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234 Cards in this Set
- Front
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The first Indian civilization; it is also known as the Indus Valley civilization
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Harappan
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The dominant people in North India after the decline of the Indus Valley civilization; they spoke an early form of Sanskrit
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Aryans
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The earliest collection of hymns, ritual texts, and philosophical treatises, it is the central source of information on early Aryans
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Rigveda
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From an ancient Indo-European word meaning "to rule," and related to the modern English "royal," it refers to an Aryan tribal chieftain who led his people into battle and governed them during peacetime.
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raja
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Priests of the Aryans. They supported the growth of royal power in return for royal confirmation of their own religious rights, power, and status.
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Brahmans
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The Indian system of dividing society into hereditary groups that limited interaction with each other, esp. marriage to each other.
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caste system
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The four strata into which Indian society was divided under the caste system
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varna
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People not belonging to a caste; they were often scorned and sometimes deemed "untouchables"
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outcastes
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The transmigration of souls by a continual process of rebirth.
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samsara
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The tally of good and bad deeds that determines the status of an individual's next life.
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karma
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Release from the wheel of life.
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moksha
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The unchanging, ultimate reality, according to the Upanishads
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brahman
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The Buddha's message that pain and suffering are inescapable parts of life; suffering and anxiety are caused by human desires and attachments; people can understand and triumph over these weaknesses: and the triumph is made possible by following a simple code of conduct.
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Four Noble Truths
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The code of conduct, set forth by the Buddha in his first sermon, which began with "right conduct" and eventually reached "right contemplation"
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Eightfold Path
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A state of blissful nothingness and freedom from reincarnation.
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nirvana
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The written teachings of the Buddha, first transcribed in the second or first century B.C.E.
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sutras
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The "Great Vehicle," a tradition of Buddhism that aspires to be more inclusive.
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Mahayana
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Buddhas-to-be who stayed in the world after enlightenment to help others on the path to salvation.
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bodhisattvas
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The moral law that Hindus observe in their quest for brahman.
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dharma
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The codification of Indian law from the second or third century C.E.; it lays down family, caste, and commercial law.
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Code of Manu
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Soil deposited by win. It is fertile and easy to work.
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loess
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One of the Shang Dynasty capitals.
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Anyang
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A language in which each word is represented by a single symbol, such as the Chinese script.
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logographic
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A common image in Chinese bronzes; it is a stylized animal face.
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taotie
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One of the earliest of the "Confucian" classics, containing documents, speeches, and historical accounts.
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Book of Documents
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The theory that Heaven gives the king a mandate to rule only as long as he rules in the interests of the people.
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Mandate of Heaven
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The lower ranks of Chinese aristocracy; these men could serve in either military or civil capacities.
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shi
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The earliest collection of Chinese poetry; it provides glimpses of what life was like in the early Zhou Dynasty.
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Book of Songs
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The period of Chinese history between 403 and 221 bce when states fought each other and one after another was destroyed until only one remained.
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Warring States Period
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A powerful, mechanical bow developed during the Warring States Period.
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crossbow
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Reverent attitude of children to their parents; it was extolled by Confucius.
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filial piety
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The ultimate Confucian virtue; it is translated as perfect goodness, benevolence, humanity, human-heartedness, and nobility.
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ren
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The Dao, the whole natural order.
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The Way
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Political theorists who emphasized the need for rigorous laws and laid the basis for China's later bureaucratic government.
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Legalists
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A concept of complementary poles, one of which represents the feminine, dark, and receptive, and the other the masculine, bright, and assertive.
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yin and yang
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Date of starting development around Indus River
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2500 bce
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Height of Indus River civilization
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2000 bce
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Cities in the Indus River Valley look like they've been:
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planned out
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Cities in Indus River Valley were big on ______ and had underground _____
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sanitation, sewers
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Houses in the Indus River Valley cities had _____
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multiple floors
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There weren't any _____ around the cities in the Indus River Valley
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walls
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By _____ enough Aryans showed up in the Indus River Valley to start process of consolidating position
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1500 bce
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Aryans were generally _____ , their chieftain was called the _____
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warlike, raja
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Aryan's language was:
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Sanskrit
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Order of social organization by castes:
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Priests (Brahman)
Warriors and Officials (Kshatriya) Merchants and Artisans (Vaishya) Peasants and Laborers (Shudra) Untouchables outside of caste system (Outcastes) |
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Aryan words for:
Priests Warriors and Officials Merchants and Artisans Peasants and Laborers |
Brahman
Kshatriya Vaishya Shudra |
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Aryans brought their own religion: ______ which ______ comes from.
