Anatomy2 Lecture Test 2

Front 1

Seminiferous tubules

Back 1

very small/highly coiled structures that reach several hundred feet of tubing. Represents the site of spermatogenesis. Sperm cells with flagella start off as cells and use their flagella to move through the seminiferous tubules.

Front 2

Interstitial Cells (AKA?)

Back 2

(Leydig Cells)- cells between other cells that fill up blank area. Told by the anterior pituitary through ICSH-(interstitial cell stimulating hormone) to produce testosterone. cells that are between the seminiferous tubules which produce testosterone.

Front 3

Meiosis (AKA?)

Back 3

form of cell reproduction that is involved in the production of gametes (cells with 23 chromosomes). AKA - reductional division

Front 4

Diploid Cells (AKA?)

Back 4

(body cells/somatic cells).Two sets of 23 chromosomes (hapliod cells/gametes) making 46 chromosomes all come together to make a diploid cell.

Front 5

Haploid Cells (AKA?)

Back 5

(gametes) one set of 23 chromosomes that makes up a single sex cell.

Front 6

What is reductional division also known as?

Back 6

Meiosis

Front 7

Spermatogenesis

Back 7

The creation of sperm cells in the seminiferous tubules.

Front 8

rete testis

Back 8

an intersection b/w seminiferous tubules and the epidiymus

Front 9

epidiymus

Back 9

a staging area divided into 3 different areas (head, body, tail). This is where the sperm cells mature and get their falgella.

Front 10

How long do sperm cells remain in the epidiymus

Back 10

They remain here until ejaculation and it becomes a highly crowded area. Cells that are not released eventually die.

Front 11

ductus deferns/vas deferens

Back 11

tube that conveys sperm cells back through the pelvic cavity

Front 12

urethra

Back 12

brings together reproductive function and urinary function.

Front 13

membranous urethra

Back 13

forms as a result of the prostatic uretha and ejaculatory duct.

Front 14

prostatic urethra

Back 14

comes out of the urinary gland. only carries urine

Front 15

bulbourethral (cowpers gland)

Back 15

merges w/ membranous urethra to form spongy or penile urethra. Releases a clear, viscous secretion known as pre-ejaculate

Front 16

seminal vesicles

Back 16

produce fluid rich in fructose, which is immediate source of energy for sperm cells.

Front 17

prostate gland

Back 17

secretes alkaline buffers. (or PH)

Front 18

When does the hypothalamus start sending gonatropin-releasing hormone (GnRH)?

Back 18

at the time of puberty

Front 19

what tells the anterior pituitary to release gonadotropin?

Back 19

hypothalamus

Front 20

what are two gonadotropins in the male reproductive system

Back 20

follicle-stimulating hormone
interstitial cell stimulating hormone

Front 21

follicle-stimulating hormone

Back 21

the leading hormone in regard to supporting spermatogenesis

Front 22

interstital cell stimulating hormone

Back 22

stimulates the interstitial cells of testes which are b/w walls of seminiferous tubules. Produces/secretes testosterone.

Front 23

the 5 things testosterone does

Back 23

1. helps to complete spermatogenesis and the production of flagella.
2. provides secondary sexual characteristics
3. increase in somatic growth
4. increase in BMR
5. sex drive

Front 24

which cell in the reproductive system is one of the largest cells in the body?

Back 24

egg cells

Front 25

male cells go through which type of meiosis?

Back 25

spermatogenesis

Front 26

female cells go through which type of meiosis?

Back 26

oogenesis or spermatogenesis.

Front 27

which happens in Meiosis I?

Back 27

reduction division takes places, reducing the diploid # to the haploid #.

Front 28

what happens in Meiosis II?

Back 28

2 cells with 23 chromosomes divide, or make more copies of the cells. AKA "equational division"

Front 29

follicle

Back 29

a large # of very small cells that surround something.

Front 30

ovaries

Back 30

the gonads within the female involved with gamete production and hormone production

Front 31

oogenesis

Back 31

the production of egg cells. starts with 1 diploid cell which one produces 1 egg cell.

Front 32

meiosis in the female

Back 32

production of haploid cells aka oocytes or eggs cells.

Front 33

what is the primary source of progesterone/estrogens

Back 33

ovaries

Front 34

uterine fallopian tubes

Back 34

AKA ovaduct - represent direct communication b/w ovaries and the testes. represents major cites of fertilization. The walls of the fallopian tubes are comprised of cilitated columnar epithelium (mucosa).

Front 35

fimbrae

Back 35

fingerlike extensions that help to increase surface area near ovary (ciliated).

Front 36

uterus

Back 36

has 3 parts
1.) fundus - top most part
2.) body - middle
3.) cervix - bottome

sites of implantation of developing embryo/ site of the development of the actual embryo.

Front 37

3 layers of the unterine wall

Back 37

1. perimetrium
2. myometrium
3. endometrium

Front 38

perimetrium

Back 38

covering to wall of the uterus

Front 39

myometrium

Back 39

middle layer compride of smooth muscle (thickest layer)

Front 40

endometrium

Back 40

inner most layer of uterus. this is what the embryo burrow into.

