Anatomy&physiology Lab 2

Front 1

heart

Back 1

cone shaped organ about size of fist, located w/i mediastinum; flanked by lungs, posteriorly by vertebral column and anteriorly by sternum

Front 2

mediastinum

Back 2

medial cavity of the thorax

Front 3

apex

Back 3

pointed part of heart, extends to left and rests on diaphragm

Front 4

base

Back 4

from which the great vessels emerge

Front 5

visceral pericardium (epicardium

Back 5

one of the thin double walled serous sacs. closely applied to outer heart surface. continuous at the base of the heart with its companion serous membrane

Front 6

parietal pericardium

Back 6

outer loosely applied; reinforced on its superficial face by dense fibrous connective tissue, which protects the heart and anchors it to the diaphragm

Front 7

myocardium

Back 7

cardiac muscle of wall of heart. reinforced internally by dense fibrous connective tissue network...

Front 8

atria

Back 8

superior chambers of heart; right atria receives oxygen-poor blood from body . leftgets o2 rich from lungs

Front 9

ventricle

Back 9

inferior chamber of heart

Front 10

endocardium

Back 10

line the <3 chambers

Front 11

interatrial/interventricular septum

Back 11

septum that divides the heart longitduinally

Front 12

superior and inferior vena cava

Back 12

deliver O2 poor blood from body into R.A.

Front 13

pulmonary veins

Back 13

4 veins; deliver O2 rich blood from lungs to LA

Front 14

pulmonary trunk

Back 14

RV force blood out of heart into pulmonary trunk that sends blood to lungs to be oxyg.
-leaves RV and divides into lef and right pulmonary areries

Front 15

aorta

Back 15

gets blood from LV...here all the arteries of te body diverge to supply body tissues w/blood.

Front 16

atrioventricular valves (AV)

Back 16

located between the Atrium adn ventricles; prevent backflow into atria when ventricles contract

Front 17

Mitral/Bicuspid valve

Back 17

2 cusps, or flaps of endocardium

Front 18

Tricuspid valve

Back 18

Right AV valve- has 3 cusps

Front 19

Chordae tendinae

Back 19

white collagenic cords that anchor cusps to ventricular walls

Front 20

pulmonary and aortic semilunar valves

Back 20

guard bases of two large arteries leavin gthe ventricular chambers; each has 3 cusps that fit together when valve is closed

Front 21

pulmonary circulation

Back 21

right side of heart. sends Co2-rich blood to lungs to dump CO2 and get O2, then goes back to heart. ---gas xchange---

Front 22

systemic circulation

Back 22

carries O2-rich blood from left heart through body tissues and back to right heart. --supplies fxnal blood supply to all body tissues

Front 23

coronary arteries

Back 23

branch from base of aorta and encircle the heart in the coronary sulcus at the jxn of the atria and ventricles

Front 24

coronary sulcus

Back 24

at jxn of atria and ventricles

Front 25

posterior interventricular and marginal artery branches

Back 25

branches to lateral part of right side of heart

Front 26

anterior interventricular artery

Back 26

left coronary artery supplies ant. ventricular walls through the ant. intervent. artery

Front 27

cardiac veins

Back 27

drains myocardium- empty in coronary sinus

Front 28

coronary sinus

Back 28

enlged vessel on back of heart. empties into RA.

Front 29

AORTA

Back 29

largest artery of body- extends from left ventricle, arches posteriorly and to the left--goes through diaphragm

Front 30

right and left coronary arteries

Back 30

branches of ascending aorta supply myocardium

Front 31

brachiocephalic trunk

Back 31

first branch of the aortic arch

Front 32

left common carotid artery and left subclavian artery

Back 32

the other 2 major arterieis branching off aortic arch...

Front 33

right common carotid and subclavian artery

Back 33

divided from tehe brachiocephalic artery

Front 34

axillary artery

Back 34

runs through axilla- goes off to chest walland shoulder

Front 35

brachial axillary

Back 35

when axillary artery enters arm, it becomes brachial. Deep branch that divides into radial and ulnar arteries.

Front 36

celiac trunk

Back 36

unpaired artery that divides into 3 branches: left gastric artery (stomach), splenic artery (spleen) and common hepatic artery (stomach, sm int and pancreas)

Front 37

superior mesenteric artery

Back 37

largest branch of abdominal aorta, supplies most of small intestine and first half of lg intestine.

Front 38

inferior mesenteric artery

Back 38

final major branch of abdominal aorta; supplies distal half of the large intestine.

