Anatomy/physiology Hole 8Th Edition; Endocrine Chapter

Front 1

The endocrine and nervous systems maintain ____

Back 1

homeostasis

Front 2

The endocrine system is a network of ____ that secrete ___, which travel in the ___ and affect the functioning of ___

Back 2

glands
hormones
bloodstream
target cells

Front 3

Paracrine secretions act ___ and ___ secretions act on the cells that produce them.

Back 3

locally
autocrine

Front 4

____ glands secrete through tubes or ___

Back 4

exocrine
ducts

Front 5

The nervous and endocrine systems both exert ____ effects

Back 5

precise

Front 6

Hormones are secreted from ___ or from specialized groups of ___

Back 6

glands
cells

Front 7

Chemically, list 5 types of hormones

Back 7

steroids
amines
peptides
proteins
glycoproteins

Front 8

Steroid hormones enter a ___ ___ and combine with ___ to form complexes within the ___

Back 8

target cell
receptors
nucleus

Front 9

Steroid hormone-receptor complexes activate specific ___, which cause ___ synthesis

Back 9

genes
protein

Front 10

nonsteroid hormones combine with ___ in the target-cell ___

Back 10

receptors
membrane

Front 11

nonsteroid hormone-receptor complex signals a _ ___ to stimulate a ___ protein, such as adenylate cyclase, to induce formation of ___ ___ molecules

Back 11

G protein
membrane
second messenger

Front 12

List three second messengers that activate protein kinases.

Back 12

1)cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cAMP)
2)diacylglycerol (DAG)
3)inositol triphosphate (IP3)

Front 13

Nonsteroid Hormones
-protein kinases activate ___ ___ molecules, which in turn change a ___ process

Back 13

protein substrate
cellular

Front 14

Prostaglandins act on the ___ of the organs that produce them.

Back 14

cells

Front 15

Prostaglandins are present in ___ quantities and have powerful hormonelike effects

Back 15

small

Front 16

The concentration of each hormone in body fluids is ___

Back 16

regulated

Front 17

Different endocrine glands secrete their hormones by responding to 3 types of different stimuli. Name these.

Back 17

1)releasing hormones from the hypothalamus
2)nerve impulses
3)levels of a substance in the bloodstream

Front 18

___ feedback systems maintain relatively ____ hormone concentrations

Back 18

negative
stable

Front 19

In a negative feedback system, a gland is ___ to the ___ of a substance it ___.

Back 19

sensitive
concentration
regulates

Front 20

In a negative feedback system, when the ___ of the regulated substance reaches a certain ___, it ___ the gland

Back 20

concentration
point or level
inhibits

Front 21

Name the parts of the pituitary gland

Back 21

anterior lobe
posterior lobe

Front 22

What organ/structure controls most pituitary secretions

Back 22

hypothalamus

Front 23

How does the hypothalamus control secretions from the anterior pituitary glands

Back 23

through releasing hormones

Front 24

Where is the pituitary gland

Back 24

at the base of the brain

Front 25

What attaches the pituitary gland to the hypothalamus

Back 25

the infundibulum

Front 26

Name the hormones secreted by the anterior pituitary gland

Back 26

FSH (follicle stimulating h.)
GH (growth hormone)
LH (luteinizing h.)
PRL (prolactin)
TSH (thyroid-stimulating h.)

Front 27

What does Growth Hormone (GH) do?

Back 27

stimulates celss to INCREASE in SIZE and NUMBER (to divide more frequently)

Front 28

Which two substances control GH secretion? Where are these substances secreted from?

Back 28

1)GHRH (growth hormone releasing hormone)
2)Growth hormone inhibiting hormone (somatostatin)
3)hypothalamus

Front 29

What does prolactin (PRL) do?

Back 29

stimulates and sustains a woman's milk production

Front 30

What does TSH do?

Back 30

thyroid-stimulating hormone controls secretion of hormones from the thyroid gland

Front 31

What regulates TSH(thyroid stimulating hormone)? Where does this regulatory substance come from?

Back 31

TSH is regulated by TRH (thyrotropin-releasing hormone)

Hypothalamus

Front 32

What does ACTH do?

Back 32

contols secretion of hormones from the adrenal cortex

Front 33

What substance from the hypothalamus regulates ACTH secretion? What does ACTH stand for?

Back 33

1)corticotropin-releasing hormone (CRH)
2)adrenocorticotropic hormone is ACTH

Front 34

FSH and LH stand for what?
What family do they belong to?

Back 34

Follicle stimulating hormone and luteinizing hormone
They are gonadotropins

Front 35

What makes up the posterior lobe of the pituitary gland?

Back 35

neuroglial cells
nerve fibers

Front 36

What produces the hormones of the posterior pituitary?

Back 36

hypothalamus

Front 37

What are the posterior pituitary gland hormones?

Back 37

ADH (antidiuretic hormone)
OT (oxytocin)

Front 38

Where is the thyroid gland located?
How many lobes are in the thyroid gland?

Back 38

1)In the neck.
2)two lateral lobes and sometimes pyramidal central lobe.

Front 39

The thryoid gland consists of many ___. These are ___ ____ and store ___

Back 39

follicles
fluid-filled
hormones

Front 40

What hormones does the thyroid gland secrete?

