. if he never came up, presumed guilty, married the waters.
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Sumerians belied you could transfer evil/misfortune _____
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Physically
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Akkadian Period covers
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24th-23rd cent BCE
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What was the first empire in history?
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Akkadian Empire
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Who was the founder of the Akkadian empire?
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Sargon I
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When was Sargon I rule?
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2340 - 2284 BC
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Who was Sargon I cupbearer to?
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King Urzababa of Kish
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How did Sargon justify his hostile takeover of Urzababa?
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Said he personally had nothing to do with it, but it was the deities; An, Enlil, Inanna
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Who opposed Sargon's justification of ruling and posed great resistance?
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The high priest of Kish
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Sargon
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1. First to politically unify Mesopotamia under one rule, gained control of about 70 cities.
2. End to City-State traditions 3. Sargon appointed Akkadian governors called Ensis 5. Remembered for centuries to come a model of kingship 6. Definitive trends of increasing separation b/w royal palace and religious center 7. Started practice of installing own daughter as high-priestess of Ur |
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Enheduanna
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1st known author in history
Sargon's daughter Named high-priestess of Ur |
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What was basis of Sargon's success?
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Size of Sargon's army (5400 strong) normally b/w 600-800 strong
Superior weapons, Akkadians were inventors of Composite Bow Style of rule: Gave lavish gifts to rulers, tried to win their hearts Sumerians failed to unite, they remained rivals with each other, failed to see what a real threat Sargon posed until it was too late |
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Ensis
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Sargon appointed these as governors to rule over each city, a reason for resistance
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Why did Sargon go out on a military campaign every year throughout his reign?
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Repress Rebellion
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Who did Sargon reserve a measure of respect for?
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Sumerian cities of the South, but they did not accept him.
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What happened immediately upon Sargon's death?
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Across the Akkadian empire the cities immediately revolted
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Who was Sargon's son/successor?
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Rimush
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What did Rimush have to deal with?
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The widespread rebelling
11,322 people died, 10680 captured, 13,100 deported |
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Rimush died after a 15 year reign, what are the 2 theories?
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1. Manishtushu, Sargon's bro, assassinated him
2. Palace servants beat him to death with clay tablets |
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Manishtushu
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Also reigned for 15 years
During Sargon's sons' reigns, the Akkadian empire shrank. From 70 cities to just a handful |
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Naram Sin
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4th Akkadian King
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Who was the second great Akkadian King and extended the empire back to size of Sargon's?
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Naram-Sin
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Who was the first king in Mesopotamian history to claim divine status?
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Naram-Sin
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Who was the most militaristic king of the Akkadian kings?
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Naram-Sin
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Naram-Sin's reign
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2254-2218
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Why will the Akkadians not recover after Naram-Sin?
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Foreign peoples began to invade Akkad
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Gutians
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People who invaded Akkad from the E (Zygros Mtns)
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What 2 cities did the Gutians sack for 30 years?
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Akkad
Nippur |
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What were the reasons for the decline of the Akkadian empire?
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Too big, Too costly, Military control lost bc it was over expanded
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What legacy did the Akkadian empire leave?
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Political
Not cultural, and no architecture Set up precedent of Empire |
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Utuhegal
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King of Uruk
Decided in 2120 to run the stinging serpents from the mountains out of the country |
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Ur-Nammu
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Chosen by Utuhegal to be governor of Ur.
Didn't want to rule under Utuhegal's name *Recurring theme of military appointees attempting to rule* |
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Who was the founder of Ur III?
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Ur- Nammu
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What year was Ur III founded?
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2112
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Who were the 5 Neo-Sumerian kings?
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1. Ur-Nammu
2. Shulgi 3. Amur-Sin 4. Shu-Sin 5. Ibbi- Sin |
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What were the years of the Sumerian Renaissance?
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2112-2006
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Who had the first law code in Mesopotamian history?
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Ur-Nammu
Set precedent of...if so and so committed, this is the punishment, Condition statements |
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What was Ur-Nammu known for?
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Great builder, built Zyrgurots in many cities,
Created a new title...King of Sumer and Akkad |
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What was remembered as at time of stability and why?
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Ur III
-Locals were put into power rather than sending governors, less intrusive -Relative peace |
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Shulgi
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Longest ruling in Ur III
2nd to claim divinity First ever king to take part in deportation Wall built to keep Amorties out |
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Under what king did the forces at the wall to keep the Amorites out have to be withdrawn?
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Ibbi-Sin
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