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Brahmanism, Hinduism
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______ and ______ are responses to Brahminism.
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Jainism, Buddhism
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Jainism extends karma in _____ and ____
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inanimate, animate
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______ abandons life to meditate and becomes "enlightened" (Buddha)
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Siddhartha Guatama
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Four Noble Truths: 1
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1. pain and suffering, frustration and anxiety, are ugly but inescapable parts of human life
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Four Noble Truths: 2
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2. suffering and anxiety are caused by human desires and attachments
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Four Noble Truths: 3
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3. people can understand these weaknesses and triumph over them
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Four Noble Truths: 4
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4. this triumph is made possible by following a simple code of conduct, the Eightfold Path
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What religion does the Four Noble Truths and the Eightfold Path come from?
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Buddhism
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Who mostly adopts Buddhism?
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China
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Jainism developed by _____ in ___ bce.
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Vardhamana Mahavira, 400
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Brahminism changes into _____ because of response to options of _____ and ______
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Hinduism, Buddhism, Jainism
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Xia Dynasty
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2500-1500 bce
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Shang Dynasty
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1500-1050 bce
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Zhou Dynasty
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1050-256 bce
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Like the civilizations of the Near East, the earliest Indian civilization centered on a great river, the _____.
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Indus River
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From _____ bce, this Indus Valley, or_____, culture thrived, and numerous cities were built over a huge area.
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2800-1800, Harappan
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Different Indian society emerged after decline of this civilization. It was dominated by the ____, warriors who spoke an early version of ____.
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Aryans, Sanskrit
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The ______ and the _____ religion, key features of Indian society into modern times, had their origins in early Aryan society.
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Indian caste system, Hindu
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The earliest Indian literature consists of ___ and ____ of these Aryan tribes.
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epics, religious texts
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By middle of first millennium BCE, the Aryans had set up numerous ____ throughout north India.
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small kingdoms
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_______ invaded north India in 326 bce and after his army withdrew, the first major Indian empire was created by the ______ (ca. 322- ca. 185 bce), which ____ most of north India.
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Alexander the Great, Mauryan Dyansty, unified
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This dynasty reached its peak under the great ____ (ca. 269-232 bce), who actively promoted____ within and beyond the realm.
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King Ashoka, Buddhism
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India's greatest empires were centered here.
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Indus River and Ganges Rivers (plains)
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To the west of India are the great deserts of _____ and southeastern Pakistan, historically important in part because their flat terrain enabled invaders to sweep into India from the northwest.
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Rajasthan
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Neolithic settlement of the Indian subcontinent occurred somewhat later than in the Middle East, but agriculture was well established by about ____ bce.
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7000
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No one knew about the ancient cities of the Indus Valley until ____, when archaeologists found astonishing evidence of a thriving and sophisticated Bronze Age urban culture dating to about ___ bce at ______ in what is now Pakistan.
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1921, 2500, Mohenjodaro
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This civilization [ancient cities around Indus] is known today as the Indus Valley or the _____ civilization, from the modern names of the river and a major city.
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Harappan
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Harappans most flourishing period
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2500-2000 bce
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Harappan civilization: ____ was used to make cloth (the earliest anywhere) and was so abundant that good were wrapped in it for shipment.
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cotton
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As early as the reign of Sargon of Akkad in the third millennium bce, trade between India and Mesopotamia carried goods and ideas between the two cultures, probably by way of the ____
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Persian Gulf
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The ______ had a stone dock 700 feet long, next to which were massive granaries and bead-making factories. Hundreds of seals were found there, some of Persian gulf origin, indication that it was a major port of exit and entry.
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port of Lothal
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A planned city built of fired mud brick. Its streets were straight, and covered drain-pipes were installed to carry away waste.
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Mohenjo-daro
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Most elaborate planning of these cities is their _____. Each house had a bathroom with a drain connected to brick-lined sewers located under the major streets.
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complex system of drainage
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Because the written language of the ____ people has not been deciphered, their political, intellectual, and religious life is largely unknown.
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Harappan
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There are clear connections between ____ and _____ civilization, but just as clear differences.
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Harappan, Sumerian
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The decline of the Harappan civilization, which began soon after____ bce, cannot be attributed to the arrival of ______, as we once thought. Rather the decline was internally generated.
