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72 Cards in this Set

  • Front
  • Back
primary curvatures developed during fetal life due to the flexed position? which direction?
thoracic and sacral concave in the anterior/kyhposes direction
1st secondary curvature of spine? when developed?
cervical curve develops at 3-4 months when baby can pick up head
2nd secondary curvature of spine? when developed?
Lumbar curvature develops around 9-10 months when child starts to stand
Lordotic curve
convex anteriorly

pathological levels make pt look like they are sticking their chest out
Kyphotic curve
convcave anteriorly

pathological level makes pt look hunchback
Scoliosis
curvature of the spine in lateral direction = almost always pathological

seen in teenage females; can be corrected by swimming
Content of the vertebral canal?
Spinal cord and its blood vessels
plus the meninges and the CSF.
The 7th cervical vertebrae is called?
Vertebra Prominens.
major differences between cervical vert and others?
smaller body, larger triangular vert. foramen, transverse foramen, and most have bifid process
contents of intervertebral foramen?
transmits the nerve roots, spinal cord vessels, and contains dorsal root ganglion (DRG)
Contents of the vertebral foramen/canal?
spinal cord + meninges
spinal vessels
CSF
extensions of the pia mater from the surface of the spinal cord to the arachnoid mater that supports the spinal cord in the vert. canal?
denticulate ligaments
Epidural space is where? whats in there?
between bone/periosteum and dura mater

contains fat, vert. veins, and nerve roots
subdural space is where?
between dura mater and arachnoid mater
subarachnoid space is where? whats in there?
between arachnoid and pia maters

CSF
when the ______ is larger in specific areas in the vert. column it is referred to as _________
subarachnoid space

cisterns
lumbar cistern is where and contains what?
below the termination of the spinal cord (the medullary cone)

contains the cauda equina and filum terminale
filum terminale?
cord like extension of pia mater starting at medullary cone
The spinal cord enlarges in two places, where?
1. In the cervical area (C5-T1) which is where the brachial plexus extends from.

2. The Lumbosacral area (L2-S3) which is where the lumbosacral plexus extends from
contents of transverse foramen? C1-C6? C7?
vertebral artery; first branch of the subclavian

C7 contains accessory to vert. a.
first part of vertebra artery is from ____ to ____
from origin to the transverse foramen
second part of vertebral artery is found
found ascending through transverse foramen
third part of vertebral artery?
turns medially from posterior arch of atlas and is found in the suboccipital triangle

"forms basilar artery"
______________has no spinous process, no body, small anterior arch and a larger posterior arch. Anterior tubercle, Posterior tubercle, Large vertebral foramen, 2 lateral masses
Atlas (1st cervical V., C1)
Transverse ligament of atlas function?
Secures odontoid/dens of C2; dens allows rotation
Hangman fracture?
Hangman Fracture in the arch of axis pushes the dens posteriorly and compresses the brain stem, leading to death.

Fracture of the dens is a typical fracture of C2
Alar ligaments? pathological condition?
from dens to lateral margin of foramen magnum

Collegen problems = displacement = signs/symptoms of motor sensory problems
The presence of a cervical rib may cause a triad of disorders, which are?
A- Ischemic muscle pain due to compression
of the subclavian artery.
B- pain in the ulnar side of the forearm & hand.
C- palpable mass over the clavicle.
Lumbar puncture is done between ____ in infants

Lumbar puncture is done between ____ in adults
Lumbar puncture is done between L4-5 in infants

Lumbar puncture is done between L3-4 in adults
Intrathecal = ?
Intrathecal = into the CSF
draw the line for LP at the _______ which is the level of the _____ vertebrae.

