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37 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Two main tributaries to the superior vena cava
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1) Right brachiocephalic vein
2) Left brachiocephalic vein |
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Where do the right and left brachiocephalic veins join the SVC?
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Posterior to the right first costal cartilage
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Where does the superior vena cava join the right atrium?
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Third right costal cartilage
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Do the brachiocephalic veins and superior vena cava have valves?
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NO
-They do not possess any functioning valves |
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Main tributaries of the brachiocephalic veins are
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1) Subclavian
2) Internal jugular veins |
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What veins do the brachiocephalic veins receive (in addition to subclavian and internal jugular veins)?
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1) Internal thoracic veins
2) Pericardiacophrenic veins 3) Vertebral veins 4) Left and right highest intercostal veins 5) LEFT superior intercostal vein |
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3 main branches of the aortic arch
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1) Brachiocephalic trunk
2) Left common carotid artery 3) Left subclavian artery |
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Brachiocephalic trunk gives rise to what arteries?
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1) Right subclavian
2) Right common carotid arteries |
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Aortic arch ends at the level of...
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2nd costal cartilage (T4/T5)
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What is an aortic aneurysm?
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Weakness of the aorta can lead to dilation
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Ligamentum arteriosum connects...
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Inferior surface of the aortic arch and the left pulmonary artery
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Ligamentum arteriosum is the remains of the...
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Ductus arteriosus
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Like all blood vessels, the aorta is composed of three layers
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1) Intima
2) Media 3) Adventitia |
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What is a dissecting aortic aneurysm?
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Blood flows into a defect in the intima. The adventita separates from the media and intima and the aneurysm may spread along the length of the aorta. The aortic wall is weakened and enlarges.
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The pulmonary arteries are anterior or posterior to the ascending aorta?
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Posterior
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What was the function of the ductus arteriosus?
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Provide a route of blood flow that bypassed the pulmonary circulation in the fetus.
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What is patent ductus arteriosus?
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A patent or open ductus arteriosus
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Coarctation of the aorta is
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-Contractile tissue of the ductus arteriosus extends into the aortic arch
-Aortic arch becomes constricted |
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Without correction of coarctation of the aorta, blood may use collateral routes through...
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Posterior intercostal arteries
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Phrenic nerves are derived from...
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C3-C5 (ventral rami)
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Phrenic nerves innervate
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Diaphragm
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Vagus nerve gives rise to...
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Right and left recurrent laryngeal nerves
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What does ligamenta flava do?
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Join laminae of adjacent vertebral arches
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Spinous processes of adjacent vertebrae are joined by...
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1) Interspinous ligaments
2) Supraspinous ligaments (from C7 to the sacrum) |
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What is the narrowing caudal end of the spinal cord called?
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Conus medullaris
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At birth, the conus medullaris is at what level?
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L2/L3 intervertebral disc level
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After growth, the spinal cord ends up at what level?
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L1/L2 intervertebral disc level
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At what level do the dural sac and arachnoid mater end up?
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S2
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What does the filum terminale do?
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Anchors the spinal cord by extending from the conus medullaris to the end of the dural sac at vertebral level S2
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Where is the cervical enlargement?
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C4-T1
-Ventral rami that form the brachial plexus arise from this region |
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Where is the lumbosacral enlargement?
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T11-L1
-Ventral rami that make up the lumbar and sacral plexuses that innervate the lower limbs arise from here |
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Where is a lumbar puncure or spinal tap performed?
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L3/L4 (L4/L5)
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What is the supracristal line?
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-Superficial line for identifying point for lumbar puncture
-Line that connects the most superior points of the iliac crests |
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What is a spinal block?
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-Anesthetic agent injected directly into the subarachnoid space at L3/L4
-Anesthetizing everything inferior the the waist |
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When is epidural anesthesia used?
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-Childbirth and cesarean sections
-Direct effect on the spinal nerve roots of the cauda equina -Caudal epidural enters the sacral hiatus |
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Spinal arteries supplying the vertebrae include:
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1) Vertebral arteries in the neck
2) Posterior intercostal arteries in the thorax 3) Lumbar and subcostal arteries in the abdomen |
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What type of joints are between vertebrae?
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Synovial joints
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