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113 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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4 tissue types |
Epithelial, connective, muscle, neural |
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Epithelial cell shapes: squamous |
Thin and flat |
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Epithelial cell shapes: Cuboidal |
Cube shaped, like little boxes |
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Epithelial cell shapes: columnar |
Taller than they are wide, slender rectangle |
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Glands: endocrine |
Release secretions into interstitial fluid |
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Glands: Exocrine |
Release secretions into ducts onto epithelial surface |
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Secretion methods of exocrine: merocrine |
From secretory vesicles by exocytosis ex. Salivary gland |
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Secretion methods of exocrine: Apocrine |
Apical cytoplasm packed with secretory vesicles ex. Mammary gland |
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Secretion methods of exocrine: holocrine |
Destroys gland cell, entire cell bursts, releasing secretions and killing cell. Destroyed cells replaced by stem cell division Ex. Sebaceous glands |
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Purpose of connective tissue |
Structural framework Transport fluids Protect delicate organs Store energy Defend body from invading microorganisms Specialized cells |
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Types of connective tissues |
Blood, cartilage, bone |
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3 types of protein fibres |
Reticular, collagen, elastic |
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3 types of loose connective tissue |
Areolar, adipose, reticular |
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What's in blood? |
RBC (eurethrocytes), WBC, platelets |
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Parts of extracellular fluid circulation |
Arteries, capillaries, veins; contractions of heart move through blood cells |
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3 types of cartilage |
Hyaline, elastic, fibrocartilage |
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Membranes: mucous |
Line passageways open to exterior of body |
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Membranes: serous |
Composed of meaothelium supported by areolar connective tissue |
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Pleura, pericardium and peritoneum |
Pleura- pleural cavity and lungs Pericardium- pericardial cavity and heart Peritoneum- peritoneal cavity and visceral organs |
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What is cutaneous? |
Skin |
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What is synovial? |
Fluid that lines freely movable joint cavitites |
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Fasciae: superficial |
Under skin |
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Fasciae: deep |
Continuous with capsules and other connective tissue structures |
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Fasciae: subserous |
Between serous membranes and deep fascia |
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Muscle tissues and purpose |
Skeletal - moves body Cardiac - moves blood in heart and vessels Smooth - moves fluids and solids along digestive tract |
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Levels of organization |
Atoms -> cells -> tissues -> organ -> organ system -> organism |
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Anatomical planes: transverse/horizontal |
Situated or extending across something |
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Anatomical planes: sagittal |
Cut along lengthwise, dividing in left and right parts |
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Anatomical planes: midsagittal |
Equal split in half left and right |
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Anatomical planes: parasagittal |
Plane adjacent or parallel to plane that divides body into right and left halves |
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Anatomical position: frontal/coronal |
Cut along lengthwise plane that divides the body into anterior and posterior parts |
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Anterior/ventral |
Toward or at the front of the body ex. Breastbone to spine |
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Posterior/dorsal |
Toward or at the backside of the body |
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Cranial/superior |
Toward the head end or upper part of the body - above |
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Caudal/inferior |
Away from head end or toward lower body - toward the tail |
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Inferior |
Below or toward the feet |
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Medial |
Toward or at the midline -inner side |
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Lateral |
Away from midline - outer side |
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Proximal |
Close to origin of body - elbow to wrist |
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Distal |
Farther from origin of a body part |
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Superficial |
Toward or at body surface |
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Deep |
Away from body surface : internal |
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Body cavities: heart |
Pericardial (in thoracic) |
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Body cavities: small intestine |
Pelvic and Abdominal cavity |
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Body cavities: large intestine |
Pelvic and abdominal cavity |
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Body cavities: lung |
Retroperironeal cavity |
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Body cavities: kidney |
Abdominal cavity |
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Calcitonin is releasing from thyroid gland in response to increased levels of Ca ions in the blood. If this hormone is controlled by negative feedback, shat effect would calcitonin have on blood Ca levels |
Released from thyroid b/c levels of Ca ion going up, calcitonin decreases blood Ca levels decreasing stimulus |
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Define ion |
Outer most energy level is unfilled, more protons than electrons is a positive ion (cation) |
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Most abundant elements in human body |
Oxygen, carbon, hydrogen |
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Exergonic reactions |
Release energy |
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Endergonic reactions |
Require energy |
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Explain how enzymes function in chemical reaction |
Specialized proteins of catalysts that speed up process (extra fast speed help) |
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Explain how an insect cab walk across top of water without falling through |
Surface tension |
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What is a buffer? |
Remove hydrogen ions in solution and maintain pH within normal limits |
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Organic compounds |
Always contain elements carbon and oxygen ex. Sugars, fats, proteins |
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Inorganic compounds |
Don't contain carbon, hydrogen ex. Acids, bases, water, oxygen, carbon dioxide |
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Plasma membrane |
Physical barrier that separates cell from intracellular fluid. Has bilayer called phospholipid bilayer Hydrophobic tails and hydrophillic heads Has cholesterol, integral proteins Contains pores or channels for waters and solutes |
