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359 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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What is another name for pericranium?
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Periosteum of the skull
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What is a lamella?
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A thin layer or plate of bone
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The layer of spongy bone between the two lamellae of the flat bones of the skull is the...
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Diploe
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What are the fibrous joints that join bones of the skull?
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Sutures
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What bones are included in the neurocranium?
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occipital, sphenoid, frontal, ethmoid, parietals, temporals
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What bones are included in the viscerocranium?
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vomer, mandible, inferior nasal conchae, lacrimals, nasals, maxilla, palatines, zygomatics
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Which is more superior, the zygomaticotemporal foramen or the zycomaticofacial foramen?
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Zygomaticotemporal
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The maxillary tubercle is located within the ____________ fossa.
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infratemporal
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Which bones are included in the temporal fossa?
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Frontal, Temporal, Parietal, Sphenoid
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What features are described as "the hallway, the room, and the door"?
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pterygomaxillary fissure, pterygopalatine fossa, sphenopalatine foramen
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The hypoglossal canal is anterior/posterior to the condylar canal?
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Anterior
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The pharyngeal tubercle is on what part of what bone?
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The basilar part of the occipital bone
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The petrotympanic fissure is between what two bony features?
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Mandibular fossa and the external acoustic meatus
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The articular tubercle is on what side of what bony feature?
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Posteroinferior zygomatic arch
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The musculotubal canal lies at the union of what two bones?
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temporal and sphenoid
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The sphenoid spine is just posterior to what bony feature?
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Foramen Spinosum
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The pterygoid (scaphoid) fossa is between what structures?
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The Pterygoid laminae (M&L)
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The hamulus is on which pterygoid fossa?
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Medial
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The vomer is only visible from which view?
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inferior view
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Where is the orbital plate found? This is a feature of which bone?
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In the orbit just posterior to the lacrimal bone. Ethmoid
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The lingula is on the border of which foramen?
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Mandibular
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Foramen cecum is just anterior to what feature?
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Crista Galli
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Which is more anterior the tuburculum sellae or the dorsum sellae? What is in between these structures?
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tuburculum sellae, hypophyseal fossa
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The anterior and posterior clinoid processes are features of what bone?
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Sphenoid
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Foramen rotundum is locate in which cranial fossa?
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middle
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Which feature of the temporal bone is not present in the newborn skull?
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Mastoid Process
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Bones of the skull consist of a single plate- this means they are missing the....
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diploe
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Define sutural bones.
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Accessory bones which occur between bones of the skull where converging borders of ossifying flat bones last come into contact
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What type of joint are the atlantoaxial joints? The atlantoccipital joint?
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Synovial
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What is the superiormost attachment of the nuchal ligament?
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External Occipital Protuberance
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The ligamentum flavum connects adjacent _________ of the vertebrae.
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Lamina
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The PLL is continuous with the _________ ____________. This spans from where to where?
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Tectorial Membrane. Spans from body of axis to anterior edge of foramen magnum.
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The vertebral foramen is anterior/posterior to the transverse ligament?
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Posterior
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Where does the superior crus attach? The inferior? What 3rd structure makes the cruciform ligament?
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Ant edge of foramen magnum, body of axis, Transverse ligament
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Where do the alar ligaments attach?
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Dens to medial aspect of each occipital condyle
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What ligament is in between the alar ligaments?
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apical ligament of dens
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What checks rotation in the cervical spine?
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Alar ligaments
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The atlantooccipital joints do not permit which movement?
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Rotation
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What type of joint is the temporomandibular joint?
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Synovial
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Name the movements of the temporomandibular joint
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Elevation, Depression, Protraction, Retraction, Lateral Excursion of the Mandible
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Which is the strongest ligament of the TMJ?
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Lateral Ligament
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Name the two ligaments that are medial to the TMJ capsule
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Sphenomandibular & Stylomandibular
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Name the layers of the scalp deep to superficial
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Periosteum, Loose Connective Tissue, Aponeurosis, Connective Tissue, Skin
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What layer of fascia encloses the SCM and trapezius muscles?
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Superficial (investing) layer of cervical fascia
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What muscles are contained within the superficial fascia?
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Facial muscles and Platysma
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What is contained within the pretracheal fascia (&buccopharyngeal fascia)
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Pharynx, esophagus, larynx, trachea, thyroid gland, parathyroid glands
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What is enclosed within the prevertebral layer of superficial fascia?
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Vertebral column and associated muscles
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Describe the 2 layers of the infrahyoid fascia including contents of each.
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In anterior half of neck, both layers blending with superficial cervical fascia along the median line. Superficial includes sternohyoid and omohyoid. Deep layer contains sternothyroid and thyrohyoid muscles.
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The deep layer of the infrahyoid fascia extends laterally to what structure?
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Carotid sheath
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What is contained within the carotid sheath?
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internal and common carotid aa., internal jugular v and Vagus n.
