Anatomy (Urogenital Embryology)

Front 1

what is the urogenital system derived from?

Back 1

intermediate mesoderm
mesothelium of peritoneal cavity
endoderm of urogenital sinus

Front 2

where did the intermediate mesoderm lie before it moved away during the lateral fold?

Back 2

lateral to the somites

Front 3

what is the urogenital ridge derived from?

Back 3

intermediate mesoderm

Front 4

what is the urogenital ridge composed of?

Back 4

nephrogenic cord (ridge)
gonadal (genital) ridge

Front 5

between the nephrogenic ridge and the gonadal ridge, which is more anterior?

Back 5

gonadal ridge

Front 6

what are the three successive sets of kidneys to develop in the embryo?

Back 6

pronephroi
mesonephroi
metanephroi

Front 7

which set of embryologic kidneys are the nonfunctional, rudimentary set?

Back 7

pronephroi

Front 8

when do the pronephroi develop?

Back 8

early in week 4

Front 9

what do the pronephroi leave when they degenerate? where does it go?

Back 9

(pro)nephric ducts

run to cloaca

Front 10

when do the mesonephroi develop?

Back 10

late in week 4

Front 11

which set of embryological kidneys are the temporary excretory organs of the embryo?

Back 11

mesonephroi

Front 12

which set of embryological kidneys are the permanent kidneys?

Back 12

metanephroi

Front 13

when do the metanephroi develop?

Back 13

early in week 5

Front 14

when do metanephroi become functional?

Back 14

week 11-13

Front 15

where is urine excreted from functional metanephroi?

Back 15

into amniotic fluid

Front 16

what happens to urine in the amniotic fluid?

Back 16

swallowed by fetus, so that waste can be absorbed and transported to placenta for disposal (by mother)

Front 17

what conditions result in oligohydramnios?

Back 17

renal agenesis
urethral obstruction

Front 18

what is oligohydramnios?

Back 18

deficiency of amniotic fluid

Front 19

what is polyhydramnios?

Back 19

excess amniotic fluid

Front 20

what conditions result in polyhydramnios?

Back 20

esophageal atresia
duodenal atresia

Front 21

what is the metanephros derived from?

Back 21

mesoderm

immediately: metanephric diverticulum (ureteric bud)

Front 22

what does the ureteric bud give rise to?

Back 22

metanephros

Front 23

what is considered the ureteric bud?

Back 23

dorsal outgrowth from the mesonephric duct near the cloaca

Front 24

what does the stalk of the ureteric bud give rise to?

Back 24

ureter

Front 25

what does the cranial end of the ureteric bud give rise to?

Back 25

renal pelvis

Front 26

what do the first 4 generations of tubules from the ureteric bud give rise to?

Back 26

major calyces

Front 27

what do the second 4 generations of tubules from the ureteric bud give rise to?

Back 27

minor calyces

Front 28

what do the remaining generations of tubules (after first eight) from the ureteric bud give rise to?

Back 28

collecting tubules

Front 29

what action stimulates the formation of the metanephric mass (cap)?

Back 29

penetration of metanephric diverticulum into the metanephric mesoderm

Front 30

where does the metanephric diverticulum penetrate the metanephric mesoderm?

Back 30

in the caudal part of the nephrogenic cord

Front 31

what does the metanephric mesoderm give rise to?

Back 31

nephrons

Front 32

what does a nephron consist of?

Back 32

glomerulus
Bowman's capsule
proximal convoluted tubule
loop of Henle
distal convoluted tubule

Front 33

what is the cortex of the kidney mostly composed of in a newborn?

Back 33

undifferentiated mesenchyme

Front 34

how long does it take for nephrons to fully develop?

Back 34

several months after birth

Front 35

where are kidneys initially located?

Back 35

in pelvis, ventral to sacrum

Front 36

what causes the kidneys to ascend into the abdomen?

Back 36

disproportionate growth of lumbar and sacral regions

(sacral region grows faster than lumbar)

Front 37

when do kidneys reach the adult position?

Back 37

week 9

Front 38

what do the kidneys touch when in the adult position?

Back 38

suprarenal glands

Front 39

besides ascending, what movement do kidneys make?

Back 39

rotate 90 degrees from anterior to medial

Front 40

what causes adults to have a variable number of renal arteries? how many are common?

Back 40

continuous changes in blood supply during ascension

2-4

Front 41

what forms the cortex of a suprarenal gland?

Back 41

mesoderm

Front 42

what forms the medulla of a suprarenal gland?

