Anatomy/physiology Hole 8Th Edition; Ch. 16, Respiratory System

Front 1

Respiratory 1

Define "respiration"

Back 1

the process of gas exchange between the atmosphere and body cells.

Front 2

Respiratory 2

Name three general functions of the respiratory system

Back 2

1)remove particles from incoming air
2)transport air to and from the lungs
3)exchange gases in the air sacs

Front 3

Respiratory 3

Name the parts of the upper respiratory tract

Lower tract

Back 3

upper: nose, nasal cavity, paranasal sinuses, pharynx

lower tract: larynx, trachea, bronchial tree, lungs

Front 4

Respiratory 4

The nose is made of ___ and ____, and contains ____ which are the openings for air.

Where are the nasal conchae. What do they do?

Back 4

bone, cartilage, nostrils

the nasal conchae are in the nasal cavity. They DIVIDE the cavity into passageways, and help INCREASE the surface area of the mucous membrane.

Front 5

Respiratory 5

What are the functions of the mucous membrane in the nasal cavity?

Where and what are the paranasal sinuses? What are they lined by?

Back 5

1)filters, warms, and moistens incoming air. 2)moves particles trapped in mucus to the pharynx through ciliary action.

Paranasal sinuses are SPACES in the bones of the SKULL that open into the nasal cavity. Lined by mucous membranes.

Front 6

Respiratory 6

What are the boundaries of the pharynx?


What is the function of the pharynx?

Back 6

pharynx is behind the ORAL CAVITY, and between the NASAL cavity and LARYNX.


It is a passageway for air and food.

Front 7

Respiratory 7

What is the function of the larynx?

What is the larynx made of?

What are the three largest laryngeal cartilages?

Back 7

Larynx conducts air and helps prevent foreign objects from getting into the trachea.

Larynx is made of muscles and cartilages, and lined with mucous membrane.

Thyroid cartilage (Adam's apple), cricoid, and epiglottic cartilages

Front 8

Respiratory 8

The larynx contains the ____ ___, which vibrate from side to side and produce ____ when air passes _____ them.

What is the function of the glottis and epiglottis?

Name the two "types" of vocal cords.

Back 8

vocal cords, sounds, between

Glottis and epiglottis help prevent foods and liquids from entering the trachea.

false (more superior), and true vocal cords. They are both made up of folds of connective tissue, muscle, and mucous membrane.

Front 9

Respiratory 9

The trachea extends into the ____ cavity in front of the _____.

The trachea divides into right and left ____.

Back 9

thoracic, esophagus

bronchi

Front 10

Respiratory10

The bronchial tree consists of branched ___ _____ that lead from the ____ to the ___ ____.

Another word for air sacs is _____. Where do these sit?

Back 10

air passages, trachea, air sacs

alveoli. They sit at the distal ends of the alveolar ducts (the narrowest tubes).

Front 11

Respiratory 11

The lungs are separated by the ____. The lungs are enclosed by the ____ and the ____ ____.

The _____ pleura attaches to the ____ of the lungs. the ____ pleura lines the _____ _____.

Back 11

mediastinum, diaphragm, thoracic cage.

visceral, surface, parietal, thoracic cavity.

Front 12

Respiratory 12

Each lung is divided into _____. These are composed of _____, _____ _______, and ______ _______,

Back 12

lobes, alveoli, blood vessels, supporting tissues.

Front 13

Respiratory 13

Name the steps of inspiration. (How does inspiration work?)

What causes expiration?

Back 13

1)diaphragms moves downward, thoracic cage moves up and out.
2)pressure within alveoli decreases.
3)atmospheric pressure forces air into lungs. surface tension aids lung expansion.

expiration: 1)elastic recoil of tissues and surface tension within alveoli
2)thoracic and abdominal wall muscles aid in expiration.

Front 14

Respiratory 14

Define a respiratory cycle.

Define tidal volume

Back 14

respiratory cycle: one inspiration followed by one expiration.

tidal volume: amount of air that moves in (or out) during a single respiratory cycle. about 500 millilitres.

Front 15

Respiratory 15

Define reserve volume

Back 15

after a normal expiration (tidal volume) of a respiratory cycle, the additional air that can be exhaled is the EXPIRATORY reserve volume (about 1.1 litre).
After a normal inspiration in a respiratory cycle (after the tidal volume), the additional air that can be inhaled is the INSPIRATORY reserve volume (approx. 3litres).

Front 16

Resp. 16

Define residual volume

Define vital capacity.

Back 16

residual volume - the amount of air remaining in the lungs after a MAXIMAL expiration (approx. 1.2 litres)

Vital capacity - the TOTAL amount of air a person can exhale after taking the DEEPEST inspiration possible (app. 4.6 litres)

Front 17

Resp 17

What is the inspiratory capacity? What other volumes does it include

What is the functional residual capacity?