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Describe the relationship of the cervical sympathetic trunk to the carotid sheath.
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The trunk is posterior and medial to the sheath
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What are the superior and inferior limits of the retropharyngeal space?
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Base of skull to posterior mediastinum of thorax
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What is contained within the retropharyngeal space?
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lymph nodes and the alar fascia
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The muscles of facial expression are located in what fascial layer?
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Superficial fascia
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What connects the frontalis and the occipitalis?
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Galea Aponeurotica
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What muscle elevates the eyebrow and wrinkles the forehead?
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frontalis
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What is the function of depressor anguli oris?
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Depresses corner of the mouth
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Which muscle draws angle of the mouth upward and laterally?
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zygomatic major
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Which muscle raises the upper lip? Depresses lower lip?
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levator labii superioris, depressor labii inferioris
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Which muscle elevates the corner of the mouth and is deep to levator labii?
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levator anguli oris
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What are the functions of orbicularis oris?
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closes mouth, purses lips. Plays an important role in articulation and mastication
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Which is the deepest muscle around the mouth? What is the function of this muscle?
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Buccinator. Aids in mastication by pressing cheeks against teeth while chewing. Compresses cheeks during blowing
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What is the pterygomandibular raphe?
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Separates fibers of buccinator from superior pharyngeal constrictor muscle.
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Does the buccal fat pad lie superficial or deep to the buccinator?
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Superficial
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What is the function of the orbicularis oculi?
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closes orbital opening and encourages flow of tears
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What muscles make it possible to "wiggle your ears"?
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Ant, Post, Sup auricular mm.
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What muscle makes it possible to furrow your brow?
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procerus
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What 2 muscles widen the nasal aperature? What muscle also compresses the anterior nasal aperature?
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nasalis, depressor septi. Nasalis
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What nerve supplies the muscles of facial expression?
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CN VII- facial nerve
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What is the action of the temporalis?
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Elevation of the mandible, retraction of the mandible
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What innervates the temporalis?
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mandibular division of CN V- trigeminal
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What are the action and innervation of the masseter?
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elevates mandible, clenches teeth, protracts mandible. Mandibular division of CN V- trigeminal
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What muscle is deep to the masseter?
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Medial Pterygoid
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What are the actions/innervation of the medial pterygoid?
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elevation and protrusion of mandible. Mandibular division of CN V- trigeminal
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Is the lateral pterygoid oriented vertically or horizontally?
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horizontally
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What is the action and innervation of the lateral pterygoid?
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protraction, depression and lateral excursion of the mandible. Mandibular division of CN V- trigeminal
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What are the origin and insertion of the sternocleidomastoid m.?
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O- anterior surface of manubrium (sternal head) medial 1/3 of clavicle (clavicular head).
I- mastoid process of the temporal bone and lateral half of superior nuchal line |
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What are the action and innervation of the sternocleidomastoid?
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B- elevation of the chin and flexion of the neck U- ipsi side flexion, contra rotation. Accessory nerve (CN XI) and C2 and C3 anterior primary rami
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What are the origin and insertion of the temporalis?
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O- temporal fossa and temporal fascia
I- coronoid process and anterior border of ramus of mandible by way of a thick tendon |
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What are the action and innervation of the omohyoid?
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depression, retraction, and steadying of the hyoid bone. Ansa Cervicalis
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What are the action and innervation of the sternohyoid?
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depression of hyoid bone. Ansa Cervicalis
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What are the action and innervation of the sternothyroid?
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depression of thyroid cartilage. Ansa Cervicalis
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What are the action and innervation of the thyrohyoid?
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depression of hyoid bone and elevation of thyroid cartilage.
C1 Anterior primary ramus |
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What are the action and innervation of the digastric mm.?
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B-Raise hyoid bone and steady it
Open mouth and depress mandible. Posterior- Facial n. Anterior- Mandibular division of Trigeminal n. |
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What are the action and innervation of the mylohyoid?
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elevation of hyoid bone and tongue
Mandibular division of Trigeminal n. |
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What are the action and innervation of the geniohyoid?
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pulls hyoid bone anterosuperiorly
C1 anterior primary ramus |
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What are the origin and insertion of the anterior scalene m?
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anterior tubercles of TPs of C3-C5 to scalene tubercle of Rib 1
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What are the action and innervation of the anterior scalene m.?
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Elevation of rib 1, flexion and rotation of neck to opposite side.
C4, C5, and C6 anterior primary rami |
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What are the action and innervation of the middle scalene m?
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elevation of rib 1, flexion and rotation of neck to opposite side
Anterior primary rami of cervical spinal nerves |
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What are the action and innervation of the posterior scalene m?
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elevation of rib 2, neck flexion
Anterior primary rami of cervical spinal nerves |
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What are the action and innervation of longus capitis?