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If a cell had microvilli on its plasma membrane in which activity is it likely to be actively engaged? |
Increase in surface area which helps absorption and secretions |
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Functions of endoplasmic reticulum? |
Rougher ribosomes involved in synthesis of proteins. Smooth males lipids and carbs, also store and transport substances in cell |
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If red blood cells were immersed in hypotonic solution which direction would water flow and what effect would it have on the cell |
Swells like balloon, could burst. Hypo causes water flow into the cell |
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Diffusion |
No energy Higher to lower concentration |
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Osmosis |
ATP diffusion of water |
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Emdocytosis |
Cell drinking - phagocytosis |
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Exocytosis |
Movement of wastes or secretory products from intracellular vesicle to outside of cell |
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Hydrophillic |
Water loving Main component of the intra and extracellular fluids Inner and outer parts of membrane |
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Hydrophobic |
Water hating Line up in center of membrane Makeup makes plasma membrane impermeable to most water soluable molecules |
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Glycocalyx |
Sugarproteins and because of their presence , cell surface is a fuzzy sticky sugar rich area (think about cells being sugarcoated) |
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Membrane junctions |
Glycoproteins in glycocalyx acts as adhesive |
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Tight junctions |
Impermeable junctions that bind cells together into leak proof sheets that prevent substances passing through extracellular space between cells Membranes fuse together like zippers Prevent digestive enzymes from seeping into blood stream |
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Define rivet |
Holds things together |
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Desmosomes |
Anchoring junctions scattered like rivets along sides of abutting cells |
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Gap junctions |
(Heart, embryonic cells) Allow communication Connected by hallow cylindars composed of proteins (connexons) that span entire width of abutting membrames Nutrients/ions can pass directly through water filled connexon |
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Cytoplasm |
Cellular material outside nucleus and inside plasma membrane |
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Inclusions |
May or may not be present Stored nutrients or cell products |
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Mitochondria |
Double membrane Enzymes help oxygen break down into foods Released energy as heat and atp |
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Ribosomes |
Bodies made of proteins and RNA Site of protein synthesis Free in cytoplasm or attach to membranes --> rough endoplasmic reticulum |
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Endoplasmic reticulum |
'Network within cytoplasm' Er is a system of fluid cystems that coil and twist Provides network of channels for transporting substances |
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Rough endoplasmic reticulum |
Studded with ribosomes Formed in or on cell membrane Abundant in cells that male and export proteins |
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Smooth endoplasmic reticulum |
Communicates with rough variety No role in protein synthesis Functions in lipid metabolism and fat synthesis and breakdown Liver cells filled with smooth er --> detox drugs |
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Active transport |
Uses atp to energize its protein carriers |
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Vesticular transport |
Help from atp in and out of cells without crossing plasma membrane |
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Connective tissue surrounded by what? |
Extracellular matrix |
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Matrix is composed of: |
Protein fibres Ground substance (liquid) |
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Thyroid gland function: |
Controls tissue metabolic rate; regulates calcium levels |
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Homeostasis definition |
Presence of stable internal environment |
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Components of homeostatic regulatory mechanism |
Receptor - sensitive to enviro change Control center - process info from receptor and send out commands Effector - responds to commands opposing stimulus |
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Feedback definition |
Stimulation of a receptor triggers response that changes enviro at that receptor |
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Negative feedback |
Effector opposes or negates the original stimulus Minimizes change |
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Positive feedback |
Stimulus produces a response that exaggerates or enhances the original change Tends to produce extreme responses Does not restore homeostasis |
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Positive feedback loop |
Occurs when potentially dangerous process must be completed quickly before the body can restore homeostasis |
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How many abdominopelvic quadrants? |
4 |
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How many abdominopelvic regions? |
9 |
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Mediastinum |
Contains connective tissue and the pericardial cavity containing the heart |
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Reteoperitoneal |
Organs that lie posterior to peritoneal membrane (In abdomen cavity) |
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Infraperitoneal |
Organs extend inferior to peritoneal cavity |
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Kinetic energy |
Energy of motion |
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Potential energy |
The energy an object has because of its position |
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pH levels |
Acidic - below 7 Neutral - equal to 7 Alkaline - above 7 |
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Smooth endoplasmic reticulum |
Lacks ribosomes |
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Rough endoplasmic reticulum |
Has attached (fixed) ribosomes |
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Lysosomes |
vesicles that isolate digestive processes from the rest of cytoplasm |
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Supine vs prone |
Supine - face up Prone - face down |
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Isotopes |
Same number of protons but different number of neutrons |
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Acids |
Proton donors |
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Bases |
Proton acceptor |
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Colloid |
Solution with dispersed proteins or other large molecules ex jello |
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Suspension |
Solution containing larger particles ex. Whole blood |
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Freely permeable |
Allows any substance to pass |
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Selectively permeable |
Only allows some to pass |
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Impermeable membranes |
Nothing can pass through |
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Facilitated diffusion |
Substances can be passively transported across the plasma membrane |
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Mitosis vs. Meiosis |
2 daughter cells produced, 46 chromosomes each Produces sex cells, 23 chromosomes each |