Back 17

Insp. capacity - maximum volume of air a person can inhale after exhalation of the tidal volume (ie after resting exhalation). Approx.3.5litres.
It consists of the TIDAL VOLUME plus the INSPIRATORY RESERVE VOLUME

Functional residual capacity - total amount of air remaining in the lungs after a resting expiration (ie after expiration of tidal volume). approx 2.3litres. It consists of the EXPIRATORY RESERVE VOLUME plus the RESIDUAL VOLUME.

Front 18

Resp 18

Total lung capacity definition

Back 18

TLC is the VC + RV (vital capacity plus the residual volume), approxiately 5.8litres.

Front 19

Resp 19

Where in the central nervous system is the respiratory center?

What are the two parts of the respiratory center?

Back 19

It is in the brainstem, in the pons and the medulla oblongata.

1)medullary rhythmicity area
2)pneumotaxic area

Front 20

Resp 20

What are the two parts of the medullary rhythmicity area, and what do they do?

What does the pneumotaxic area of the respiratory center do?

Back 20

1)DORSAL respiratory group of neurons: controls the basic RHYTHM of breathing. stimulates INSPIRATION
2)VENTRAL group increases inspiratory and expiratory movements during FORCEFUL breathing.

Pneumotaxic area regulates breathing rate. It's neural impulses inhibit the inspiratory bursts from the dorsal respiratory group.

Front 21

Resp 21

What three factors affect breathing?

Where are the chemoreceptors for breathing?

Back 21

chemicals, stretching of lung tissue, emotional states

CENTRAL chemoreceptors are in the respiratory center. PERIPHERAL chemoreceptors are in the walls of certain large arteries (in specialized structures called carotid and aortic bodies).

Front 22

Resp. 22

Central chemoreceptors for breathing are sensitive to what substances?

Stimulation of these central chemoreceptors ______ breathing rate.

Back 22

carbon dioxide and hydrogen ions

increases

Front 23

Resp. 23

Peripheral chemoreceptors involved in respiration are sense what? What happens as a result?

Back 23

They sense LOW oxygen concentration. THey INCREASE the breathing rate.

Front 24

resp. 24

What triggers the "inflation reflex"

What does this reflex do (2 things)?

Back 24

overstretching the lung tissue.

1)SHORTENS duration of INSPIRATORY movements
2)PREVENTS OVERINFLATION of the lungs during forceful breathing.

Front 25

Resp. 25

Hyperventilation decreases the concentration of _____ _____ in the blood.

Give an example of when hyperventilation can be very dangerous

Back 25

carbon dioxide.

use of forced hyperventilation before swimming (to help hold the breath underwater for a longer time), may lead to loss of consciousness underwater (decreased carbon dioxide -> increased pH of blood -> vasoconstriction of cerebral arterioles -> decreased blood flow to brain).

Front 26

Resp. 26

What are alveoli?

What use are they?

Back 26

tiny air sacs at the distal ends of alveolar ducts.

Alveoli is where gas exchange occurs.

Front 27

Resp. 27

What is the "respiratory membrane".

What is its significance?

Back 27

a membrane consisting of alveolar and capillary walls.

gases are exchanged across this membrane between the blood and the alveolar air.

Front 28

Resp. 28

The ____ ____ of a gas is proportional to the _____ of that gas in a mixture or the _____ dissolved in a _______.

In which direction to gases diffuse?

Back 28

partial pressure, concentration, concentration, liquid.

Gases diffuse from regions of HIGHER partial pressure toward regions of LOWER partial pressure.

Front 29

Resp 29

Across the respiratory membrane, oxygen diffuses from _____ _____ into _____.


Carbon dioxide diffuses from ____ into _____ _____.

Back 29

alveolar air, blood

blood, alveolar air.

Front 30

Resp 30

How does the inhaled oxygen get to the tissues?

What three things in the blood contribute to oxygen release in the tissues?

Back 30

oxygen diffuses into the blood. Blood combines with hemoglobin to form OXYHEMOGLOBIN, which is unstable. OXYHEMOGLOBIN travels to tissues, and releases its oxygen in regions where the partial pressure of oxygen is low.

More oxygen is released 1)as the CO2 level increases in the blood; 2)as the blood becomes more acidic, and 3) as the blood temperature increases.

Front 31

Resp 31

List three ways that carbon dioxide (CO2) can be carried in the blood

What enzyme is important in carbon dioxide transport. where is this enzyme. How does it work?

Back 31

1)carried in solution
2)bound to hemoblogin
3)as a bicarbonate ion (the most common in the body)

Carbonic anhydrase is found in the RBC's. It causes carbon dioxide and water to form CARBONIC ACID, which dissociates to release hydrogen ions and bicarbonate ions. The reverse happens when the blood gets to the alveoli. the CO2 is then released into the alveolus.

Front 32

Resp 13.5

What is surface tension? What does it do in the lung?

How do the lungs deal with surface tension?

Back 32

The force created by the attraction of water molecules. It makes it dififcult to inflate the alveoli.


Some alveolar cells produce a LIPOPROTEIN called SURFACTANT which makes it easier to inflate the alveoli.