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71 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
language
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a system of communication using sounds or gestures that are put together in meaningful ways according to a set of rules
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signals
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instinctive sounds or gesturs that have a natural or self evident meaning
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linguistics
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the modern scientific study of all aspects of language
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descriptiove lang
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the branch of ling that involves unraveling a lang by recording, describingm and analysing all of its features
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phonetics
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the systematic identification and description of distinctive speech sounds in a lang.
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phonology
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the study of lang sounds
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phonemes
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the smallest units of sounds that make a difference in meanign in a lang
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morpholoy
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the study of the patterns or rules of word formation in a lang.
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morphemes
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the smallest unit of sounds that carry a meaing in lang. they are distictfrom phonemes but have no meaning
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frame substitution
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a method used to identify the syntactic units of lang.
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syntax
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patterns or rules for hte formation of phrases and sentances in a lang.
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grammar
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entire formal structure of a lang,
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form classes
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the parts of speech or categories of words that work the same way in any sentance such as nouns, verbs, and adj.
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gesture
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facial expressions and bodily postures and motions that convey intended as well as subconscious messages.
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kinesics
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system of notating and analysing postures facial expressions and body motions that convey messages.
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proxemics
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cross cult. study of humankind perception and use of space
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paralanguage
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voice effects that accompany lang. and convey meaning. ie giggling, groaning, signing pitch and tempo
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voice qualitities
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speakers boice with pitch , artic. tempo and resoinance
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vocalizations
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noises that we make vocal excersizes
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vocal character
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laughing, crying, yawning
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vocal qualifiers
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modify urrances in terms of intensity. volume pitch , tempo
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vocal segregates
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respemble the sound of lang but dont appear in sequence.
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tonal lang
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lang in which sound pitch of a spoken work is an essential part of its pronounciation
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historical ling.
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branch of ling. that studies histories and relatioships among lang both living and dead.
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lang family
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group of lang descended from a single ancestral lang
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linguistic divergence
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the development of different lang frmo a sings ancestral lang.
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glottochromolyo
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method for identifying the approx. time that lang. branched off from a commmon ancestor . based on analy. core vocab!
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core vocab.
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the most basic and long lasting words in any lang.
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pidgin
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lang in which the syntax and vocab of two other lang. are simplified and combigned
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creole
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a lang that has beocme the motehr tongue of society
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pidgin
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two lang. combign into one mother lang
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linguistics nationalism
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attempt by ethnic minorities and even contries to proclaim indep. by purging their lang of foreign terms.
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ethnolingustiics
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a branch of ling. that studies the relationship be lang and culture
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ling. relativity
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the proposition that lang plaus a fundamental role in shaping hte way members of a society think and behave
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gendered speech
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distinct male nad female syntax exhibited in various lang. around the world
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dialects
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varying forms of a lang that reflect partic. regions, occupations, or social classes nad that are similar enough to be mutauly intelligible.
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code switching
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the process of changintg from one lang or dialect to antoher.
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displacement
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the ability to refer to things and events removed in time in space
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writing system
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a set of visible or tactile signs used to represent units of lang in a systematic way.
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alphabet
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series of sumbols represeting the soudns of a lang. arranged in a trad. order.
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ch5
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ch5
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self awareness
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ability to identify onesself as an individual, to reflect on oneself and to evaluate onesself.
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naming ceremony-
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a special event or ritual to mark the naming of a child.
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personality
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the distinctive way a person thinks, feels and behaves
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dependance traingin
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child rearing prac. that foster compliance in the performace of assigned tasks and dependance on the deomestic group rahter then reliance on oneself.
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indep. training
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child rearing prac. that promote indep, self reliace, and personal achiement on the part of the child.
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modal personality
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the body of character trais that occur with the hiest frequency in a cultually bounded popuilarity
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core values
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these values especially promoted by a partic. culture.
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intersexuals
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peopkle born with sex organ for not exclusivly male or female
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transgenders
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ppl who change their sexes.
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ethic psychoses
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mental disorders sopecific to partic. ethnic groups
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ethnic psychoses
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mental disorders specific to partic ethnic groups.
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cultural adaptation
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a complex of ideas, activities, and technologies that enable people to survive and even thrive.
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horiculture
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the cultivation of crops with simple hand tools such as digging sticks of hoes
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ecosystem
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a system or a fuctioning whole cimposed of both hteh natural exvironment and all the organizsms living within it.
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cultual ecology
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the dynamic interaction of specific cultures with their environments
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progress
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the ethnocentric notion that humans are moving foward to a higher more advanced stage in their development toward perfection
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convergent evolution
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in cultural evolution, the development of similar cutlural adaptations to similar environmental conditions by different peoples with different ancestral cultures.
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parallel evolution
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in cultural evolution the development of similar cultural adaptations to similar environmental conditions by people whose ancestral cultures were already somewhat alike
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culture area
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a geographic region in which a number of societies sollow similar patterns of life.
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culture types
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concerns a particular technolgy and its relationship with environmental features
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cultural core
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cutlural features that are fundamental in the societies way of making its living- including food producing techniques, knoledge of available resources, and work arrangments involved in applying those techniques to the local environment
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food foraging
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hunting, fishingm gathering wild plant foods.
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carrying capacity
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the number of ppl that the availble resources can support at a given level of food gathering techniques
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density of social relations
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the number and intensity of interactuions among the members of a camp
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neolithic revolution
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hte profound culture change associated with the early domestication of plans and animals
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swidden farming
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slash and burn technique. an extensive form of horticulture in which the natural vegetation is cut, the slash is subsequently burned and crops then planted among hte ashes
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intensive agriculture
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crop cultivation using technologies other then hand tools such as irrigationm, fertilizers and the wooden or metal plow pulled by harnessed draft animals
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pastorialism
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breeding adn managing of herds of domesticated grazing animals such as goats, sheep, cattle, llanas, or camels
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transshumance
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among pastoralists the grazing of animals in low steppe lands in the winter and then moving to high pastures on the plateaus in the summer.
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preindustrialcities
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the kinds of urban settlements that are cheractoeristic of nonindustrial civilizations
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