Back 40

thyroxine (T4)
triiodothyronine (T3)
calcitonin

Front 41

What do T4 and T3 do? (thyroid hormones)

Back 41

1)increase cell metabolic rate
2)enhance protein synthesis
3)stimulate lipid utilization (breakdown and mobilization)

Front 42

What is the function of calcitonin?

Back 42

helps regulate blood calcium and phosphate ions.

Front 43

Where are the parathyroid glands?

Back 43

in the neck, on the posterior surface of the thyroid gland.

Front 44

Each parathyroid gland consists of ___ ___ that are well supplied with ____

Back 44

secretory cells
capillaries (blood flow)

Front 45

What hormone does the parathyroid produce?

Back 45

PTH (parathyroid hormone)

Front 46

What does PTH do?

Back 46

paratyroid hormone INCREASES blood CALCIUM, and deceases blood phosphate ion level

Front 47

how is the PTH level controlled?

Back 47

negative feedback loop between the parathyroid gland and the blood.

Front 48

Where are the adrenal glands? How many are there?

Back 48

there are two adrenal glands, one superior to each kidney.

Front 49

What makes up the structure of each adrenal gland?

Back 49

cortex and medulla.

Front 50

Distinguish between the adrenal cortex and medulla.

Back 50

Cortex (outer portion, 3 layers of epithelial cells, secretes corticosteroids)
Medulla (inner, cells are modified neurons, part of autonomic nervous system, secretes epinephrine and norepinephrine)

Front 51

What are the hormones secreted by the adrenal medulla?

Back 51

epinephrine (adrenalin)
norepinephrine (noradrenalin)

Front 52

Name some of the effects of epinephrine. Name some effects of norepinephrine.

Back 52

Increased heart rate.
Increased force of contraction of heart.
Increased respiratory rate and bp.
Decreased digestive activity.

Front 53

What type of hormones does the adrenal cortex produce?

Back 53

Steroid hormones

Front 54

Name some of the adrenal cortex hormones

Back 54

aldosterone
cortisol
adrenal sex hormones

Front 55

What is aldosterone, and what does it do?

Back 55

mineralocorticoid causes kidneys to KEEP SODIUM ions and WATER and to excrete potassium ions.

Front 56

What is cortisol and what does it do?

Back 56

glucocorticoid.
Affects carbohydrate, protein, and fat metabolism.

Front 57

What are adrenal sex hormones, and what do they do?

Back 57

1)male hormones, but may be converted to female h.
2)may supplement the sex hormones from the gonads

Front 58

Name three effects of cortisol

Back 58

1)inhibits tissue protein synthesis
2)promotes fatty acid release from adipose tissue
3)stimulates liver to make glucose from noncarbohydrates

Front 59

What general terms describes the control of cortisol. Explain in more detail.

Back 59

1)negative feedback loop
2)hypothalamus (CRH) ->ant. pit. (ACTH)->adr. cortex (cortisol)-> inhibits CRH and ACTH

Front 60

Where is the pancreas? What is its relationship to the intestine?

Back 60

posterior to the stomach, and deep to the parietal peritoneum.
A duct joins it to the duodenum.

Front 61

What two major functions does the pancreas have?

Back 61

1)endocrine (islets of Langerhans)
2)exocrine function.

Front 62

What hormones does the pancreas secrete? What else does the pancreas produce?

Back 62

1)insulin
glucagon
2)digestive enzymes

Front 63

What does glucagon do? What produces it?

Back 63

1)stimulates liver to produce glucose from glycogen and noncarbohydrates 2)pancreas

Front 64

What does insulin do? (3 things)

Back 64

1)moves glucose across some membranes
2)stimulates glucose and fat storage
3)promotes protein synthesis

Front 65

Which two types of cells are not dependent on insulin for a glucose supply?

Back 65

nerve cells
skeletal muscle when exercising only

Front 66

What type of mechanism controls blood glucose levels. Describe it.

Back 66

Negative feedback. High glucose
->increase insulin->decrease glucose->decrease insulin. Opposite effect for glucagon.

Front 67

Where is the pineal gland?

Back 67

between the cerebral hemispheres (brain) attaching to the thalamus, near the roof of the 3rd ventricle.

Front 68

what disease is caused by actual or relative insulin deficiency?

Back 68

diabetes mellitus

Front 69

what hormone is secreted by the pineal gland?

Back 69

melatonin

Front 70

what is a main function of melatonin?

Back 70

regulating circadian rhythms.

Front 71

where is the thymus gland?

Back 71

in the mediastinum posterior to the sternum, between the lungs.

Front 72

What does the thymus secrete? What is its general function

Back 72

thymosins.
affect white blood cell production and differentiation

Front 73

What do the ovaries secrete?

Back 73

estrogen and progesterone

Front 74

What does the placenta secrete?

Back 74

estrogen, progesterone, gonadotropin

Front 75

What do the testes secrete?

Back 75

testosterone.

Front 76

Name three other hormone producing glands (other than the main ones in this chapter)

Back 76

glands in stomach/intestine
heart
kidneys

Front 77

Name two components of the stress response

Back 77

1)increased sympathetic nervous system activity
2)increased secretion of adrenal hormones.

Front 78

Name two types of stress

Back 78

physical
psychological

Front 79

What part of the brain controls a general stress syndrome?

Back 79

hypothalamus.