Back 42

neural crest cells

Front 43

what type of nerve fibers do suprarenal glands receive?

where?

from where?

Back 43

preganglionic sympathetic fibers

in medulla

from celiac plexus

Front 44

what type of nerve fibers do the kidneys receive?

from where?

Back 44

postsynaptic sympathetic fibers

from aorticorenal ganglia

Front 45

what forms the urinary bladder?

Back 45

urogenital sinus and surrounding mesenchyme

Front 46

what region of the urogenital sinus forms the bladder and is attached to the allantois?

Back 46

cranial (vesical) region

Front 47

what happens to the allantois after birth?

Back 47

degenerates and becomes urachus
(forms median umbilical ligament)

Front 48

what forms the transitional epithelium of the bladder?

Back 48

endoderm of the urogenital sinus

Front 49

what are the three regions of the urogenital sinus?

Back 49

cranial (vesical) region
middle (pelvic) region
caudal (phallic) region

Front 50

what forms the glans penis?

Back 50

ectodermal glandular plate

Front 51

what forms the glans clitoridis?

Back 51

ectodermal glandular plate

Front 52

what causes double ureter and supernumerary kidney?

Back 52

incomplete division of the metanephric diverticulum

Front 53

what is a supernumerary kidney?

Back 53

extra kidney

Front 54

what causes an ectopic kidney that is abnormally rotated?

Back 54

failure of kidney to ascend (and rotate) from embryonic position

Front 55

what causes various congenital cystic conditions of the kidneys?

Back 55

failure of nephrons to connect with collecting tubules

Front 56

what are nephrons derived from?

Back 56

metanephric mesoderm

Front 57

what are collecting tubules derived from?

Back 57

metanephric diverticulum

Front 58

what system develops in close association with the urinary or excretory system?

Back 58

genital or reproductive system

Front 59

when is genetic sex established for a fetus?

Back 59

fertilization

Front 60

when do gonads begin to attain sexual characteristics?

Back 60

week 7

Front 61

what is early genital development called?

Back 61

indifferent stage of sexual development

Front 62

when do external genitalia acquire distinct masculine or feminine characteristics?

Back 62

week 12

Front 63

what androgen is required for male development, but female development proceeds without?

Back 63

dihydrotestosterone

Front 64

what are testes and ovaries derived from?

Back 64

mesodermal epithelium lining posterior abdominal wall
underlying mesenchyme
primordial germ cells

Front 65

when do primordial germ cells form?

Back 65

week 4

Front 66

where do primordial germ cells form?

Back 66

in the wall of the yolk sac

Front 67

when do primordial germ cells migrate into developing gonads?

Back 67

week 6

Front 68

what forms the definitive germ cells (oogonia/spermatogonia)?

Back 68

primordial germ cells

Front 69

when do gonads form?

Back 69

week 5

Front 70

from what do gonads develop?

Back 70

thickened mesodermal epithelium on the medial side of mesonephros, at gonadal ridge

Front 71

where do primary epithelial sex cords grow?

Back 71

into mesenchyme underlying the gonadal ridge

Front 72

when does an embryo have the potential to develop into either a male or a female?

Back 72

during indifferent stage

Front 73

what do indifferent gonads consist of?

Back 73

cortex
medulla

Front 74

what happens to the indifferent gonads in males?

Back 74

cortex regresses and medulla develops

Front 75

what happens to the indifferent gonads in females?

Back 75

cortex develops and medulla regresses

Front 76

what are the two pairs of genital (sex) ducts present at first in both the male and female?

Back 76

mesonephric ducts
paramesonephric ducts

Front 77

what are the other names for the mesonephric ducts?

Back 77

Wolffian
medial

Front 78

what are the other names for the paramesonephric ducts?

Back 78

Mullerian
lateral

Front 79

what determines the gonadal sex in an embryo? how?

Back 79

Y chromosome

exerts a positive testis-determining action (TDF) on indifferent gonad

Front 80

in male genitalia, which ducts are lost? which are maintained?

Back 80

Mullerian Ducts are lost

Wolffian Ducts are maintained

Front 81

In females, which ducts are lost? which ones are maintained?

Back 81

Wolffian Ducts are lost

Mullerian Ducts are maintained

Front 82

what stimulates the development of the mesonephric ducts into the male genital ducts?

Back 82

testes develop and produce an inducer substance in presence of Y chromosome

Front 83

what stimulates the development of indifferent external genitalia into a penis and scrotum?