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2000, powerful invaders
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After the decline of the Indus Valley civilization, a people who called themselves _____ became dominant in north India.
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Aryans
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They were speakers of an early form of _____, which was an Indo-European language closely related to ancient _____ and more distantly related to Latin, Greek, Celtic, and their modern descendants, such as English.
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Sanskrit, Persian
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The central source for the early Aryans is the ____, the earliest of the Vedas, a collection of hymns, ritual texts, and philosophical treatises composed between 1500 and 500 bce in Sanskrit.
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Rigveda
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The ____ portrays the Aryans as warrior tribes who glorified military skill and heroism; loved to drink, hunt, race, and dance; and counted their wealth in cattle.
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Rigveda
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The key to the Aryans' success probably lay in their superior ______: they had fast two-wheeled chariots, horses, and bronze swords and spears.
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military technology
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At the head of each Aryan tribe was a chief, or____, who led his followers in battle and ruled them in peacetime. The warriors in the tribe elected the chief for his ____.
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raja, military skills
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Next in importance to the chief was the ____.
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priest
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The tremendous challenge of clearing the jungle (by Ganges River) was made somewhat easier by the introduction of ___ around ____ bce. This made it possible to produce strong axes and knives relatively cheap.
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iron, 1000
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In the great Aryan epics the ____ and ____, the people of the south and Sri Lanka are spoken of as dark-skinned savages and demons who resisted the Aryans' conquests.
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Ramayana, Mahabharata
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As Aryan rulers came to dominate large settled populations, the style of political organization changed from tribal chieftainship to __________.
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territorial kingship
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Priests of the Aryans. They supported the growth of royal power in return for royal confirmation of their own religious rights, power, and status.
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Brahmans
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By the time Persian armies reached the Indus around 513 bce, there were ___ major kingdoms in north India.
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16
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The three upper varnas probably accounted for no more than __ percent of the population.
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30
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Like most nomadic tribes, the Aryans were ____ and ____
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patrilineal , patriarchal
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The core of the Aryans' religion was its focus on_____.
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sacrifice
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The ____, composed between 750 and 500 bce, record speculations about the mystical meaning of sacrificed rites and about cosmological questions of man's relationship to the universe. They document a gradual shift from the mythical worldview of the early Vedic age to a deeply philosophical one.
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Upanishads
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Associated with this shift was a movement toward ____ (severe self-discipline and self-denial).
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asceticism
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Ancient Indian cosmology focused not on a creator who made the universe out of nothing, but rather on endlessly repeating cycles. Key ideas were _____, the transmigration of souls by a continual process of rebirth, and____, the tally of good and bad deeds that determined the status of an individual's next life.
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samsara, karma
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There was another side to these ideas: the wheel of life could be seen as a treadmill, giving rise to a yearning for release from the relentless cycle of birth and death. One solution offered in the Upanishads was ____, or release from the wheel of life.
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moksha
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mystics claimed that life in the world was actually an illusion and that the only way to escape the wheel of life was to realized that ultimate reality was unchanging. This unchanging, ultimate reality was called ______.
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brahman
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By the 6th and 5th centuries bce, cities had reappeared in India, and merchants and trade were thriving. One particular kingdom, ____, had become much more powerful than any of the other states in the Ganges plain, defeating its enemies by using war elephants and catapults for hurling stones.
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Magadha
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The two most important world-historical terms were _____ and ____. Their founders were contemporaries living in east India in minor states of the Ganges plain. ____ emerged in response to these new religions but at the same time was the most direct descendant of the old Brahmanic religion.
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Jainism, Buddhism, Hinduism
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The key figure of Jainism, ______ (fl. ca. 520 bce), was the son of the chief of a petty state.
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Vardhamana Mahavira
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He argued that ____ all have living souls enmeshed in matter.
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human beings, animals, plants, and even inanimate objects
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The Jains considered all life ____ and tried to live without ____other lives.
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sacred, destroying
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Jainism began to flourish under the _____ (ca. 322-185 bce), and Jain tradition claims the ____ Empire's founder, _____, as a major patron.
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Mauryan dynasty, Mauryan, Chandragupta
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Fasting and nonviolence as spiritual practices in India owe much to Jain teachings. _______ was influenced by these ideas through his mother, and Dr. Martin Luther King, Jr., was influenced by him.
