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284 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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What is excess ISF taken up by?
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Lymphatics
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Where is excess ISF taken up from?
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Capillary beds
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Arteriovenular function
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Limit amount of blood flowing to non-essential systems in times of stress
SNS innervation |
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What three areas are portal systems located in?
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- Hepatic
- Brain (hypophyseal) - Renal (reptiles only?) |
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What does the blood flow through to get from the atrium to the ventricle?
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Atrioventricular orifice
(NOT valve) |
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Primary function of hepatic portal system
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Helps control level of toxins
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3 characteristics of first heart sound
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- Should only hear one
- Lower pitch - Longer duration "Lub"; systole |
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3 characteristics of second heart sound
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- Should only hear one
- Higher pitch - Shorter duration "Dub"; diastole |
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What happens between the first and second heart sounds?
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Isovolumetric contraction
Systole |
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What happens between the second and first heart sounds?
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Isovolumetric relaxation
Diastole |
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Relation of heart to intercostal spaces
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Between the 3rd and 6th intercostal spaces
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What kind of tilt does the heart have?
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Caudoventral
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Where does the right ventricle face?
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Cranially
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Where does the left ventricle face?
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Caudally
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Where is the apex situated in the thoracic cavity?
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Leans slightly to the left
Lies against the diaphragm |
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What causes the first heart sound?
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Closure (and turbulence against) AV valves
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What causes the second heart sound?
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Closure (and turbulence against) of the aortic and pulmonary valves
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What is a 'gallop' murmur associated with?
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Ventricular enlargement
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Which heart sound is associated with a 'gallop' murmur?
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1st
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When is a systolic murmur heard?
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Between the lub and dub
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When is a diastolic murmur heard?
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Between the dub and lub
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PMA for the pulmonary valve
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Left side
Lower 3rd intercostal space |
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PMA for the aortic valve
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Left side
Midpoint 4th intercostal space |
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PMA for the Left AV valve
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Left side
Lower 5th intercostal space |
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PMA for the Right AV valve
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Right side
Lower 3rd - 5th intercostal space |
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Indication of a diaphragmatic hernia
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Cut into abdomen and hear air leaving.
Abdomen shouldn't be under negative pressure |
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How many organs are in the peritoneal cavity?
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None
Just another potential space |
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Two types of connecting peritoneum
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Mesentary
Ligament |
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What are three characteristics of the connecting mesentary?
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- Has BV
- Has lymphatics - Has nerves |
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What are three characteristics of the ligament connecting peritoneum?
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- Doesn't have BV
- Doesn't have nerves - Doesn't have lymphatics |
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What in the fetus becomes the falciform and median (ligament of the bladder) ligaments?
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Ventral mesentery
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What sex has accessory genital glands?
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Male
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What are three accessory genital glands?
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- Bulbourethral gland
- Seminal vesicles - Prostate gland |
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What accessory genital glands are found in the dog?
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Only the prostate gland
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Where is the superficial inguinal ring located?
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Circular opening through the external abdominal oblique m.
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Where is the deep inguinal ring located?
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Space between internal abdominal oblique m. and inguinal ligament
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What are the borders of the deep inguinal ring?
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Cranially: internal abdominal oblique m.
Dorsally: inguinal ligament Ventrally: rectus abdominis m. |
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4 structures that pass through the inguinal ring
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- External pudendal a. & v.
- Genitofemoral n. - Vaginal process (female; dog only!) - Spermatic cord (male) |
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When do the gonads develop?
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Week 3
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When is the indifferent stage of gonadal development?
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Weeks 3 - 4
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What is the female primitive duct called?
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Paramesonephric duct
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What is the male primitive duct called?
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Mesonephric duct
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What does the paramesonephric duct turn into?
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Uterine tube
Uterus |
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What does the mesonephric duct turn into?
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Ductus deferens
Epididymis |
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Where do the indifferent gonads develop?
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Caudal to the kidneys
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Which sex has a gubernaculum?
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Both
Males into adult hood Females during fetal development |
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When does the gubernaculum develop?
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During indifferent stage
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Function of the gubernaculum
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Guides testis into scrotum during descent
No contraction, just guiding |
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Which leaves the body cavity first, the gubernaculum or peritoneum?
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Gubernaculum
Peritoneum grows around the gubernaculum to form the vaginal tunic |
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What forms the vaginal tunic?
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Peritoneum that grew around the gubernaculum
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What makes up the vaginal process?
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Vaginal cavity + vaginal tunic
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What does the vaginal cavity communicate with?
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Parietal peritoneum
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Mesoductus deferens
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Mesentery of the ductus deferens
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Two stages of testicular descent
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- Descent to inguinal canal
- Passage through inguinal canal |
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When does descent to the inguinal canal happen?