Back 83

androgens

Front 84

what suppressor substance inhibits the development of paramesonephric ducts?

Back 84

mullerian inhibiting substance

Front 85

where is mullerian inhibiting substance produced?

Back 85

testes

Front 86

what occurs in the absence of a Y chromosome?

Back 86

ovaries develop
mesonephric ducts regress
paramesonephric ducts develop

Front 87

where do the superior ends of the paramesonephric ducts open in a female?

Back 87

into future peritoneal cavity

Front 88

what happens to the lower ends of the paramesonephric ducts in a female?

Back 88

become uterus and uterine tubes

Front 89

from what does the vagina develop?

Back 89

vaginal plate

Front 90

where is the vaginal plate derived from?

Back 90

urogenital sinus

Front 91

what does the indifferent external genitalia develop into in a female?

Back 91

clitoris
labia

Front 92

what is the condition in which a person has both ovarian and testicular tissue as well as variable internal and external genitalia?

Back 92

true hermaphroditism (ovo-testes)

Front 93

what causes pseudohermaphroditis?

Back 93

errors in sexual differentiation

Front 94

what causes male pseudohermaphroditism?

Back 94

failure of fetal testes to produce adequate masculinizing hormones

production of hormones after tissue sensitivity of sexual structures has passed

Front 95

how are male pseudohermaphrodites defined chromosomally?

Back 95

XY

Front 96

how are female pseudohermaphrodites defined chromosomally?

Back 96

XX

Front 97

what causes female pseudohermaphroditism?

Back 97

virilizing adrenal hyperplasia

Front 98

what is virilizing adrenal hyperplasia?

Back 98

disorder of fetal suprarenal glands that causes excessive production of androgens and masculinization of external genitalia

Front 99

what is the previous name for androgen insensitivity syndrome?

Back 99

testicular feminization syndrome

Front 100

what are the characteristics of androgen insensitivity syndrome?

Back 100

female external genitalia with vagina ending in a blind pouch
Uterus and uterine tubes are absent

Front 101

how is androgen insensitivity syndrome defined?

Back 101

normal-appearing female with presence of undescended testes and 46, XY chromosome constitution

Front 102

what is the most prevalent cause of abnormalities in the female genital tract?

Back 102

incomplete fusion of the paramesonephric ducts

Front 103

what is a septate uterus?

Back 103

a uterine malformation in which the septum between the two mullerian ducts has not been fully resorbed

Front 104

what is a unicornuate uterus?

Back 104

uterine malformation in which only one mullerian tube develops into a uterus (other doesn't develop or does so only rudimentarily)

Front 105

what is an arcuate uterus?

Back 105

a uterine malformation in which the uterine fundus displays concave contour towards cavity, where it should be flat or convex

Front 106

what is a bicornuate (heart-shaped) uterus?

Back 106

uterine malformation where two horns form at upper part of uterus (from incomplete fusion of mullerian ducts)

Front 107

what is a didelphic uterus?

Back 107

uterine malformation where mullerian ducts don't fuse

creates double uterus, two cervices, and double vagina

Front 108

what are the two results of abnormalities in testicular descent?

Back 108

cryptorchidism
ectopic testes

Front 109

what is cryptorchidism?

Back 109

undescended testes

Front 110

what do the testes follow into the scrotum?

Back 110

processus vaginalis

Front 111

what guides the processus vaginalis into the scrotum?

Back 111

gubernaculum

Front 112

what is a hydrocele?

Back 112

peritoneal fluid in the processus vaginalis and spermatic cord

Front 113

what causes congenital inguinal hernia and hydrocele?

Back 113

persistence of processus vaginalis

Front 114

what is the processus vaginalis?

Back 114

communication between the tunica vaginalis and the peritoneal cavity

Front 115

what are the group of conditions called in which the urogenital folds fail to fuse normally in males?

Back 115

hypospadias

Front 116

what are hypospadias?

Back 116

opening of the external urethral orifice on the ventral surface of the glans penis or on the ventral surface of the body of the penis

Front 117

how is a hypospadia classified if it occurs on the head of the penis?

Back 117

coronal

Front 118

how is a hypospadia classified if it occurs on the shaft of the penis?

Back 118

penile or urethral

Front 119

how is a hypospadia classified if it occurs on the scrotum?

Back 119

scrotal

Front 120

how is a hypospadia classified if it occurs between the anus and the scrotum?

Back 120

peritoneal
(occurs on the peritoneum)