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Mahatma Gandhi
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______ (fl. ca. 500 bce), also called _____ (“sage of the Shakya tribe”), is best known as the Buddha (“enlightened one”).
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Siddhartha Gautama, Shakyamuni
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According to tradition, while meditating under a bo tree at _____ , he reached enlightenment.
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Bodh Gaya
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In his first sermon, the Buddha outlined his main message, summed up in the ________ and the __________
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Four Noble Truths , Eightfold Path
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What are the Four Noble Truths
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1. pain and suffering, frustration and anxiety, are ugly but inescapable parts of human life
2. suffering and anxiety are caused by human desires and attachments 3. people can understand these weaknesses and triumph over them 4. this triumph is made possible by following a simple code of conduct, the Eightfold Path |
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8 steps of the Eightfold Path
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1. recognizing the universality of suffering
2. deciding to free themselves from it 3. choosing "right conduct" 4. choosing "right speech" 5. choosing "right livelihood" 6. choosing "right endeavor" 7. "right awareness" 8. "right contemplation" |
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Those who achieve liberation are freed from the cycle of birth and death and enter the state called ____, a kind of blissful nothingness and freedom from reincarnation.
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nirvana
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Buddhism differed from Brahmanism and later Hinduism in that it ignored the _____.
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caste system
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The Buddha's followers transmitted his teachings orally until they were written down in the second or first century bce. These scriptures are called _____.
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sutras
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The written teachings of the Buddha, first transcribed in the second or first century bce.
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Sutras
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One of the most important of these [sutras], associated with the monk-philosopher ____(fl. ca. 100 ce), is called _______, or “______,” because it is a more inclusive form of the religion.
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Nagarjuna , Mahayana, Great Vehicle
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_______ were Buddhas-to-be who had stayed in the world after enlightenment to help others on the path to salvation.
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Bodhisattvas
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Both ____ and ____ were direct challenges to the old Brahmanic religion. Both rejected _____, which by then was a central element in Brahmanic power.
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Buddhism, Jainism, animals sacrifice
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In response to this challenge, over the next several centuries (ca. 400 bce-200 ce) the Brahmanic religion evolved in a more devotional direction, today commonly called _____.
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Hinduism
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The bedrock of Hinduism is the belief that the ____ are sacred revelations and that a specific ____ is implicitly prescribed in them.
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Vedas, caste system
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Hinduism is a _____, the goal of which is to reach union with _____, the ground of all being.
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guide to life, brahman
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In their quest for brahman, people are to observe _____, the moral law.
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dharma
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After the 3rd century bce, Hinduism began to emphasize the roles and personalities of thousands of powerful gods. ____, the creator; ___, the cosmic dancer who both creates and destroys; and ____, the preserver and sustainer of creation, are three main male deities.
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Brahma, Shiva, Vishnu
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A central ethical text of Hinduism is the ______, a part of the world's longest ancient epic, the ____. It offers guidance on the most serious problem facing a Hindu—how to live in the world and yet honor dharma and thus achieve release.
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Bhagavad Gita, Mahabharata
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The heart of the Bhagavad Gita is the spiritual conflict confronting _____, a human hero about to ride into battle against his kinsmen.
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Arjuna
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During this period the Persians were creating an empire that stretched from the west coast of Anatolia to the Indus River. India became involved in these events when the Persian emperor ____ conquered the Indus Valley and Kashmir about ___ bce.
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Darius, 513
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In 326 bce _____ led his Macedonian and Greek troops through the Khyber Pass into the Indus Valley.
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Alexander the Great
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___, king of west Punjab, fought Alexander with a battalion of 2,000 war elephants. After being defeated, he agreed to become a subordinate king under Alexander.
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Porus
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The Greeks were impressed with ____ a major center of trade in Punjab, and described it as “a city great and prosperous, the biggest of those between the Indus River and the Hydaspes—a region not inferior to Egypt in size, with especially good pastures and rich in fine fruits.”
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Taxila
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From Taxila, Alexander followed the Indus River south, hoping to find the end of the world. His men, however, mutinied and refused to continue. When Alexander turned back, he left his general ____ in charge of his easternmost region.
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Seleucus
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The one to benefit most from Alexander's invasion was _____, the ruler of a growing state in the Ganges Valley. He took advantage of the crisis caused by Alexander's invasion to expand his territories, and by 322 bce he had made himself sole master of north India. In 304 bce he defeated the forces of Seleucus.