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During fetal development
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What happens during the descent to the inguinal canal?
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Nothing really.
The male body elongates cranially, gubernaculum holds the testis in place, and eventually they come into contact with the inguinal canal The female body elongates cranially as well but with no gubernaculum, the ovaries follow the kidneys and shift cranially |
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When do the testis pass through the inguinal canal in dogs and cats?
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During first week of life
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When do the testis pass through the inguinal canal in horses?
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At birth
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When do the testis pass through the inguinal canal in ruminants?
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Before birth
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When do the testis enter the scrotum by in dogs and cats?
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By 6 weeks old
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What is the most common cause of cryptorchidism?
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Failure to pass through the inguinal canal
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Method for passage through inguinal canal
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Gubernaculum swells large enough for testis to follow.
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What causes the gubernaculum to swell?
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Cellular proliferation within the gubernaculum and the EC matrix
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Three factors helping testis to descend
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- Increase of diameter of inguinal canal via gubernaculum swelling
- Decrease in resistance through inguinal canal via gubernaculum swelling - Increase of intra-abdominal press |
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Gubernaculum remnants in the male
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- Ligament of the tail of the epididymis
- Proper ligament of testis |
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Gubernaculum remnants in the female
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- Suspensory ligament of ovary
- Proper ligament of ovary - Round ligament of uterus |
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What connects the testis to epididymis?
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Proper ligament of the testis
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What connects the epididymis to the scrotal wall?
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Ligament of tail of epididymis
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What connects the ovary to the body wall?
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Suspensory ligament of ovary
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What connects the ovary to the uterine horn?
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Proper ligament of ovary
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What connects the the uterus to the end of the vaginal process?
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Round ligament of uterus
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What's found in the vaginal process of females?
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- Fat
- Round ligament of uterus |
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What's found in the vaginal process of males?
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- Mesorchium
- Mesoductus deferens - Pampiniform plexus - Ductus defrens |
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What's used to differentiate ileum from jejunum?
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Anti-mesenteric iliac artery
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Three sections of intestine and distinguishing characteristics
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Duodenum: First section; short mesentery
Jejunum: Middle section; long mesentery Ileum: anti-mesenteric artery |
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4 regions of stomach
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- Cardiac
- Fundus - Body - Pyloric part |
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Principle symptom of GDV
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Bloat
Caused by stomach wrapping itself around axis |
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Which portion of stomach is located in left cranial abdominal quadrant?
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- Cardiac
- Fundus - Body |
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Which portion of stomach is located in right cranial abdominal quadrant?
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- Body
- Pyloric part |
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Movement of food through the stomach
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Food enters the fundus first, where it expands the stomach until it hits the body wall at which point it's moved into the body
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What drains the left lobe of the pancreas?
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Pancreatic duct
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What drains the right lobe of the pancreas?
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Accessory pancreatic duct
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Which pancreatic duct is smaller?
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In dogs: the pancreatic duct (not accessory)
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What opens onto the major duodenal papilla?
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Pancreatic duct
Bile duct |
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What opens onto the minor duodenal papilla?
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Accessory Pancreatic duct
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Which type of cryptorchidism is still viable?
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Unilateral
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What health threats does cryptorchidism present?
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Increased chance of testicular cancer
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Cryptorchids produce testosterone normally
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Cryptorchids produce testosterone normally
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Pathway of spermatazoa
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Seminiferous tubules --> rete testis --> efferent ducts --> duct of the epididymis --> ductus deferens --> urethra
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Function of rete testis
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Collects seminiferous tubules
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Function of epididymis
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- Transportation of sperm cells
- Maturation of sperm cells - Storage of sperm cells |
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How long does a sperm traverse the epididymis?
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6 - 14 days
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Function of ductus deferens
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Carries sperm from epididymis to urethra
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Function of urethra
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Terminal portion of male reproductive tract
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Definition of pampiniform plexus
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High coiling of the VEIN around the artery.
Artery is technically not part of the pampiniform plexus |
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What pulls the testis closer to the body wall?
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Cremaster muscle
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Muscle type of the cremaster muscle
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Skeletal
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What pushes testis closer to the body wall?
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tunica dartos
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Where does the tunica dartos lie?
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Within the scrotum at the ventral end
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Where does the cremaster m. lie?
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Outside the vaginal process
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Muscle type of the tunica dartos m.
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Smooth
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Five indications for castration
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- Elective sterilization
- Behavior modification - Testicular/epididymis disease - Adjunct treatment for other diseases - Removal of retained testis |
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What is the preferred method of castration?
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Open
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Main drawback to open castration
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Contamination can lead directly into the peritoneal cavity
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Where is the penis anchored to?
