Anatony And Physiology

Front 1

Cerebellum Structures

Back 1

- 2 hemispheres, R + L
- Transverse fissure-seperates cerebellum and cerebrum
- Cerebral cortex - outer and grey
- Inferior cerebellar penduncles - connect cerebellum to medulla
- middle inferior cerebellar peduncles - connect cerebellum to pons
- superior cerebellar peduncles - connect cerebellum to midbrain

Front 2

Cerebellum Functions

Back 2

- Maintain balance and coordination
- Recieves sensory input from eyes, inner ear and proprioceptors in muscles, tendons and joints

Front 3

Cerebellum Damage

Back 3

loss and balance and cordination - called ataxia

Front 4

Things Making Up Diencephalon:
(from prosencephalon)

Back 4

A. Optic Chiasm
B. Infundibulum and pituitary gland
C. Mamillary Body
D. Pineal Gland
E. Thalamus
F. Hypothalamus

Front 5

Optic Chiasm

Back 5

2 optic nevers that decussate

Front 6

Infundibulum and Pituitary

Back 6

Infundibulum connects pituitart to brain's hypothalamus.
Pituitary - endocrine gland

Front 7

Mamillary Body

Back 7

Olfactory Reflexes

Front 8

Pineal Gland - Melatonin

Back 8

- hormone
- secretion is increased with dark, and decreases with light
- Function: effects mood. Helps establish circadian rythm

Front 9

Pineal Gland - SAD

Back 9

Seasonsal Affective Disorder
- seasonal depression
- Tx: phototherapy

Front 10

Thalamus - Location

Back 10

Makes up most of diencephalon
- surrounds 3rd ventricle

Front 11

Thalamus Structure

Back 11

- Lots of Nuclei
- Pierces thru 3rd ventricle

Front 12

Thalamus Functions

Back 12

1. "Sensory Relay" - relays sensory input, EXCEPT OLFACTION to the cerebrum

2. Provides a vague awareness of sensation from skin

Front 13

Hypothalamus - Location

Back 13

below thalamus

Front 14

Hypothalamus - Structure

Back 14

Grey

Front 15

Hypothalamus - Functions

Back 15

1. H20 balance
2. Thermostat
3. Has body's thirst, hunger, and satiety center
4. Total control over pituitary gland

Front 16

Cerebrum - Facts

Back 16

from prosencephalon

Things That Can Cross BBB:
02
CO2
Alcohol
L-dopa
Caffeine

Astrocytes help to make it

Front 17

Transient Ischemic Attack

Back 17

Temporary decreased blood flow to brain

TIA = Mini Stroke

Neuron's DO NOT die

Front 18

Cerebro-Vascular Acccident

Back 18

Cut off and decrease blood and NUERONS DIE (amiotic)

S/S: paralysis, speech loss, memory loss, personality change

Front 19

Cerebrum Terms

Back 19

Gyrus - high point

Sulcus - shallow groove

Fissure - deep groove

Cortex - outer covering of organ

Front 20

Cerebrum - Structure

Back 20

1. R & L hemispheres

2. Longitudinal fissure seperates R&L hemispheres; has dura matter called falx cerebri

3. Transverse fissure seperates cerebrum from cerebellum; contains dura matter called tentorium

4. Lateral fissure seperates temporal lobe from frontal and parietal

5. Central Sulcus seperates frontal and parietal lobes

6. Pre-central gyrus - on frontal, anterior to central sulcus

7. Post-central gyrus - on parietal, posterior to central sulcus

8. Lobes: frontal, parietal, occipital, temporal, and insula (deep inside brain)

9. Corpus collosum is white and interconnects R&L hemispheres

Front 21

Association Tract In Cerebrum

Back 21

from gyrus to gyrus - ipsilaterally

Front 22

Commissure Tract In Cerebrum

Back 22

from hemisphere to hemisphere , contralateral

Front 23

Projection Tract In Cerebrum

Back 23

Between brain and cord as ascending and descending tracts

Front 24

Cerebrum Functions

Back 24

Sensory
Motor
Association

Front 25

Sensory Function

Back 25

Interprets sensory input from opposite side of body

Front 26

Motor Function

Back 26

Intiate muscle contraction on opposite side of body

Front 27

Association Function

Back 27

- reading
- spelling
- writing
- language
- speech
- memory
- logic
- analysis
- reasoning
- personality

Front 28

Motor Areas of Cerebrum

Back 28

1. Primary Motor Cortex
2. Broca's Area
3. Fontral Eye Field

Front 29

Primary Motor Cortex of Cerebrum

Back 29

precentral gyrus on frontal

Has CB of upper motor neurons, axons run down brain, towards medulla as corticospinal tract. Axons decussate in medulla pyramids, then continue down cord as corticospinal tract. End by synapsing w/ lower motor nuerons that stimulate skeletal muscle

Front 30

Broca's Area of Cerebrum

Back 30

Control's speech and muscles move for speech.
Most people - left broca's is dominant that helps articulate words
Right Brocas is non-dominant and is for emotional aspect

Front 31

Frontal Eye Field of Cerebrum

Back 31

controls voluntary movement of eyes

Front 32

Sensory Areas

Back 32

1. Somatosensory Cortex
2. Visual Cortex
3. Auditory Cortex
4. Olfactory Cortex
5. Gustatory Cortex

Front 33

Somatosensory Cortex

Back 33

post-central gyrus on parietal lobe

Interprets input from skin on contralateral side.

Large areas have many sensory neurons, therefore have fine, exact sensations

Front 34

Visual Cortex

Back 34

Recieves and Interprets input from eyes

Front 35

Auditory Cortex

Back 35

recieves and interprets input from ears

Front 36

Olfactory Cortex

Back 36

recieves and interprets input from nose

Front 37

Gustatory Cortex

Back 37

recieves and interprets input from taste

Front 38

Assocation Areas - Wernicke's area

Back 38

Involved with auditory comprehension

Front 39

Basal Nuclei Facts

Back 39

Deep in cerebral hemisphere

corpus striatum=striped body

Front 40

Things Making Up Basal Nuclei

Back 40

- Caudate Nucleus
- Lentiform Nucleus
- Globus Pallidus
- Putamen
- Substantia Nigra

Front 41

Basal Nuclei Functions

Back 41

1. Inhibts excressive motor activity
2. Controls gross automatic movements
3. Intiates some movements using dopamine

Front 42

parkinsonism

Back 42

Due to: decreased dopamine with age

Typical onset = ~ 60 years

S/S tremors, rigidity and slow to start movements

Front 43

Hemisphere Dominance - Left

Back 43

Dominant in most people - academic, language and math

Front 44

Hemisphere Dominance - Right

Back 44

Non dominant in most people - creative, music, art, 3-D visualization, emotion

Front 45

Memory - Intermediate and Short Term

Back 45

scattered throughout all lobes

seconds - minutes

good for remembering small amounts of info

Front 46

Recent Memory

Back 46

hours - days

review and repitition

Front 47

Long-Term

Back 47

Years

review, reptition and assocation

Front 48

Locations of memory

Back 48

1. Amygdala and hippocampus (limbic system) transfer memory from one category to another

2. Cerebral Cortex is good for language memory

3. Cerebellum helps remember motor skills

Front 49

Nervous Systems Ability To Change

Back 49

Can change by:

1. Making new synapses with collaterals

2. Releasing more NT

3. Increases NT receptors

Front 50

Limbic System - Location

Back 50

polysynaptic netowrk deep in cerebrum

Front 51

Limbic system - Function

Back 51

- primitive part of brain
- causes one to act out of emotion and satisfy basic body needs
- cerebrum keeps limbic system in check