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Chandragupta,
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He established a ______ to see to the operation of the state and a bureaucratic taxation system that financed public services through taxes on agriculture.
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complex bureaucracy
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The years after Chandragupta's death were an epoch of political greatness, thanks largely to his grandson ____, one of India's most remarkable figures. The era of "" was enormously important in the religious history of the world, because he embraced ____ and promoted its spread beyond India.
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Ashoka, Buddhism
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In the years after the fall of the Mauryan dynasty, a series of foreign powers dominated the Indus Valley and adjoining regions. The first were hybrid____ states ruled by the inheritors of Alexander's defunct empire stationed in what is now Afghanistan. The city of ___ became a major center of trade, culture, and education, fusing elements of Greek and Indian culture.
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Indo-Greek, Taxila
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During these centuries there were significant advances in science, mathematics, and philosophy. This was also the period when Indian law was codified. The _____, which lays down family, caste, and commercial law, was compiled in the second or third century ce.
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Code of Manu
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Date: Height of Harappan civilization
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2500-2000 bce
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Date: Aryan Civilization
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1500-500 bce
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Date: Rigveda
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1500-500 bce
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Date: Introduction of iron
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1000 bce
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Date: Vardhamana Mahavira, founder of Jainism
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520 bce
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Date: Darius conquers Indus Valley
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513 bce
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Date: Siddhartha Gautama, the Buddha
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500 bce
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Date: Brahmanic religion evolves into Hinduism
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400 bce-200 ce
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Date: Alexander the Great enters Indus Valley
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326 bce
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Date: Mauryan Empire
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322-185 bce
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Date: Jain religion splits into two sets
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300 bce
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Date: Reign of Ashoka
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269-232 bce
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Classical period of Tamil culture
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200 bce-200 ce
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Date: Nagarjuna, theorist of Mahayana Buddhism
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100 ce
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Date: Code of Manu
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200 ce
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The reason for China's isolation was geographic: communication with West and South Asia was very difficult, impeded by _____ and_____.
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high mountains, vast deserts
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Unlike the other major societies of Eurasia, China retained a ______ writing system with a separate symbol for each word.
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logographic
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The _____ (ca. 1500-ca. 1050 bce) was the first to have writing, metalworking, cities, and chariots.
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Shang Dynasty
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The Shang Dynasty (ca. 1500-ca. 1050 bce) was the first to have ____, ____, ____, and _____.
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writing, metalworking, cities, chariots
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The Shang were overthrown by one of their vassal states, which founded the _____ (ca. 1050- 256 bce).
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Zhou Dynasty
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The historical China, also called _____, was smaller than present-day China, not larger like the historical India.
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China proper
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The northern part, drained by the __________, is colder, flatter, and more arid than the south.
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Huang (Yellow) River
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The dominant soil is _____—fine wind-driven earth that is fertile and easy to work even with primitive tools.
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loess
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The _____ is the dominant feature of the warmer, wetter, and more lush south, a region well suited to rice cultivation and double cropping.
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Yangzi River
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Inner Asia, where raising animals is a more productive use of land than planting crops, became the heartland of China's traditional enemies, such as the ____ and ____.
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Xiongnu, Mongols
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From about ____ bce, agriculture was practiced in China, apparently originating independently of somewhat earlier developments in Egypt and Mesopotamia, but perhaps influenced by developments in Southeast Asia, where rice was also cultivated very early.
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10,000
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The primary Neolithic crops were ______, grown in the loess soils of the north, and ___, grown in the wetlands of the lower reaches of the Yangzi River.
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drought-resistant millet, rice
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In both areas pigs, dogs, and cattle were domesticated, and by ____ bce ____ had become important in the north and _____ in the south.
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3000, sheep, water buffalo
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After 2000 bce, a _________ appeared in north China with the traits found in these civilizations elsewhere, such as writing, metalworking, domestication of the horse, class stratification, and cult centers.
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Bronze Age civilization
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Shang civilization was not as densely urban as Mesopotamia, but Shang kings ruled from large settlements. The best excavated is ____, from which the Shang kings ruled for more than two centuries.
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Anyang
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One of the Shang Dynasty capitals.
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Anyang
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The king divined his ancestors' wishes by interpreting the cracks made in ________ or _______ prepared for him by professional diviners.
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heated cattle bones, tortoise shells
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Some new crops became common in Shang times, most notably ____, which had spread from West Asia.