Where is the puncture done?
draw the line for LP at the iliac crests which is the level of the ~L4vertebrae.

done above or below this line
line between two iliac crests at L4 level used for LP is known as?
intercrestial line
Zygapophysial joints
the small vertebral joints between the articular processes
outer tense part of the intervertebral disks?
Anulus Fibrosus
soft jelly-like center?
Nucleus Pulposus
nucleus pulposus is the remnant of?
remnant of the Notochord, embryonic tissue
_____________ aspect of disks are a little bit thinner and not really supported by the __________ ligament resulting in herniation
Posteriorlateral aspect of disks are a little bit thinner and not really supported by the posterior longitudal ligament resulting in herniation
When disck herniates damage is done to
To the nerves at the next vertebral level

so if L4-5 herniates L5 nerve is disrupted
Ligamentum flavum
facilitates movements
brings flexed vertebral column back to erect position
Sacral hiatus can have drugs inserted this is known as _________. Anesthetizes to the level of _____
Caudal epidural anesthesia

S2
If you give a lot it can go to S1
diagonal conjugate = ?

true conjugate = ?

what is touched when measuring?
diagonal conjugate = 13cm

true conjugate = 11.5cm

Sacral Promontory
pain in coccyx?
Coccydyna
Lumbarization?
S1 tries to detach from sacrum to become separate bone --> counting on x-ray causes it to look like L6
Sacralization?
L5 fuses with S1
Spina Bifida?
Failure of vertebral arches to form or fuse leading to meningocele or meningomyelocele
Spina bifida usually in
Usually In lumbar or sacral vertebrae
meningocele?
just meninges bulge out of the vertebral canal
meningomyelocele?
meninges plus spinal cord bulge out
spinda bifida occluta
least severe; tuft of hair; no meninges herniated
spinda bifida Cystica?
cauda equine bulges out
order of increasing serverity for spina bifidas?
occluda < cystica < menigocele < menigomyocele
Spina bifida associated with what condition?
folic acid deficiency
Congenital brevicollis?
short neck
Spondylolisthesis?
displacement of vertebrae
Hemivertebrae
one side of vert doesn't completely develop
latissimus dorsi effect on respiration?
Can compress the thoracic cage in forced expiration
Lateral group
Iliocostalis, lumborum, thoracis, cervicis
Longissimus thoracis, cervicis, capitis
Splenius crvicis and capitis
Medial group intrinsic muscles of the back?

innervation?
semispinalis thoracis, cervicis, and cepitis; multifidus; rotator brevis and longus; Interspinales, intertransverse, levatores costarum
muscles of the Suboccipital triangle? function?
Rectus capitis posterior minor muscle
Rectus capitis post. Major
Oblique capitis superior
Oblique capitis inferior

fxn: turning the head backward or
laterally.
Content of suboccipital triangle?
A- 3rd part of vertebral artery,
B- Suboccipital nerve (C1) innervating
all 3 muscles
C- Suboccipital plexus of veins
Vertebrobasilar syndrome
looking up compresses 3rd part of vert. artery/basilar artery (esp in elderly); causes fainting
spinal root of the accessory nerve CN XI and C3-C4
trapezius
thoracodorsal nerve
latissimus dorsi
dorsal scapular nerve
both rhomboids
levator scapulae
intercostal nerves
serratus posterior superior and inferior
The upper medial back/neck is innervated by?
superficially: CNXI and C3-C4 (traps)

deeper: dorsal scapular nerve, intercostal nerves, and spinal dorsal rami
the lower lateral back
superficially: thoracodorsal nerve (lats)

deeper: spinal dorsal rami
In a lumbar puncture CSF is removed from the _________ space by puncturing at the level of _________ in adults and the level of _______ in infants and adults
In a lumbar puncture CSF is removed from the subarachnoid space by puncturing at the level of L3-L4 in adults and the level of L4-L5 in infants and adults
Winged scapula:
cant lift arm above 90deg = damage to ?

CAN lift arm above 90deg = damage to ?
Winged scapula:
cant lift arm above 90deg = damage to dorsal scapular n. (rhomboids)

CAN lift arm above 90deg = damage to long thoracic n. (serratus ant.)
Bone marrow can be taken from the ______ of the inonimate bone
Bone marrow can be taken from the iliac crest of the inonimate bone
The _______ vein can be used for coronary bypass surgery
The greater saphenous vein can be used for coronary bypass surgery
The __________ muscle/tendon can be used for reconstruction
The plantaris muscle/tendon can be used for reconstruction