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Flexion of the head on the atlas
Anterior primary rami of cervical spinal nerves |
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What are the action and innervation of longus colli?
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Flexion of neck, slight rotation to opposite side
Anterior primary rami of cervical spinal nerves |
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What is the action and innervation of splenius capitus?
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Ext, lateral flexion, and ipsi rotation of head and neck
Posterior primary rami of cervical spinal nerves |
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What is the action and innervation of splenius cervicis?
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Ext, lateral flexion and ipsi rotation of head and neck
Posterior primary rami of cervical spinal nerves |
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What is the action of rectus capitis posterior major?
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extends head and ipsi rotation
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What is the action of rectus capitus posterior minor
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extends head
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What is the action of obliques capitis inferior?
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ipsi rotation
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What is the action of obliques capitis superior?
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extends head and ipsi lateral flexion
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What are the boundaries of the suboccipital triangle?
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OCI, OCS, RCPMa
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What is included within the suboccipital triangle?
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Vertebral artery, suboccipital n, greater occipital nerve (runs across)
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What are the action and innervation of the stylohyoid?
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elevates and retracts hyoid
Facial n. |
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What are the action and innervation of styloglossus?
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retracts and elevates whole tongue
Hypogloassal n |
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What are the action and innervation of the stylopharyngeus?
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draws upward and inward the lateral pharyngeal walls
Glossopharyngeal n. |
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What are the action and innervation of the genioglossus?
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protrudes tongue
hypoglossal n |
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What are the action and innervation of the hyoglossus?
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depresses tongue
hypoglossal n |
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What separates the anterior and posterior triangles of the neck?
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SCM
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What are the boundaries of the anterior triangle?
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midline of neck, anterior border of SCM, inferior border of mandible
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What are the boundaries of the submental triangle?
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midline of neck, anterior belly of digastric, body of hyoid
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What is contained within the submental triangle?
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submental lymph nodes
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What are the boundaries of the submandibular triangle?
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anterior & posterior bellies of digastric mm, inferior border of mandible
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What is contained within the submandibular triangle?
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submandibular gland, hypoglossal n, submandibular lymph nodes
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What are the boundaries of the carotid triangle?
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anterior border of SCM, superior belly of omohyoid, posterior belly of digastric
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What is contained within the carotid triangle?
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IJV, vagus n, hypoglossal n, cervical sympathetic trunk
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What are the boundaries of the muscular triangle?
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body of hyoid bone, midline of neck, anterior border of SCM and superior border of omohyoid
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What is contained within the muscular triangle?
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infrahyoid muscles, thyroid gland, trachea, esophagus
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What are the boundaries of the posterior triangle?
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posterior border of SCM, anterior border of trapezius, middle 1/3 of clavicle
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What crosses the posterior triangle to make the subclavian triangle? What is contained in this triangle?
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inferior belly of omohyoid, jugular vein enters subclavian vein here
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What is contained within the posterior triangle?
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accessory nerve, occipital artery, cervical lymph nodes, brachial plexus, 3rd part of subclavian artery
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What features are derived from the 1st (mandibular) arch?
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mandibular division of Trigeminal n, muscles of mastication, incus, malleus, sphenomandibular ligament, portion of mandible
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What features are derived from the 2nd (hyoid) arch?
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Facial n, muscles of facial expression, posterior belly of digastric, stylohyoid, stapedius, stapes, styloid process, stylohyoid ligament, lesser horn and upper body of hyoid bone
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What features are derived from the 3rd arch?
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glossopharyngeal n, stylopharyngeus, greater horn and lower portion of the body of the hyoid
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What features are derived form the 4th through 6th arches?
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Vagus n, superior laryngeal branch, recurrent laryngeal branch, cricothyroid, levator veli palatini, constrictors of the pharynx, intrinsic muscles of larynx, laryngeal cartilages
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Within which fascia are the superficial veins contained?
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superficial fascia
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What is an emissary vein?
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small vein through which blood can escape from vessels/sinuses inside the skull to veins outside the skull
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Through what foramen does the vertebral artery travel?
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foramen magnum
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What does the suprascapular artery supply?
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dorsum of scapula
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What are the divisions of the costocervical trunk?
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highest intercostal (posterior intercostal to the 1st and 2nd ICS) deep cervical (semispinalis capitus and cervicis)
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Which carotid artery is within the carotid sheath?
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internal carotid a
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Through which foramen does the internal carotid artery enter the skull? What artery does it give rise to within the skull?
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carotid canal
ophtahlmic artery |
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Which carotid contains the carotid sinus?
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internal carotid a.
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What enters the skull via foramen spinosum?
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middle meningeal artery
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What veins does the pterygoid plexus connect with?
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facial vein via the cavernous sinus, inferior and superior ophthalmic veins and the retromandibular vein
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What veins are included in the superficial venous drainage system?