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Ischiatic tuberosities
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Main function of the penis
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Provide a rigid housing around urethra so it can go into the female repro tract
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Which erectile tissue surrounds the urethra?
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Corpus spongiosum
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Function of corpus spongiosum
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Keeps urethra open during erection
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Where does the corpus spongiosum begin?
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Soon as the urethra leaves the ischiatic arch
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Function of the bulb of the penis
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Reservoir of blood during the erectile process
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What is the bulb of the penis part of?
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Corpus spongiosum
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What does the corpus cavernosum attach to?
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Ischiatic tuberosity
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Crus of the penis
|
Corpus cavernosum from the ischiatic tuberosity down to where the two crus meet
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Where does the corpus cavernosum lie on the penis?
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Dorsal to urethra (and corpus spongiosum)
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Special structure of corpus cavernosum
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Thick outer wall
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What separates the two halves of corpus cavernosum?
|
Tunica albuginea
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Main function of Corpus cavernosum
|
Rigidity of penis
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Function of tunica albuginea
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Helps manage pressure
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Os penis
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Ossified distal portion of corpus cavernosum
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Clinical significance of Os penis
|
Can cause urinary tract obstructions when stones are present
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Two portions of the glans penis
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Bulbous glandis
Pars longa glandis |
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Which part of the penis becomes the largest part in terms of diameter?
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Bulbous glandis
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Where does the bulbous glandis grow the largest?
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Inside the female
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Which part of the glans penis acts as a plug?
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Pars longa glandis
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Three functions of the glans penis
|
** Cushions penis during copulation
- Sensation - Keeps penis in place during copulation |
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What's found in the root of the penis?
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- Left and right crus
- Bulb of the penis - Associated muscle |
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What's found in the body of the penis?
|
Corpus cavernosum
Corpus spongiosum |
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What supplies the corpus spongiosum?
|
Artery of bulb of the penis
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What supplies the corpus cavernosum?
|
Deep artery of the penis
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What supplies the pars longa glandis?
|
Dorsal artery of the penis
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What artery is most clinically significant in terms of the penis?
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Dorsal artery of the penis
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Functions of the muscles of the penis
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Compress erectile tissue
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Function of ischiocavernosus mm.
|
Pushes crura against the ischiatic tuberosity
Increases pressure in the penis and maintains rigidity |
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Type of muscle that makes up the ischiocavernosus mm.
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Skeletal
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What does the ischiocavernosus mm cover?
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Caudal aspect of crura
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What does the bulbospongiosus m. cover?
|
Bulb of the penis
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What type of muscle makes up the bulbospongiosus m.?
|
Skeletal
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2 functions of the bulbospongiosus m.
|
Compresses bulb
Contracts reflexively after ejaculation and urination to clear the urethra |
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What type of muscle makes up the retractor penis m.?
|
Smooth
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Where does the retractor penis m. attach?
|
Caudal vertebra
Caudal aspect of glans penis |
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Which 3 features associated with the penis are paired?
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Retractor penis m.
Ischiocavernosus mm. Corpus cavernosum |
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What does the retractor penis m. do during erection?
|
Has to relax to allow for erection
|
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Function of prepuce
|
Houses and protects glans penis in its non-erect state
|
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Which part of the prepuce has hair?
|
External lamina prepuce
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Which part of the prepuce has no hair?
|
Internal lamina prepuce
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Where do the two lamina layers meet in the prepuce?
|
Preputial fornix
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Location of ovary
|
Caudal to kidneys
Cranial to uterine horn |
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Motile cilia on edge of infundibulum that help catch eggs
|
Fimbria
|
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What is the cup at the end of the ovary called?
|
Infundibulum
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What kind of muscle comprises the cervix?
|
Smooth
|
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What's found in the vestibule?
|
Clitoral fossa
|
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What do you have to keep in mind when passing a urethra in a bitch?
|
Pass it cranioventrally, lest you hit the clitoral fossa instead, in which that bitch be none too happy
|
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Function of cervix
|
Separates sterile uterus from contaminated vagina
Exception is during estrus and parturition |
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What are the most clinically significant arteries in regards to the female?
|
Uterine aa.
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Where does the right ovarian vein dump?
|
Inferior vena cava
|
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Where does the left ovarian vein dump?
|
Left renal v.
|
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What do the ovarian aa. travel in?
|
Mesovarium
|
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What do the uterine aa. travel in?
|
Mesometrium
|
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Segments of the female mesentery
|
Mesovarium
Mesometrium Mesosalpinx |
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What does the uterine aa. anastomose with?
|
Ovarian aa.