Front 41

what are the two layers of the endometrium?

Back 41

stratum basale
stratum functionalis

Front 42

ovarian cycle

Back 42

changes that take place w/i the walls of the ovaries

Front 43

uterine cycle

Back 43

changes that take place w/i the walls of the uterus in preparation for plantation of embryo.

Front 44

what are the 3 phases of the ovarian cycle?

Back 44

follicular, ovulatory, luteal

Front 45

follicular phase

Back 45

1. takes places 1-10 days of cycle
2. where follicular growth and maturation of the oocyte processes begin
3. hormones in this phase include: GnRh, FSH, LH, ovarian estrogens

Front 46

ovarian estrogens

Back 46

levels increase of the first 10 days. ovarian estrogens that are being produced include: beta estradial (primary form of estrogen), estrone, and estriol.

Front 47

5 effects of estrogen

Back 47

1. increase in thickness of endometrium (layer of functionalis)
2. increase in vascularization
3. increase in formation of nurtritive gland
4. increase in receptors for other female hormones
5. increase in # receptors w/i brain such as serotonin.

Front 48

male gonads

Back 48

testis

Front 49

male gametes

Back 49

sperm cell

Front 50

scrotum

Back 50

the pouch of skin that holds the testes

Front 51

cremaster muscle

Back 51

muscle which covers the testis, function is to raise and lowers the scrotum in order to regulate the temperature of the testis and promote spermatogenesis

Front 52

tunica vaginalis

Back 52

a sheath, or serous membrane covering both sides and fron of the testis

Front 53

tunica albuginea

Back 53

The tunica albuginea is the tough fibrous covering of the testicles. It lies just deep to the visceral layer of the tunica vaginalis.

Front 54

inguinal canal

Back 54

The inguinal canal is a passage in the anterior abdominal wall which in men conveys the spermatic cord and in woman the round ligament. The inguinal canal is larger and more prominent in men.

Front 55

spermatogonia

Back 55

cells located within the seminiferous tubules that produce sperm, is a diploid cell that divides to form more.

Front 56

sustentacular cells (sertoli cells)

Back 56

The Sertoli cell (also called sustentacular cell) is the 'nurse' cell of the testes. Its main function is nurturing the developing sperm cells during the process of spermatogenesis.

Front 57

spermatic cord

Back 57

The structure that secures the testicles within the scrotum.

Front 58

corpora cavernosa penis

Back 58

Chambers in the penis that fill with blood during an erection.

Front 59

corpus spongiosum penis

Back 59

A column of erectile tissue that runs the length of the penis and encloses the urethra, a spongy chamber in a man's penis which fills with blood when he is sexually excited, giving the organ the stiffness required for intercourse.

Front 60

semen

Back 60

The fluid that is released through the penis during orgasm. Semen is made up of sperm from the testicles and fluid from the prostate and other sex glands.

Front 61

female gonads

Back 61

ovaries

Front 62

famale gametes

Back 62

egg cell

Front 63

broad ligament

Back 63

The broad ligament is a folded sheet of tissue that drapes over the uterus, fallopian tubes and the ovaries.

Front 64

ovarian ligament

Back 64

band of connective tissue that connects the ovary to the lateral surface of the uterus, a remnant of the gubernaculum

Front 65

suspensory ligament

Back 65

Suspensory ligament describes any ligament that supports a body part, especially an organ

Front 66

germinal epithelium

Back 66

cellular component covering surface of ovary, it is continuous with mesothelium covering mesovarium.

Front 67

ovarian follicle

Back 67

An ovarian follicle is a small sac (cyst) on the ovary. An egg matures inside of the follicle. When the egg is mature, the follicle bursts open and releases the egg.

Front 68

oocytes

Back 68

egg cells

Front 69

mature follicle (Graafian follicle)

Back 69

A nearly mature egg or ovum, contained in a layer of cells, which ruptures when ovulation takes place.

Front 70

ovulation

Back 70

release of egg cell

Front 71

corpus luteum

Back 71

"Yellow body". Structure formed in the ovary from the remaining cells of the follicle after ovulation. The corpus luteum produces the female sex hormone progesterone.

Front 72

internal os of the cervical canal

Back 72

the opening of the cervix inside the uterine cavity.

Front 73

external os of the cervical canal

Back 73

The ectocervix's opening

Front 74

external genitalia

Back 74

Sex organs on the outside of the body: penis, scrotum, and urethra in men; vulva, clitoris, and urethra in women

Front 75

vulva

Back 75

The external female genitalia, including the labia, clitoris, and vaginal opening.

Front 76

perineum

Back 76

The muscle and tissue between the vagina and the rectum

Front 77

paraurethral (skene's) glands

Back 77

located on upper wall of vagina, Location also known as the G-spot, is homologonous with prostate gland in male./

Front 78

greater vestibular (bartholin's) gland

Back 78

two glands located slightly below and to the left and right of the opening of the vagina in women. They secrete mucus to provide lubrication, especially when the woman is sexually aroused, thus facilitating sexual intercourse.