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posterior auricular v, retromandibular v, pterygoid plexus of veins, external jugular vein, anterior jugular vein, facial vein, occipital vein
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What vein(s) of the superficial venous drainage system have valves?
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external jugular vv
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What veins are included in the deep venous drainage system?
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internal jugular v, pharyngeal vv, common facial v, lingual v, superior thyroid v, inferior thyroid v, inferior jugular bulb, subclavian v, brachiocephalic v
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When the R and L inferior thyroid veins unite it is called...
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thyroid ima vein
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What triangle includes the jugulodigastric nodes?
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Carotid triangle
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Lymph in the head and neck travels from (superficial to deep/deep to superficial).
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superficial to deep
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The suboccipital nerve is the ____________ primary rami of _____.
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posterior C1
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The greater occipital nerve is the ___________ primary rami of ____.
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posterior C2
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The greater occipital nerve has cutaneous branches to __________________ and muscular branches to _______________.
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skin of occipital part of scalp
semispinalis capitus |
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The posterior primary rami of C3-C6 (medial branches) supply which muscles?
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semispinalis capitis and cervicis
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Which nerve supplies the scalp over the external occipital protuberance?
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C3 medial branch of posterior primary ramus, occipital tertius
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What is the cervical plexus formed by?
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anterior primary rami of C1, 2, 3, &4
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What is the motor distribution of the cervical plexus?
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geniohyoid, infrahyoid, and anterior vertebral mm
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What is the sensory distribution of the cervical plexus?
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skin posterior and superior to the ear, over the anterior and lateral neck and over the area above the clavicle
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What anterior primary rami make up the brachial plexus?
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5,6,7,8 and T1
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The superior root of ansa cervicalis is derived from what?
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loop between C1 & C2
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The inferior root of the ansa cervicalis is formed from branches from what levels?
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C2&C3
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Name the nerves that arise from ansa cervicalis?
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omohyoid nerves, sternothyroid nerve, sternohyoid nerve, thyrohyoid nerve and geniohyoid nerve
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What level(s) does the great auricular nerve arise from?
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C2 & C3
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What level(s) does the lesser occipital nerve arise from?
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C2
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What level(s) does the transverse cervical nerve arise from?
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C2 & C3
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From what level(s) do the supraclavicular nerves arise? What are the branches?
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C3 & C4
Medial, intermediate, lateral branches |
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What provides motor innervation to the SCM?
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Accessory nerve, branches from C2
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What provides motor innervation to the trapezius?
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C3 & C4 fibers
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What does the great auricular nerve innervate?
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skin over mastoid process, lower part of auricle, and over parotid gland and angle of mandible
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What does the lesser occipital nerve innervate?
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skin behind and above the ear and upper portion of cranial surface of the auricle of the ear
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What does the transverse cervical nerve innervate?
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skin over anterior triangle from mandible to sternum
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What does the supraclavicular nerve innervate?
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skin over base of neck and upper sternum, over pec major as low as 3rd rib, over shoulder as far as the distal 1/3 of the deltoid
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The branches off of the superior cervical ganglion contain which type of fibers?
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Postganglionic Sympathetic Fibers
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What are the branches off the superior cervical ganglion?
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To internal carotid plexus, to glossopharyngeal, vagus, and hypoglossal nerves, pharyngeal, laryngeal, and thyroid branches, branches to external carotid and its branches, superior cardiac branches
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Everything in the head and neck that receives sympathetic innervation receives it from what common structure?
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superior cervical ganglion
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Where is the middle cervical ganglion typically located?
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at level of cricoid cartilage
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The superior cervical ganglion receives communication from what cervical spinal nerves? The middle? The inferior?
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C1-C4, C5 & C6, C7-T1
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What are the branches of the inferior cervical ganglion?
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inferior cardiac branches and visceral branches to trachea, esophagus, & lungs
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What provides sensory information to the skin over the external occipital protuberance?
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Occipital tertius
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Is the ansa cervicalis motor or sensory?
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all MOTOR
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All preganglionic fibers arriving in the cervical sympathetic trunk arise from what levels?
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C8-T2
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What are the layers of dura mater in the cranial cavity?
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Endosteal layer, meningeal layer
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What does the falx cerebri separate?
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central hemispheres
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What does the tentorium cerebelli separate?
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occipital lobes and the cerebellum
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What does the falx cerebelli separate?
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cerebellar hemispheres
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The superior sagittal sinus runs from where to where?
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foramen cecum to internal occipital protuberance
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The inferior sagittal sinus is a feature of what specialization of dura?
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falx cerebri
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The straight sinus is a continuation of the ________ _____ ________.
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inferior sagittal sinus
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What does the confluence of sinuses connect?
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superior sagittal, straight, occipital, and transverse sinuses
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What features does the superior petrosal sinus connect?
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cavernous sinus to transverse sinuses
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What sinuses drain into the IJV?
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sigmoid and inferior petrosal sinuses
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What cranial nerves are in the outer wall of the cavernous sinuses?