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wheat
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The Chinese script was ____: each word was represented by a single symbol. In the Chinese case, some of these symbols were pictures, but for the names of abstract concepts other methods were adopted.
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logographic
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n Shang china, by contrast, images of wild animals predominate (decoration on bronzes). More problematic is the most common image, the stylized animal face called the ____.
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taotie
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Between the ____ capital and the ____ was a frontier state called ____, which seems to have both inherited cultural traditions from the Neolithic cultures of the northwest and absorbed most of the material culture of the Shang.
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Shang, Qiang, Zhou
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In about ___ bce, the Zhou rose against the Shang and defeated them in battle.
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1050
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The ________ describes the Zhou conquest of the Shang as the victory of just and noble warriors over decadent courtiers who were led by a dissolute, sadistic king. At the same time, these documents show that the Zhou recognized the Shang as occupying the center of the world, were eager to succeed to that role themselves, and saw history as a major way to legitimate power.
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Book of Documents
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One of the earliest of the “Confucian” classics, containing documents, speeches, and historical accounts.
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Book of Documents
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The three early Zhou rulers who are given the most praise are ____ (the “cultured” or “literate” king), who expanded the Zhou domain; his son ____ (the “martial” king), who conquered the Shang; and his brother, the ____, who consolidated the conquest and served as loyal regent for Wu's heir.
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King Wen, King Wu, Duke of Zhou
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The Book of Documents assumes a close relationship between Heaven and the king, who was called the _____. Heaven gives the king a mandate to rule only as long as he rules in the interests of the people.
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Son of Heaven
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The theory that Heaven gives the king a mandate to rule only as long as he rules in the interests of the people.
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Mandate of Heaven
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Rather than attempt to rule all their territories directly, the early Zhou rulers set up a __________. They sent out relatives and trusted subordinates with troops to establish walled garrisons in the conquered territories.
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decentralized feudal system
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In 771 bce, the Zhou king was killed by an alliance of _____ and _____.
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Rong tribesman, Zhou vassals
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Early Zhou rule was highly aristocratic. Inherited ranks placed people in a hierarchy ranging downward from the:
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1. king
2. rulers of states with titles like duke and marquis, the hereditary great officials of the states 3.the lower ranks of the aristocracy (men who could serve in either military or civil capacities, known as shi), 4.the ordinary people (farmers, craftsmen, and traders). |
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The lower ranks of Chinese aristocracy; these men could serve in either military or civil capacities.
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Shi
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Glimpses of what life was like at various social levels in the early Zhou Dynasty can be found in the ______, which contains the earliest Chinese poetry.
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Book of Songs
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Part of the reason for distrust of women in politics was the practice of ____.
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concubinage
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The period of Chinese history between 403 and 221 bce, when states fought each other ad one after another was destroyed until only one remained.
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Warring States Period
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By ____ bce, states were sending out armies of a couple _____ drafted foot soldiers, usually accompanied by horsemen.
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300, 100,000
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Adding to the effectiveness of armies of drafted foot soldiers was the development of the crossbow around ___ bce.
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350
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A powerful, mechanical bow developed during the Warring States Period.
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crossbow
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The development of infantry armies also created the need for a new type of general, and rulers became less willing to let men lead troops merely because of aristocratic birth. Treatises on the art of war described the ideal general as a master of ____, ____, and ____.
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maneuver, illusion, deception
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In ____, Master Sun argued that heroism is a useless virtue that leads to needless deaths. But discipline is essential, and he insisted that the entire army had to be trained to follow the orders of its commanders without questioning them.
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The Art of War
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By the late Zhou period, ___ was on the forefront of cultural innovation and produced the greatest literary masterpiece of the era, the ____, a collection of fantastical poems full of images of elusive deities and shamans who can fly through the spirit world.
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Chu, Songs of Chu
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By the 3rd century bce, there were only __ important states remaining. These states were much more centralized than their early Zhou predecessors.
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7
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The Warring States Period was the era when the “__________” contended.
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Hundred Schools of Thought
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______ (traditional dates: 551-479 bce) was one of the first men of ideas.
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Confucius
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Confucius's ideas are known to us primarily through the sayings recorded by his disciples in the ____.
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Analects
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Confucius considered the____ the basic unit of society. He extolled ____, which to him meant more than just reverent obedience of children to their parents.