Front 79

average gestation period in humans

Back 79

266 days or 8 days short of 9 months

Front 80

3 stages of labor

Back 80

1. Early labor, the longest part, the starting and ending of dilation
2. delivery
3. afterbirth, seperation of placenta

Front 81

ovulatory phase

Back 81

-during days 11-4
-release of oocyte
-day 14 is ovulation
-lutenizing hormone effects peak around day 14
-decrease pf estrogens after ovulation

Front 82

luteal phase

Back 82

-days 14-28
-longest phase
-formation of corpus luteum
- increasing effects of lutenizing hormone and progesterone
-decrease secretion of ovarian hormones

Front 83

lutenizing hormone

Back 83

leads to the formation and yellowing of corpus luteum.

Front 84

gestation

Back 84

the period of pregnancy, progesterone is important to maintaining conditions for pregnancy.

Front 85

ovum

Back 85

egg cell prior to fetilization, most capable point of being fertilized

Front 86

blastocyst

Back 86

-comprised of 3 major parts (trophoblasts,innercell mass, blastocele)

Front 87

trophoblasts

Back 87

- fingerlike projections (helps attatch trophoblasts with the endometrium of the uterus) that burrow into the endometrial lining of the inner uterus.
-Is the first part to make contact with the uterus' endometrium.
- Helps with the formation of the placenta.
-hCG is only released by the cells of the trophoblasts.

Front 88

inner cell mass

Back 88

-clustering of cells, outer core/leading edge of a blastocyst
- gives rise to the body of the fetus-

Front 89

blastocele

Back 89

fluid-filled cavity inside of a blasocyst.

Front 90

hCG ( human chorionic gonadotropin)

Back 90

only cells of the trophoblasts release/produce this hormone. its target cells are in the corpus luteum.

Front 91

amnion

Back 91

-membranous sac that encloses the fetus
-produces amnionic fluid

Front 92

amnionic fluid

Back 92

provides: Temp regulation, freedom of movement, and excretion/elimination of wastes.

Front 93

chorion

Back 93

-fetal part of placcenta that grows from the trophoblasts.
-grows extensions called chorionic villi which are filled with fetal blood vessels.

Front 94

Placenta

Back 94

- delivers nutrients to the fetus
- where all respiration occurs
-excretion of metabolic waste products are deported to mothers organs.
-provides encronine function

Front 95

Endocrine function of the placenta (hormones that it produces)

Back 95

1. progesterone/estrogens
2. human chorionic thyrotropin (stimulates the thyroid gland)
3. placental lactogen (milk production by the placenta).
4. relaxin (produced in later stages of pregnancy, prior to pregnancy, helps with stretch.)

Front 96

gastrulation

Back 96

formation of gastrula. These cells begin to differentiate into 3 embryonic tissue layers: endoderm, mesoderm,ectoderm.

Front 97

organogenesis

Back 97

REAL DEFINITION:The formation and development of the organs of living things.

STAMATIS DEFINITION: the differentiation between ectoderm, endoderm, and mesoderm

Front 98

ECTODERM

Back 98

1. outermost
2. all structures derived from nervous tissue/sense organs
3. is in the epidermis/epidermal derivities (hair, nails, errector pili)
4. cornea and lens
5. external/internal ear
6. epithelial membranes of mouth/nose/anus.

Front 99

MESODERM

Back 99

1. thickest of 3 layers, middle layer
2. all skeletal muscle
3. most smooth muscle
4. some cardiac muscle
5. all connective tissues, such as, cartilage/bone/ ligaments/ tendons/dermis/and others
6. major components of vascular system: blood, marrow of bone cavities/lymphatic tissue.
7. Middle ear (ossicles)

Front 100

ENDODERM

Back 100

1.innermost layer
2. epithelial membranes of most of digestive tract/accessory structures
3. apithelial membranes of most of respiratory tract/reproductive tract
4. epitheliam membranes of urinary bladder and urethra
5. epithelium of auditory tubes

Front 101

sex chromoses

Back 101

genetic structures of cells, there are 46 chromoses

Front 102

autosomes

Back 102

44 of the 46 chromosomes, carry info for body anatomy that are not gender differentiating

Front 103

genes

Back 103

the functional units of hereditary, instructions manuals for protein synthesis. Genes are a length of DNA that has codes for making protein

Front 104

genotype

Back 104

the type of genes we inherit, the LETTERS ex) Bb heterozygous

Front 105

phenotype

Back 105

the characteristics expressed from the genotype. ex) brown eyes, thich hair, anermia. THE TYPE OF TRAIT

Front 106

homologous chromosomes

Back 106

same, but not neccessarily identical, they code for the same trait, or inherited characteristic.

Front 107

alleles

Back 107

two genes that code for the same trait, but are different variations

Front 108

incomplete dominance results in?

Back 108

a third phenotype

Ex) red flower, white flower= pink

Front 109

dominant allele

Back 109

always express their information to a degree

ex) B - brown eyes

Front 110

recessive alleles

Back 110

only express genes in presence of another recessive gene

ex) b blue eyes