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Oculomotor, trochlear, ophthalmic and maxillary divisions of trigeminal
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What structures pass through the cavernous sinus?
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internal carotid artery and abducens nerve
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Which cranial nerves are entirely sensory?
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olfactory, optic, and vestibulocochlear
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Which cranial nerves are entirely voluntary motor?
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oculomotor, trochlear, abducens, accessory, and hypoglossal
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Which cranial nerves are mixed?
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trigeminal, facial, glossopharyngeal, and vagus
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The olfactory nerve has filaments passing through the _________ _____ of the ________ ________.
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cribiform plate of the ethmoid bone
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The optic nerve is actually not a nerve, but a ______________.
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Tract of the brain
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Where is the optic canal located? What nerve runs through it?
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Lesser wing of sphenoid, optic nerve
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The oculomotor nerve contains...
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voluntary motor fibers to: levator palpebrae, superior rectus, medial rectus, inferior rectus, inferior oblique. Preganglionic parasympathetic fibers to ciliary mm of eye and pupil constrictors
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Preganglionic parasympathetic fibers originating in CN III synapse in...
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ciliary ganglion
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What fibers does the trochlear nerve contain?
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voluntary motor neurons to the superior oblique
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Axons from the trochlear nerve exit the skull via...
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superior orbital fissure
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What are the divisions of the trigeminal nerve?
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Ophthalmic, maxillary, mandibular divisions
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What are the branches of the ophthalmic nerve? What foramen do they pass through the skull?
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nasociliary, frontal, lacrimal. superior orbital fissure
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Sensory fibers to the trigeminal nerve pass through which ganglion?
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Semilunar (Gasserion) ganglion
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What is the sensory innervation to the eye? Describe the path returning to the cranial nerve.
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sensory fibers from the eye pass through the long ciliary nerve to the nasociliary nerve. This converges into the ophthalmic nerve. After passing through the superior orbital fissure they contain cell bodies in the semilunar ganglion before entering the Trigeminal nerve
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The supraorbital and supratrochlear branches arise from what nerve? What do they innervate?
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Frontal nerve (Ophthalmic division of Trigeminal). Supply skin of forehead, scalp, and upper eyelid
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What nerve contains sensory fibers from the upper eyelid and also postganglionic parasympathetic fibers to the lacrimal gland?
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Lacrimal nerve (Ophthalmic division of Trigeminal)
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Postganglionic parasympathetic fibers to the lacrimal gland have their cell bodies in which ganglion?
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pterygopalatine ganglion
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Other than giving rise to the long ciliary nerves, the __________ nerve has sensory fibers from.....
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nasociliary. sphenoid sinus, ethmoid air cells, mucosa of anterior nasal cavity, skin of eyelids and side of nose and skin on dorsum of nose to the tip
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Parasympathetic postganglionic neurons to the eye have cell bodies in...
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ciliary ganglion
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Parasympathetic preganglionic neurons to the lacrimal gland originate in which nerve?
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facial nerve
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What structures pass through the superior orbital fissure?
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CN 3, CN 4, ophthalmic division of CN 5, CN 6 and the superior ophthalmic vein.
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Parasympathetic postganglionic neurons to the lacrimal gland contain cell bodies in which ganglion?
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pterygopalatine ganglion
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What is the terminal branch of the maxillary nerve? What foramen does it pass through?
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Infraorbital nerve, through infraorbital foramen
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The maxillary nerve passes through what structure to reach the pterygopalatine fossa?
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foramen rotundum
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The maxillary nerve contains sensory fibers from...
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upper teeth, palate, nasal cavity, maxillary sinus (infraorbital nerve from skin over cheek and nose)
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The maxillary division contains parasympathetic postganglionic fibers from....
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The pterygopalatine ganglion (fibers originated in facial nerve)
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What do the parasympathetic postganglionic nerves carried in the maxillary division innervate?
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glands located in the mucosa of the nasal cavity and palate.
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Name the boney sinuses and their innervation.
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Frontal, Ethmoid, Sphenoid- ophthalmic
Maxillary- maxillary |
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The mandibular division of the trigeminal is a __________ nerve.
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Mixed
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The mandibular division exits the skull via which foramen?
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foramen ovale
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The mandibular division contains motor fibers to...
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muscles of mastication (masseter, pterygoids, temporalis), mylohyoid, anterior belly of digastric, tensory tympani, tensor veli palatini
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What are the sensory branches of the mandibular division?
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Buccal, lingual, inferior alveolar, auriculotemporal
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What provides sensation to the cheek over the buccinator muscle?
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buccal nerve of the mandibular division of the trigeminal n
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What supplies the anterior 2/3 of the tongue?
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lingual nerve via the mandibular division of the trigeminal nerve
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The chorda tympani hooks a ride with which nerve?
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lingual nerve of the mandibular division
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What fibers does the chorda tympani contain?
