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85 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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urorectal septum
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divides cloaca into the rectum and urogenital sinus
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pectinate line
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demarcates where the rectum ends and the anal canal begins
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lymphatic/venous drainage with regard to the pectinate line?
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above: via portal system
below: via IVC |
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3 branches of hepatic portal vein
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superior mesenteric vein,
inferior mesenteric vein, splenic vein |
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azygos vein
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transports deoxy blood from posterior walls of thorax and abdomen, empties into SVC, on RIGHT side of body
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hemizygos vein
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drains deoxy blood from posterior intercostal veins, on LEFT side
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liver drainage system
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goes through hepatic veins into IVC (--> RA)
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hepatic portal vein
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formed by splenic vein and SMV, drains blood from digestive system
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portacaval anastamoses
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connection of streams of blood vessels between veins of portal and systemic circulation
-esophageal -paraumbilical -rectal -retroperitoneal |
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what does the celiac trunk branch into?
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common hepatic artery and splenic artery
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4 signs of portal hypertension
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-esophageal varices
-hemorrhoids -caput medusae -portwine stain in retroperitoneum |
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anencephaly
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failure of cranial part of neural tube to close
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spina bifida
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failure of chordal part of neural tube to close
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persistent cloaca
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confluence of rectum, vagina, and urethra into a single common channel; occurs when there is no differentiation during hindgut development
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liver mesenteries
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lesser omentum, falciform and coronary ligaments
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stomach mesenteries
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lesser and greater omentum, hepatoduodenal hepatogastric ligament
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small intestine mesenteries
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"the mesentery" (jejunum and ileum)
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large intestine mesenteries
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transverse and sigmoid mesocolons
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falciform ligament
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remnant of ventral mesentery of liver
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intraperitoneal
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surrounded/suspended by mesentery with visceral peritoneum on surface
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retroperitoneal
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behind or outside of the parietal peritoneum (*rectum and esophagus only)
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secondarily retroperitoneal
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initally intraperitoneal, but as mesenteries adhere to parietal peritoneum, organs fuse and become retroperitoneal
*asc/desc colon, duodenum, pancreas |
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thorax
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pharynx, esophagus, larynx, trachea, lungs
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abdomen
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stomach and proximal half of duodenum, liver, gall bladder, pancreas
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fundus of stomach
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uppermost left portion of stomach that allows for accumulation of gases during digestion
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gastroesophageal junction
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between stomach and duodenum
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duodenal papilla
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duct through which bile enters to facilitate digestion
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midgut components
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distal half of duodenum
jejunum, ileum cecum, appendix, asc. colon, transverse colon to left colic flexure |
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differences between jejunum and ileum
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jejunum: first 40%, larger diameter, thicker walls, more vascular
ileum: next 60%, thinner walls, less vascular |
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hindgut components
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-distal 1/3 transverse colon (at left colic flexure)
-desc. colon -sigmoid -rectum/anal canal |
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circulation of the gut
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foregut: celiac trunk
midgut: superior mesenteric artery hindgut: inferior mesenteric artery |
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the midgut is served by what blood supply?
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superior mesenteric artery
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collateral circulation of lesser curvature of stomach
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CT
left gastric right gastric common hepatic CT |
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collateral circulation of greater curvature of stomach
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CT
splenic left gastroepiploic right gastroepiploic gastroduodenal common hepatic CT |
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collateral circulation of celiac trunk with SMA
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CT
common hepatic gastroduodenal superior pancreaticoduodenal inferior pancreaticoduodenal SMA |
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collateral circulation of SMA with SMA
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marginal artery
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collateral circulation of SMA with IMA
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SMA
middle colic left colic IMA |
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collateral circulation of IMA with internal iliac artery
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IMA
superior rectal inferior rectal internal pudendal internal iliac artery |
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sympathetic innervation to foregut
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T5-9
note: right/left greater splanchnic nerves, celiac ganglia, celiac trunk |
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sympathetic innervation to midgut
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T10-12
note: lesser/least splanchnic nerves, superior mesenteric ganglion |
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sympathetic innervation to hindgut
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L1-2
note: lumbar splanchnic nerves, inferior mesenteric ganglion, artery and plexus |
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Hirschprung's disease
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failure of neural crest cells to migrate down large intestine
feature: extremely swollen belly, lack of enteric ganglia |
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difference between sex vs. gender
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sex: physical anatomy/biology
gender: psychosocial construct, what's "in your head" |
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why do anomalies of sex/gender often affect both the reproductive and urinary systems?
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they are located quite close together in the intermediate mesoderm
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words about the early-->late kidney development?