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family, filial piety
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Reverent attitude of children to their parents; it was extolled by Confucius.
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filial piety
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Five cardinal relationships stressed by Confucius:
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1. father and son
2. ruler and subject 3. husband and wife 4. elder and younger brother 5. friend and friend |
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To Confucius the ultimate virtue was ____ (____). A person of this virtue cares about others and acts accordingly.
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humanity , ren
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the ultimate Confucian virtue; it is translated as perfect goodness, benevolence, humanity, human-heartedness, and nobility.
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Ren
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The eventual success of Confucian ideas owes much to Confucius's followers in the 3 centuries following his death. The most important of them were _____ (ca. 370-ca. 300 bce) and ___ (ca. 310-ca. 215 bce).
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Mencius, Xunzi
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___ argued that human nature is fundamentally good, as everyone is born with the capacity to recognize what is right and act on it. _____, a half century later, took the opposite view of human nature, arguing that people are born selfish and that it is only through education and ritual that they learn to put moral principle above their own interest.
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Mencius, Xunzi
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Daoists thought thought striving to make things better generally makes them worse. Daoists defended private life and wanted the rulers to leave the people alone. They sought to go beyond everyday concerns and to let their minds wander freely.
Rather than making human beings and human actions the center of concern, they focused on the larger scheme of things, the whole natural order identified as ___, or ___. |
the Way, Dao
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Early Daoist teachings are known from two surviving books, the ___ and the ___, both dating to the 3rd century bce.
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Laozi, Zhuangzi
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In the philosophy of the ____, the people would be better off if they knew less, gave up tools, renounced writing, stopped envying their neighbors, and lost their desire to travel or engage in war.
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Laozi
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The _____ is filled with parables, flights of fancy, and fictional encounters between historical figures, including Confucius and his desciples.
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Zhuangzi
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s one small state after another was conquered, the number of surviving states dwindled. Rulers fearful that their states might be next were ready to listen to political theorists who claimed expertise in the accumulation of power. These theorists, labeled __________ because of their emphasis on the need for rigorous laws, argued that strong government depended not on the moral qualities of the ruler and his officials, as Confucians claimed, but on establishing effective laws and procedures.
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Legalists
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political theorists who emphasized the need for rigorous laws and laid the basis for China's later bureaucratic government.
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Legalists
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In the 4th century bce, the state of ___, under the leadership of its chief minister, _____ (d. 338 bce), adopted many Legalist policies. It abolished the aristocracy. Social distinctions were to be based on military ranks determined by the objective criterion of the number of enemy heads cut off in battle.
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Qin, Lord Shang
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In the century after Lord Shang, Legalism found its greatest exponent in _______ (ca. 280?-233 bce).
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Han Feizi
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Indeed, a ruler's right to exercise the law as he saw fit was demonstrated in the violent deaths of the 2 leading Legalist thinkers: ______ was drawn and quartered by chariots in 338 bce, and _____ was imprisoned and forced to drink poison in 233 bce.
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Lord Shang, Han Feizi
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Rulers of several states adopted Legalist ideas, but only the state of ___ systematically followed them.
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Qin
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The concepts of yin and yang are found in early form in the divination manual the ____, but late Zhou theorists developed much more elaborate theories based on them.
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Book of Changes
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A concept of complementary poles, one of which represents the feminine dark, and receptive, and the other the masculine, bright, and assertive.
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yin and yang
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___ is the feminine, dark, receptive, yielding, negative, and weak.
___ is the masculine, bright, assertive, creative, positive, and strong. |
Yin , Yang
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Date: Shang Dynasty
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1500-1050 bce
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Date: Evidence of writing found in royal tombs
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1200 bce
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Date: Zhou Dynasty
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1050-256 bce
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Date: Book of Songs, Book of Changes, Book of Documents
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ca 900
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Date: Zhou capital moved to Luoyang
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771 bce
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Date: Confucius
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551-479 bce
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Date: Iron technology in wide use
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500 bce
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Date: Golden age of Chinese philosophy
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500-200 bce
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Date: Sun Wu, The Art of War
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453-403 bce
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Date: Mozi
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450 bce
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Date: Mencius
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370-300 bce
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Date: Zhuangzi
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369-286 bce
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Date: Infantry armed with crossbows
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350 bce
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Date: Xunzi
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310-215 bce
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Laozi written
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300-200 bce
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Han Feizi of Legalist school
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280-233 bce
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