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taste from ant 2/3 of tongue, parasympathetic preganglionic nerves to the sublingual and submandibular salivary glands
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Parasympathetic innervation to the submandibular and salivary glands originated where? What ganglion did they synapse in?
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Facial nerve, synapsing in the submandibular ganglion
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What supplies the lower teeth and gums?
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inferior alveolar n via the mandibular division of trigeminal
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The inferior alveolar nerve passes through which foramen? to become which nerve? Which supplies what?
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mental foramen, to become the mental nerve which supplies the skin of the chin and lower lip
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Which nerve splits around the middle meningeal artery? What does it supply?
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auriculotemporal nerve, innervates auricle and the area anterior to the ear
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The auriculotemporal nerve contains postganglionic parasympathetic fibers to where? from where?
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to the parotid gland from the otic ganglion (CN IX)
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What is the function of the abducens nerve? Where does it leave the skull?
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Motor to lateral rectus muscle. Exits skull via superior orbital fissure
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Describe the path of the facial nerve (before it divides into its major branches).
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Originates in the brainstem and enters the internal acoustic meatus, passes through the facial canal to exit the skull via the stylomastoid foramen to enter the parotid gland.
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What comes off of the facial nerve within the facial canal?
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greater petrosal nerve, nerve to stapedius muscle, and chorda tympani
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The facial nerve contains motor fibers to...
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occipitalis, posterior auricular, stylohyoid, posterior belly of digastric, muscles of facial expression
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The facial nerve contains preganglionic parasympathetic branches in which divisions? To what structures?
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greater petrosal nerve to lacrimal gland and glands of nasal and palatine mucose. chorda tympani to provide taste to ant 2/3 of tongue and innervation to sublingual and submandibular salivary glands
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The chorda tympani exits the cranium via what structure?
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petrotympanic fissure
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CN VIII is the ____________ nerve. It is a __________ nerve responsible for ____________ & ______________. It passes through the _____________________.
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Vestibulocochlear nerve, sensory, hearing and balance, internal acoustic meatus
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What foramen does the glossopharynegeal nerve pass through?
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jugular foramen
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The glossopharyngeal nerve provides motor fibers to which muscle?
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stylopharyngeaus
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The glossopharyngeal nerve provides sensory fibers to...
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mucosa of pharynx, palatine tonsil, carotid sinus and carotid body, auditory tube, middle ear, general sensory and taste to posterior 1/3 of tongue, afferent limb of the gag reflex
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Parasympathetic fibers originating in the glossopharyngeal nerve branch to _________________ nerve which exits via ______________ to synapse in the ______________ ganglion. The postsynaptic fibers hook a ride with the ___________ nerve to the _____________.
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lesser petrosal nerve, foramen ovale, otic ganglion, auriculotemporal nerve (of mandibular division), parotid gland
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Describe the sensory and taste innervation of the tongue.
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The tongue has sensory fibers in the anterior 2/3 from the lingual nerve, and the post 1/3 from the glossopharyngeal. The tongue has taste fibers in the anterior 2/3 from chorda tympani, in posterior 1/3 from glossopharyngeal.
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The vagus nerve provides motor innervation to...
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muscles of the soft palate, pharyngeal constrictors and larynx, efferent limb of the gag reflex
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What are the branches of the vagus nerve in the neck?
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superior laryngeal nerve, recurrent laryngeal nerves
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The internal branch of the superior laryngeal nerve contains what fibers? Where does it enter the larynx?
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sensory to the larynx above the vocal folds, afferent limb of the cough reflex. Enters through thyrohyoid membrane
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The external branch of the superior laryngeal nerve contains what fibers?
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motor innervation to the cricothyroid m
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The recurrent laryngeal nerves contain what fibers?
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sensory to the larynx below the vocal folds, motor to laryngeal muscles
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The spinal accessory nerve contains motor fibers to which muscles?
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SCM and trapezius
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The portion of the spinal accessory nerve innervating the trapezius passes through which triangle?
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posterior triangle
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The hypoglossal nerve contains motor fibers to what muscles?
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intrinsic and extrinsic muscles of the tongue except the palatoglossus
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Through which foramen does the hypoglossal nerve exit the skull?
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hypoglossal foramen
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Fibers from which spinal nerve hitch a ride with the hypoglossal nerve?
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C1
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The ciliary ganglion contains presynaptic parasympathetics from CN ___, innervating ______________________.
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III, pupillary sphincter and ciliary muscles
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The pterygopalatine ganglion contains presynaptic parasympathetics from CN ______, innervating ___________________.
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VII, lacrimal, nasal, and palatine glands
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The submandibular ganglion contains presynaptic parasympathetics from CN _____, innervating ______________________.
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VII, sublingual and submandibular glands
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The otic ganglion contains presynaptic parasympathetics from CN ____, innervating _____________.
