Anatomy Week 7: Endocrine System

Front 1

How do cells communicate at the local level?

Long distance?

Back 1

-via cell surface molecules (eg. intergrins) and by gap junctions

-chemical messengers (in the blood)

Front 2

What do endocrine organs secrete their hormones into?

Back 2

The blood

Front 3

Name the 5 primary endocrine glands

Back 3

-Pituitary (Hypophysis)
-thyroid
-parathyroids
-Islets of Langerhans (in Pancreas)
-adrenal

Front 4

Name 6 other organs (besides the main endocrine organs) that secrete hormones

Back 4

-heart
-kidney
-testes
-ovaries
-intestines
-brain

Front 5

The heart secretes what

Back 5

atrial natriuretic hormone (effects salt secretion in kidney)

Front 6

Kidneys secrete _________, ____________

Back 6

erythropoietin (regs blood cell production), renin

Front 7

Testes secrete ________.


Ovaries secrete ___________.

Back 7

testosteron


estrogens, progesterone

Front 8

Intestines secrete _______, _____________, __________.

Back 8

gastrin (G cells in duodenum),
secretin (S cells in Crypts of Leiberkuhn: regulates pH), cholecystokinin (stims digestion of fat and protein)

Front 9

Brain secretes __________.

Back 9

Hypothalamic releasing factors (control pituitary)

Front 10

Discuss the posterior pituitary

Back 10

Neurohypophysis:
-neuroglia cells (pituicytes) derived from brain
-also has blood vessels, fibroblasts, nerve endings
-STORES vassopressin, oxytocin

Front 11

Summarize traits of the Adenohypophysis

Back 11

Adenohypophysis:
-MAKES GH, PRL (prolactin), ACTH, MSH (melanocyte stim hormone), beta-endorphins, TSH, FSH, LH

Front 12

Nerve endings in the neurohypophysis originate where?

What do they contain?

Back 12

-cells in the hypothalamus

-Oxytocin, vasopressin

Front 13

cells that produce growth hormone?

Prolactin (PRL)

Back 13

-somatotrophes

-lactotrophs

Front 14

Cells that produce thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH)?

Follicle stimulating hormone (FSH)/Luteinizing hormone (LH)?

Back 14

-thyrptrophs

-gonadotrophs

Front 15

What regulates the secretion of pituitary hormones?

Back 15

The hypothalamus through hypothalamic Releasing Factors

Front 16

Where are hypothalamic releasing factors released into?

Back 16

Hypothalamic-hypophyseal portal system (directly into its blood)

Front 17

Thyroid secretes ____. The storage form is an __________ called ___________, or ________ by histologists

Back 17

-T3, T4, (and calcitonin)
-iodinated protein (tyrosine)
-thyroglubulin
-colloid

Front 18

Thyroid is composed of ________ epithelium

Back 18

cuboidal

Front 19

C cells:
AKA
misc

Back 19

-"parafollicular cells"
-found in thyroid
-secrete calcitonin, which regulates calcium metabolism ("tones down" blood calcium)

Front 20

Parathyroid glands features


What two cells and what do they do?

Back 20

-4 small glands on back of thyroid
-Stim osteoblasts to stim osteoclasts to break down more bone (upregulates blood calcium)
-Chief cells secrete the PTH
-Oxyphil cells - maybe inactive chief cells

Front 21

Islets of Langerhans

Back 21

-found in pancreas
Secretes:
-insulin (beta cells)
-glucagon (alpha cells)
somatostatin (delta cells)

Front 22

Adrenal gland cortex

Back 22

-Zona glomerulus -> mineralcorticoids (eg. aldosterone) ("salt")
-Zona Fasticularis -> glucocorticoids (ups glucose, glycogen, protein, lipid breakdown) ("sugar")
-Zona Reticularis -> androgens (sex)

Front 23

Adrenal gland medulla:
____ Secretes ______
Regulates (3)

Back 23

Secretes:
Chromaphin (secretes) -adrenaline (epinephrine)
-noradrenaline (norepinephrine)
-regulates liver, blood pressure, "fight or flight"

Front 24

hypothalamohypophyseal portal system

Back 24

connects hypothalamus and pituitary. Hormones secreted in the hypothalamus are carried to the adenohypophysis and stim release of anterior pituitary hormones

Front 25

3 divisions of adenohypophysis

Back 25

(ant. pituitary)
-pars distalis
-pars tuberalis
-pars intermedia

Front 26

2 divisions of the neurohypophysis

Back 26

(post. pituitary)
-pars nervosa
-neural stalk

Front 27

Hormones secreted by the ant. pituitary and the cells which produce them

Back 27

-growth hormone (GH) -> somatotrophs
-prolactin (PRL) -> lactotrophs
-Adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH), melanocyte stim. hormone (MSH) -> corticotrophs
Thyroid stim. hormone (TSH) ->
thyrotrophs
Follicle stim. hormone (FSH), luteinizing hormone (LH) -> gonadotrophs

Front 28

Hormones released by the post. pituitary gland

Back 28

vasopressin (ADH) - retention of H2O, vasoconstriction of vascular smooth muscle
oxytocin - milk ejection (mammory gland) and uterus (contractions?)

Front 29

Thyroid hormones

Back 29

T3, T4, Calcitonin

Front 30

Calcitonin is produced by _______

Back 30

C cells in Thyroid

Front 31

PTH (3)

Back 31

-produced by parathyroid (4 bumps)
-ups bone resorption
-influences CA++ excretion in urine
-stim's formation of vita D

Front 32

Secreting cells of the parathyroid

Back 32

-chief cells (primarily).
-at puberty oxyphil cells appear.

Front 33

_______ cells produce insulin in the _________. These cells are ______ % of all the cells. Insulin does what?

Back 33

-beta cells; pancreas (islets of Langerhans); 2/3rds

-prompts cells to intake glucose when blood levels are high

Front 34

________ cells produce glucagon, which _______________

Back 34

alpha cells; stims liver to produce more glucose (from glycogen) when blood sugar is low.

Front 35

What endocrine cells are found in the pancreas? (4)

Back 35

alpha (glucagon), beta (insulin), delta (somatostatin), pp cells (pancreatic polypeptide hormone)

Front 36

What makes ADH

Back 36

(SONA) Supraoptic nucleus

Front 37

What produces oxytocin

Back 37

paraventricular nucleus

Front 38

Where are ADH and oxytocin stored in the post pituitary

Back 38

Herring bodies

Front 39

What are pituacytes

Back 39

-glial cells
-involved in nutrition, maintenance

Front 40

Which cells of the ant pit produce which hormones?

Back 40

(B-FLAT PeG)
Basophils:
-FSH
-LH
-ACTH
-TSH

Acidophiles:
-Prolactin
(-e)
-GH

Front 41

Which zone of the adrenal gland does ACTH effect

Back 41

Zona fasciculitis -> glucocorticoids