Front 39

common iliac arteries

Back 39

descendign aorta divideds into the 2 common iliac arteries at the pelvic region- serves pelvis, lower abdominal wall, lower limbs

Front 40

internal iliac artery

Back 40

supplies gluteal muscles and adductor muscles of medial thigh; genitals

Front 41

external iliac artery

Back 41

supplies anterior abdominal wall and lower limb

Front 42

femoral artery

Back 42

ext. iliac artery bcomes femoral when it enters the thigh-- the femoral supplies the head of femur and hamstring muscles..

Front 43

superior vena cava

Back 43

veins draining the head and upper extrimities go to Sup. venacava

Front 44

inferior vena cava

Back 44

veins draninig the lower body go to inferior vena cava

Front 45

right and left brachiocephalic veins

Back 45

drain the head/neck/upper body and unite to form supierior vena cava

Front 46

subclavian veins

Back 46

receive venous blood from upper limb

Front 47

internal jugular veins

Back 47

large veins that drain dural sinuses of the brain and receive blood from head and neck as they move inferiorly

Front 48

right and left pulmonary areries

Back 48

from pulmonary trunk. divide into lobar arterires

Front 49

pulmonary capillaries

Back 49

diffusion of respiratory gases occurs along walls of air sacs and p.capps.

Front 50

pulmonary veins

Back 50

after capillaries converge- 4. 2 leaving each lung -returns blood to LA of heart.

Front 51

internal carotid arteries

Back 51

branches of common carotid arteries take deep course through neck, enter skull

Front 52

RESPIRATORY

Back 52

ldsakfjewaf

Front 53

pulmonary ventilation

Back 53

movemnet of air into and out of the lungs (breathing)
*part of resp. system

Front 54

external resp

Back 54

gas xchange to and from the pulmonary circuit blood that occur in the lungs (o2 loading and CO2 unloading)
*part of resp. system

Front 55

internal respiration

Back 55

xchange of gases to and from the blood caps of systemic circulation (o2 unloading, co2 loading)
*not part of resp system--circulatory

Front 56

external nare

Back 56

nostril -where air passes into respiratory tract

Front 57

nasal cavity

Back 57

inside nose

Front 58

nasal conchae

Back 58

inf/superior/middle. increases air turbulence- moistens, warms, filters air.

Front 59

paranasal sinuses

Back 59

surrounds nasal cavity -in frontal, spehnoid, ethmoid, and maxillary bones. sinuses act as resonance chambers in speech

Front 60

hard palate

Back 60

separates nasal psg from oral cavity (anterior part)

Front 61

soft palate

Back 61

nasal passage separated from oral cavity by partition-- posterior is soft palate

Front 62

pharynx

Back 62

throat- funnel-shaped. connects nasal and oral cavities to larynx and esoph. has tree parts: nasopharynx, oropharynx, and laryngopharynx.

Front 63

nasopharynx

Back 63

lies posterior to the nasal cavity and is continuous with it. lies above soft palate so its only an air passage...has PHARYNGEAL tonsils and auditory tubes-middle ear pressure to bcome equaliezd to atm. P

Front 64

oropharynx

Back 64

lies posterior to the oral cavity. extends from soft palate to epiglottis of larynx-- common conduit for food/air. has PALATINE tonsils

Front 65

laryngopharynx

Back 65

-ingested foodand air. extends to larynx where common pathway divides into respiratory and digestive channels.

Front 66

larynx

Back 66

made of 9 cartilges (small).

Front 67

thyroid cartilage

Back 67

*one of larynx cartilage. shield shaped--adam's apple

Front 68

cricoid cartilage

Back 68

*one of larynx cartilage.
ring-shaped, inferior to thyroid cart.

Front 69

epiglottis

Back 69

--all laryngeal cartilage compsed of hyaline EXCEPT epiglottis- elastic cartilage superior to opening of larynx (lid over larynx when we swallow so food doesn't get into nose..)

Front 70

vocal folds

Back 70

mucous membrane of larynx thrown into a pair of folds- vibrate with expelled air for speech

Front 71

glottis

Back 71

slit like passageway between vocal folds

Front 72

trachea

Back 72

throat...into lungs; lined with ciliated mucus-secreting epithelium...cilia propel mucus walls of trachea C-shaped cartilages allows peristolsis

Front 73

primary bronchi

Back 73

trachea divides into left and right primary bronci

Front 74

hilus

Back 74

indented area right before bronchi goes into lung... *right main bronchi is more likely to get foreign objects bc its wider, shorter...