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IX, parotid gland
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Parasympathetic postsynaptic fibers to the intrinsic eye muscles travel in the ____________ nerves.
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short ciliary
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Postsynaptic parasympathetic fibers to the nasal and palatine mucosal glands travel in ______________.
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Branches of the maxillary division
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Postsynaptic parasympathetic fibers to the lacrimal gland travel in __________________.
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Lacrimal branch of ophthalmic n.
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Postsynaptic parasympathetic fibers to the parotid gland travel in _____________.
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auriculotemporal n.
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The muscles of mastication are innervated by....
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Mandibular division of trigeminal n
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Muscles of facial expression are innervated by...
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Facial n
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Muscles of the tongue are innervated by.......
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hypoglossal n. EXCEPT palatoglossus (vagus)
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Muscles of the palate are innervated by...
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Vagus n, EXCEPT tensor veli palatini (mandibular division)
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Muscles of the pharynx are innervated by....
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Vagus n, EXCEPT stylopharyngeus (glossopharyngeal)
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Muscles of the larynx are innervated by...
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recurrent laryngeal n, EXCEPT cricothyroid m (external branch of superior laryngeal n)
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The C1 ventral ramus innervates...
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geniohyoid and thyrohyoid mm
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The ansa cervicalis comes off which spinal nerves? and innervates which muscles?
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C1C2C3, sternohyoid, sternothyroid, omohyoid
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The mylohyoid is innervated by
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Mandibular division
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The stylohyoid is innervated by
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Facial n
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The posterior and anterior bellies of the digastric m are innervated by
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facial n, mandibular division
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What are the 3 muscles off of the styloid process? What are their innervations?
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Stylohyoid- facial, styloglossus- hypoglossal, stylopharyngeus- glossopharyngeal
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What are the muscles associated with the middle ear? What are their innervations?
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stapedius- facial, tensor tympani- mandibular division
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What passes through the supraorbital foramen (notch)?
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supraorbital nerve and vessels
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What passes through the superior orbital fissure?
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CN 3, 4, ophthalmic division of 5, 6, superior ophthalmic v
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What passes through the optic canal?
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CN 2 and ophthalmic a
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What passes through the inferior orbital fissure?
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infraorbital nerve and vessels
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What passes through the infraorbital foramen?
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infraorbital nerve and vessels
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What passes through the mandibular foramen?
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inferior alveolar nerve and vessels
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What passes through the infraorbital foramen?
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infraorbital nerve and vessels
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What passes through the mental foramen?
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Mental nerve and vessels
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What passes through the incisive foramen?
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nasopalatine n and vessels
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What passes through the mandibular foramen?
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inferior alveolar nerve and vessels
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What passes through the greater palatine foramen?
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greater palatine n and vessels
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What passes through the mental foramen?
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Mental nerve and vessels
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What passes through the lesser palatine foramen?
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lesser palatine n and vessels
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What passes through the incisive foramen?
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nasopalatine n and vessels
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What passes through the foramen rotundum?
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Maxillary division
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What passes through the greater palatine foramen?
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greater palatine n and vessels
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What passes through the infraorbital foramen?
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infraorbital nerve and vessels
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What passe though the pterygomaxillary fissure?
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maxillary artery
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What passes through the lesser palatine foramen?
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lesser palatine n and vessels
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What passes through the mandibular foramen?
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inferior alveolar nerve and vessels
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What passes through the pterygopalatine fossa?
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maxillary artery, maxillary division
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What passes through the foramen rotundum?
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Maxillary division
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What passes through the mental foramen?
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Mental nerve and vessels
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What passes through the foramen ovale?
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Mandibular division, lesser petrosal n
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What passes though the pterygomaxillary fissure?
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maxillary artery
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What passes through the incisive foramen?
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nasopalatine n and vessels
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What passes through the pterygopalatine fossa?
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maxillary artery, maxillary division
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What passes through the greater palatine foramen?
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greater palatine n and vessels
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What passes through the foramen ovale?
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Mandibular division, lesser petrosal n
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What passes through the lesser palatine foramen?
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lesser palatine n and vessels
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What passes through the foramen rotundum?
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Maxillary division
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What passes though the pterygomaxillary fissure?
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maxillary artery
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What passes through the pterygopalatine fossa?
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maxillary artery, maxillary division
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What passes through the foramen ovale?
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Mandibular division, lesser petrosal n
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What passes through the foramen spinosum?
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middle meningeal a
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What passes through the foramen lacerum?
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cartilage, greater petrosal n
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What passes through the carotid canal?
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internal carotid a
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What passes through the external acoustic meatus?
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tympanic membrane located between external and middle ear
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What passes through the internal acoustic meatus?
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CN7,CN8
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What passes through the stylomastoid foramen?
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main trunk of CN7
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What passes through the petrotympanic fissure?
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chorda tympani
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What passes through the jugular foramen?
