Anatomy&phys 2

Front 1

Gap junctions

Back 1

Poresin cell membrane allow signaling molecules, nutrients, and electrolytes to move from cell to cell

Front 2

Neurotransmitters

Back 2

Released from neurons to travel across synaptic cleft to second cell

Front 3

Paracrine(local) hormones

Back 3

Secreted into tissue fluids to affect nearby cells

Front 4

Hormones

Back 4

Chemical messengers that travel in the blood stream to other tissues and organs

Front 5

Endocrine system

Back 5

glands, tissues, and cells that secrete hormones

Front 6

Endocrinology

Back 6

the study of this system and the diagnosis and treatment of its disorders

Front 7

Endocrine glands

Back 7

organs that are traditional sources of hormones

Front 8

Endocrine Hormones

Back 8

chemical messengers that are transported by the bloodstream and stimulate physiological responses in cells in another tissue or organ, often a considerable distance away

Front 9

Infundibulum

Back 9

The pituitary gland is suspended from hypothalamus by a stalk

Front 10

–Adenohypophysis(anteriorpituitary)

Back 10

Arises from hypophyseal pouch (outgrowth of pharynx)

Front 11

Neurohypophysis(posterior pituitary)

Back 11

Downgrowth from brain

Front 12

Neurohypophysis

Back 12

constitutes the posterior one-quarter of the pituitary

Front 13

Hypothalamo–hypophyseal tract

Back 13

Nerve cell bodies in hypothalamus pass down the stalk as hypothalamo–hypophysealtract andend in posterior lobe

Front 14

Six principal hormones

Back 14

Anterior lobe of the pituitary synthesizes and secretes

Front 15

Follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH)

Back 15

Stimulates secretion of ovarian sex hormones, development of ovarian follicles, and sperm production

Front 16

Luteinizing hormone (LH)

Back 16

Stimulates ovulation, stimulatescorpus luteumto secrete progesterone, stimulates testes to secrete testosterone

Front 17

Thyroid-stimulatinghormone

(TSH)

Back 17

Stimulates secretion of thyroid hormone

Front 18

Adrenocorticotropichormone (ACTH)

Back 18

Stimulates adrenal cortex to secrete glucocorticoids

Front 19

Prolactin(PRL)

Back 19

After birth, stimulates mammaryglands to synthesize milk; enhances secretion of testosterone by testes

Front 20

Growth hormone (GH)

Back 20

stimulates mitosis and cellular differentiation

Front 21

Anterior lobe control

Back 21

releasing hormones and inhibitinghormones from hypothalamus

Front 22

Negative feedback

Back 22

•increased target organ hormone levels inhibitrelease of hormones

Front 23

Positive feedback

Back 23

stretching of uterus increases OT release, causes contractions, causing more stretching of uterus, etc. until delivery

Front 24

Hormone half-life

Back 24

the time required for 50% of the hormone to be cleared from the blood

Front 25

GH half-life

Back 25

6 to 20 minutes

Front 26

IGF-half-life

Back 26

about 20 hours

Front 27

Protein synthesis increases

Back 27

boosts transcription of DNA, production of mRNA, amino acid uptake into cells,suppresses protein catabolism

Front 28

Lipid metabolism increased

Back 28

fatcatabolized by adipocytes (protein-sparing effect), which provides energy forgrowing tissues

Front 29

Carbohydratemetabolism: glucose-sparing effect

Back 29

mobilizes fatty acids, reduces the dependence of most cells on glucose. Will not compete with the brain and makes these electrolytes available to the growing tissues.

Front 30

Electrolyte balance

Back 30

promotes Na+,K+,and Cl− retention by kidneys, enhances Ca2+ absorption in intestine

Front 31

Pineal gland

Back 31

attached to roof of third ventricle beneath the posterior end of corpus callosum

Front 32

Involution

Back 32

Afterage 7, it undergoes

(shrinkage)

Tiny mass of shrunken tissue in adults

Front 33

Synthesizes melatonin

Back 33

From serotonin during the night

Fluctuates seasonally with changesin day length

Front 34

Seasonal affective disorder (SAD)

Back 34

occurs in winter or northern climates –Symptoms: depression, sleepiness,irritability, and carbohydrate craving

Front 35

Thyroid follicles

Back 35

sacs that compose most of thyroid;Containsprotein-rich colloid

Front 36

Follicular cells

Back 36

simplecuboidal epithelium that lines follicles

Front 37

Parafollicular (Cor clear) cells

Back 37

•secrete calcitonin with rising blood calcium

–Stimulates osteoblast activity and bone formation

Front 38

Adrenal medulla

Back 38

inner core, 10% to 20% of gland

Front 39

Glycogenolysis and gluconeogenesis

Back 39

boost glucose levels

Front 40

Glucose-sparing effect

Back 40

inhibits insulin secretion. Muscles use fatty acids, saving glucose for brain

Front 41

Adrenal Medulla Increases

Back 41

blood pressure, heart rate, bloodflow to muscles, pulmonary airflow, and metabolic rate

Front 42

Adrenal Medulla Decreases

Back 42

digestion and urine production

Front 43

corticosteroids or corticoids

Back 43

Surrounds adrenal medulla and produces more than 25 steroid hormones