Front 75

alveoli

Back 75

tiny balloon like expansions along alveolar sacs- composed of single thin layer of squamous epithelium overlyign a wispy conn. tissue layer

Front 76

respiratory membrane

Back 76

formed by alveolar and capillary walls and their fused baesment membranes

Front 77

respiratory zone structures

Back 77

alveolar sacs, ducts, and respiratory bronchioles--where gas xchange occurs by simple diffusion across respiratory membrane

Front 78

conducting zone structures

Back 78

all other respiratory passageways- access/exit routes to and from gas xchange chambers

Front 79

pleura

Back 79

double layered serous membrane sac that encloses lungs

Front 80

parietal pleura

Back 80

outer layers; attached to thoracic walls

Front 81

visceral pleura

Back 81

inner layer, covering the lung tissue

Front 82

diaphragm

Back 82

separateion

Front 83

digestive system

Back 83

provides body with nutrients

Front 84

alimentary canal (Gastrointestinal tract- GI)

Back 84

the tube from mouth to anus. made up of mouth, pharynx, esophagus, stomach, sm and lg intestines, anus

Front 85

accessory digstive organs

Back 85

teeth, salivary glands, gallbladder, liver, and pancreas--release products into alimentary canal

Front 86

tunics

Back 86

alimentary canal has 4 basic tunics (layers): mucosa, submucosa, muscularis externa and serosa

Front 87

mucosa

Back 87

mucous membrane. lines alimentary canal lumen. -secretes enzymes, mucus, hormones, etc.

Front 88

submucosa

Back 88

superficial to the mucosa. connective tissue containing blood and lymphatic vessels, scattered lymph nodules and nerve fibers...fxn is nutrition and protection

Front 89

muscularis externa

Back 89

bilayer of smooth muscle with deper layer running circularly, and superficial layer runnign longitudinally. --major regulator of gi motility

Front 90

serosa

Back 90

outermost serosa is VISCERAL peritoneum (simple squamous epith) lubricates -serous fluid produced by serosa decreases friction

Front 91

mouth oral cavity

Back 91

food enters here; lips, cheeks, palate

Front 92

hard palate

Back 92

anterior part of palate-bone underlies it

Front 93

soft palate

Back 93

posterior part of palate- unsupported by bone

Front 94

salivary glands

Back 94

duct their secretion, saliva, into oral cavity. Saliva begins digestion of starchy foods in the mouth.

Front 95

pharynx

Back 95

naso, oro and laryngopharynx

Front 96

nasopharynx

Back 96

behind nasal cavity

Front 97

oropharynx

Back 97

from soft palate to epiglottis

Front 98

laryngopharynx

Back 98

from epiglottis to base of larynx- continuous with esophagus

Front 99

esophagus

Back 99

gullet; extends from pharynx through diaphragm to stomach. food passageway by peristalsis.

Front 100

stomach

Back 100

left side of abdominal cavity, hidden by liver and diaphragm

Front 101

cardiac region

Back 101

area surrounding opening through which food enters stomach

Front 102

fundus

Back 102

expanded portion of stomach, lateral to cardiac rgn

Front 103

body

Back 103

midpart of stomach

Front 104

pylorus

Back 104

terminal part of stomach

Front 105

lesser curvature

Back 105

concave medial surface of stomach

Front 106

greater curvature

Back 106

convex surface of stomach

Front 107

lesser omentum/greater

Back 107

extends from liver to lesser curvature/ extends from greater cruvature down over abd to cover them...

Front 108

small intestine

Back 108

tube from pyloric sphincter to ileocecal valve: 3 regions. duodenum, jejunum, and ileum

Front 109

ileocecal valve

Back 109

where ileum (terminal part of sm. int) meets the lg intestine

Front 110

plicae circulares

Back 110

deep folds of mucosal and submucosal layers that force chyme to spiral through intestine, mixing it and showing its progress to allow time for digestion and absopriton

Front 111

peyer's patches

Back 111

sm. int local collections of lymphoid nodules found in submucosa

Front 112

large intestine

Back 112

from ileocecal valve to anus: cecum, appendix, colon, rectum, and anal canal

Front 113

ascending colon

Back 113

goes up right side of abdominal and makes a right

Front 114

transverse colon

Back 114

when it makes a right

Front 115

descending colon

Back 115

goes down where it bcomes sigmoid colon

Front 116

anus

Back 116

opening to body exterior. external sphincter of skeletal muscle and an internal sphincter of smooth muscle.

Front 117

liver

Back 117

largest gland in body. located inferior to diaphragm-hides stomach

Front 118

gallbladder

Back 118

small gren sac on inferior part of liver

Front 119

pancreas

Back 119

soft, trianglar gland that extends across posterior abdominal wall from spleen to duodenum--has endo and exo fxn

Front 120

salivary glands

Back 120

3 types that empty into oral cavity:
parotid (anterior to ear), submandibular (medial aspect of mandible, under tongue close to frenulum) sublingual (small, anterior in floor of mouth empty under tongue)