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IJV, CN 9,10,11
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What passes through foramen magnum?
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spinal cord, CN 9 (spinal roots), vertebral artery
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What passes through the hypoglossal canal?
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CN XII
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What passes through the condylar canal?
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Emissary vein
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What is contained within the fibrous layer of the eye?
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Cornea and sclera
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What is contained within the vascular layer of the eye?
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Choroid, ciliary body, iris
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The anterior chamber is between...
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cornea and iris
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The posterior chamber is between...
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iris and lens
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What holds the lens in place?
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suspensory ligaments
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What is behind the lens?
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Vitreous chamber containing vitreous body
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What gives support to the eyelid? What layer is it in?
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Tarsus, tarsofacial layer
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What opens to the lacrimal canals?
|
lacrimal papilla
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Which muscle elevates the upper eyelid?
|
levator palpebrae superioris
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What is the function of the lateral rectus? The medial rectus?
|
abduction adduction
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What is the function of the superior rectus?
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elevation, adduction, nasalward rotation
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What is the function of the inferior rectus?
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depression adduction, temporalward rotation
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What is the function of the superior oblique?
|
depression, abduction, nasalward rotation
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What is the function of the inferior oblique?
|
elevation, abduction, temporalward rotation
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The ophthalmic veins end in _______________
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the cavernous sinus
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What 3 arteries supply the ear?
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superficial temporal a, maxillary a, posterior auricular a
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What 3 nerves supply the ear?
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great auricular n, auriculotemporal n, lesser occipital n
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The auditory tube connects the middle ear to...
|
the nasopharynx
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What is the vermillion border?
|
border of colored part of lips
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The cementum is continuous with...
|
tooth enamel
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What is the motor innervation the soft palate?
|
vagus n, EXCEPT tensor veli palatini (CN V- mandibular division)
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What is the sensory innervation of the soft palate?
|
Maxillary division of CN V
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Which muscle forms the palatine aponeurosis?
|
tensor veli palatini
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What are the types of taste buds?
|
filiform, fungiform, circumvallate and foliate papillae
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What lingual papilla doesn't contain taste buds?
|
filiform
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Which lingual papillae borders the sulcus terminalis?
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circumvallate
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Which type of ligual papilla is best developed in infants?
|
foliate
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What are the types of tonsils? Where are they located?
|
Lingual- post 1/3 of tongue
Pharyngeal- Nasopharynx |
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What is deep to the median sulcus?
|
lingual septum
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What are the extrinsic muscles of the tongue and their functions?
|
Genioglossus- protrudes
Hyoglossus- depresses Styloglossus- retracts Palatoglossus- elevates |
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What are the intrinsic muscles of the tongue and their functions?
|
Superior and inferior longitudinal- curl tip of tongue
Transverse- narrow and increase height of tongue Vertical- increase length of tongue |
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What is the motor innervation of the tongue muscles?
|
Hypoglossal n, EXCEPT palatoglossus- Vagus n
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What supplies the tongue vascularly?
|
Lingual a (dorsal lingual branches) and Deep lingual v and lingual vv
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The constrictors of the pharynx are supplied by ______________ n for sensory, ______________ n for motor
|
Glossopharyngeal, Vagus
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Where is the cricopharyngeal sphincter located?
|
at the end of the laryngopharynx and beginning of the esophagus
|
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To what cartilage do the vocal folds attach?
|
arytenoid cartilage
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What is the slit between the vocal folds?
|
rima glottidis
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Where do the posterior ethmoid sinuses enter the nasal cavity?
|
superior meatus
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Where do the sphenoid sinuses open into the nasal cavity?
|
sphenoethmoidal recess posterior to the superior concha
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Where do the frontal sinuses enter the nasal cavity?
|
Into the middle meatus (infundibulum) via the frontonasal duct
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Where do the middle ethmoid sinuses enter the nasal cavity?
|
on the ethmoid bulla in the middle meatus
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Where do the frontal, anterior ethmoid and maxillary sinuses open into the nasal cavity?
|
semilunar hiatus
|
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Where does the nasolacrimal duct enter into the nasal cavity?
|
anterior portion of the inferior meatus
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Where is the sphenopalatine foramen located? What enters the nasal cavity here?
|
just posterior to the middle concha, nasopalatine nn and sphenopalatine vessels
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What is the nasal septum formed by?
|
septal cartilage anteriorly, vomer posteroinferiorly, perpendicular plate of the ethmoid superiorly
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The anterior portion of the nasal cavity is chiefly innervated by?
|
Ophthalmic division of CN V
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The posterior portion of the nasal cavity is chiefly innervated by...
|
Maxillary division of CN V
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The anterior part of the septum is vascularly supplied by... the posterior...
|
anterior/posterior ethmoidal aa of the ophthalmic a., sphenopalatine a of the maxillary a
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What is the most common site of significant nose bleeds?
|
Kiesselbach's area
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