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pronephros --> mesonephros --> metanephros
mesonephric duct eventually closes in females; becomes vas deferens in males *no interaction between mesonephros and metanephric bud |
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metanephric development
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forms in pelvis, grows upwards into posterior part of abdomen
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three levels at which sex is determined in males
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-gonad (testis)
-genital ducts (vas deferens and seminal vesicles) -external genitalia (penis, scrotum) |
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three levels at which sex is determined in females
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-gonad (ovary)
-genital ducts (uterus, tubes, vagina) -external genitalia (labia majora/minora, clitoris) |
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TDF
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testis determining factor, determines whether or not you're going to have testes or ovaries
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hypospadias
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when folds on the underside of the penis do not close --> urine/sperm can dribble out
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3 elements of male development
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-MIF: inhibits female ducts
-testosterone: masculinizes male DUCTS in utero; masculinizes external genitalia at puberty -DHT: masculinizes genitalia in utero |
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female pseudohermaphrodite
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ovary with male phenotype
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male pseudohermaphrodite
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testis with female phenotype
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CAGS
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congenital adrenogenital syndrome
most common intersex condition, and a result of adrenal hyperplasia (too much or too little production of sex hormones) |
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5-alpha reductase
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converts testosterone to DHT, which masculinizes genitalia in utero
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testicular feminization
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androgen insensitivity
lack receptors for testosterone, which is why the steroid hormone is not recognized |
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what is the boundary between pelvis and perineum?
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pelvic diaphragm
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3 holes from top down on pelvic diagram?
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-anal canal
-vagina -urethra |
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components of the deep pouch
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urogenital diaphragm
-superior and inferior fascae muscles -deep transverse perinei -sphincter urethrae |
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superficial pouch in males
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erectile tissue
-corpus spongiosum (bulb) -corpus cavernosum (crura) muscles -superficial transverse perinei -bulbospongiosus -ischiocavernosus |
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superficial pouch in females
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bulbs of vestibule
crura of clitoris muscles: -superficial transverse perinei -bulbospongiosus -ischiocavernosus |
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deep to superficial
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-levator ani
-anterior recess of ischiorectal fossa -deep pouch -superficial pouch -colles' fascia -fat |
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components of sexual function
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-erection (parasymp)
-emission (sympathetic) -ejaculation (somatic) |
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pudendal nerve
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sensory nerve of the perineum
derives fibers from S2-S4 |
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what are the two involuntary striated muscles that the UG diaphragm covers?
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deep transverse perineal
sphincter urethrae |
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features of the male pelvis
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-cavity is funnel-shaped
-pelvic inlet is heart-shaped -tuberosities/spines directed inward toward pelvic cavity -greater sciatic notch is acute -deep true pelvis -narrow subpubic angle |
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features of female pelvis
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-pelvic cavity is cylindrical
-pelvic inlet is oval -ischial tuberosities/spines are everted -wide greater sciatic notch -true pelvis is wide and shallow -obtuse subpubic angle |
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components of pelvic walls
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obturator internus and piriformis
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components of pelvic diaphragm
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levator ani
-puborectalis -pubococcygeus -iliococcygeus coccygeus |
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name of presynaptic nerves (symp & parasymp)
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symp: lumbar & sacral splanchnics
parasymp: pelvic splanchnics |
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site of synapse in pelvis
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inf/sup hypogastric plexuses
inferior mesenteric plexus (occur in same place for symp/parasymp, but for the latter it's always in the walls of the targets) |
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what are the two components of the bilaminar disc?
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epiblast and hypoblast
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what two structures arise from the lateral plate mesoderm?
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splanchnopleur (endoderm, visceral pleura, autonomic innervation)
somatopleur (ectoderm, parietal pleura, somatic innervation) |
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what is the rotation of the stomach?
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90 degrees around its own longitudinal axis
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what is the rotation of the midgut?
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270 degrees, as it herniates outside of the abdomen
*SMA is its axis |
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what is the intra-embryonic coelom?
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the space between the mesodermal layers (splanchno/somatopleurs), which forms the pleural, pericardial, and peritoneal cavities
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what is an annular pancreas?
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two ventral buds that migrate in different directions around the duodenum during the first 90 degree rotation
--> duodenum strangling! |
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what can stenosis of the duodenum result from?
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failure of recanalization of gut lumen in area of duodenum
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describe sympathetic innervation to the foregut
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T5-T9
follow greater splanchnic n's synapse on celiac ganglion get to organs via br's of CT |
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describe sympathetic innervation to the midgut
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T10-T12
follow lesser/least splanchnic n's synapse on SM ganglion get to organs via br's of SMA |
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describe sympathetic innervation of the hindgut
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L1-L2
lumbar splanchnic n's synapse on IM ganglion get to organs via br's of IMA |
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describe parasympathetic innervation of the hindgut
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S2-S4
pass thru celiac plexus get to organs via br's of CT synapse near organ |
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why are external hemorrhoids much more painful than internal?
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autonomic-somatic innervation switches at pectinate line; somatic pain is far more intense than autonomic (internal)
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indirect/congenital hernia
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lateral to inferior epigastrics through spermatic cord
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direct hernia
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medial to inferior epigastrics through Hasselbach's triangle
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