Called the Uterine Branch of the Ovarian a. |
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What is the term for the entire mesentery of the female?
|
Broad ligament
|
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What is the mesovarium?
|
Suspensory ligament of the ovary
(gubernaculum remnant) |
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Where does the mesometrium begin?
|
Connection to the uterine horn
|
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What is the mesosalpinx?
|
Wall of the ovarian bursa
|
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What is the ovarian bursa?
|
Forms around the ovary
Potential space |
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Voluntary muscle that holds urine in the bladder
|
Urethral m.
|
|
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What innervates the cremaster muscle?
|
Genitofemoral n.
|
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What three things are located in the spermatic cord?
|
- Ductus deferens
- Testicular a. - Testicular v. |
|
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What connects the epididimis to the testis?
|
Proper ligament of the testis
|
|
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What connects the epididimis to the vaginal tunic?
|
Ligament of the tail of the epididimis
|
|
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Where is the round ligament of the uterus located?
|
In female vaginal process
|
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3 borders of the inguinal canal
|
- Aponeurosis of external abdominal oblique m.
- Internal abdominal oblique m. - Rectus abdominis m. |
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What 2 things did the median ligament of the bladder contain in the fetus?
|
- Urachus a.
- Umbilical a. |
|
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What do the triangular ligaments connect?
|
Diaphragm to (left or right) lateral lobe of the liver
|
|
|
Coronary ligament
|
Peritoneum between liver and diaphragm
|
|
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What is the hole at the bottom of the omentum called?
|
Epiploic foramen
|
|
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What connects the duodenum to the colon?
|
Duodenocolic fold
|
|
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What makes up the broad ligament?
|
- Mesovarium
- Mesometrium - Mesosalpinx |
|
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What does the mesosalpinx connect to?
|
Uterine horn
|
|
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What is the remnant of the gubernaculum in the female?
|
Round ligament of the uterus
|
|
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What attaches the ovary to the uterine horn from the body wall?
|
Proper ligament of the ovary
|
|
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What attaches the ovary to the last rib?
|
Suspensory ligament of the ovary
|
|
|
Where is the gallbladder located?
|
Between the quadrate and right medial lobes of the liver
|
|
|
Which part of the pylorus has a thin wall?
|
Pyloric antrum
|
|
|
What dumps onto the major duodenal papilla?
|
- Bile duct
- Pancreatic duct |
|
|
What dumps onto the minor duodenal papilla?
|
Accessory pancreatic duct
|
|
|
What does the dorsal vagal trunk innervate?
|
Visceral surface of stomach
|
|
|
What does the dorsal vagal trunk eventually form?
|
Celiac branch
|
|
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What three things does the ventral vagal trunk innervate?
|
- Liver
- Parietal surface of the stomach - Pylorus |
|
|
What does the major splanchnic nerve innervate?
|
Adrenal gland
- Helps form the celiacomesenteric ganglia and plexus as well |
|
|
What does the minor splanchnic nerve innervate?
|
Adrenal gland
|
|
|
What does the lumbar splanchnic nerve contribute to?
|
Celiacomesenteric and caudal mesenteric ganglia and plexus
|
|
|
What forms the caudal mesenteric ganglia?
|
Lumbar splanchnic nn.
|
|
|
What 3 things are located in the mesorchium?
|
- Testicular a.
- Testicular v. - Testicular n. |
|
|
What runs the length of the ileum?
|
Antimesenteric ileal a.
|
|
|
What gives off the jejunal and ileal aa.?
|
Cranial mesenteric a.
|
|
|
What are the two branches of the common trunk?
|
AKA phrenicoabdominal a.
- Caudal phrenic a. - Cranial abdominal a. |
|
|
What does the cranial abdominal a. supply? (2)
|
- Transversus abdominus m.
- Internal abdominal oblique m. |
|
|
What supplies the diaphragm? (2)
|
- Caudal phrenic a.
- Musculophrenic a. |
|
|
What's special about the renal aa.?
|
Right originates cranial to the left
|
|
|
What does the gastroduodenal v. drain? (4)
|
- Duodenum
- Stomach - Pancreas - Greater omentum |
|
|
What does the splenic v. drain? (4)
|
- Spleen
- Stomach - Pancreas - Greater omentum |
|
|
What are the only two ligaments that contain arteries?
|
- Broad ligament
- Gastrosplenic ligament |
|
|
What's the female erectile tissue called?
|
Glans clitoridis
|
|
|
What's the urogenital orifice formed by the labia?
|
Rima pudenda
|
|
|
Where does the urethra open on the female?
|
Urethral tubercle
|
|
|
What does the rectogenital pouch communicate with?
|
Vesicogenital pouch
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
What acts as a voluntary muscle for retaining urine?
|
Urethral muscle
|
|
|
Deferent ducts of the ductus deferens upon upon what?
|
Side of the colliculus seminalis
|
|
|
What innervates the anal sphincter m.?
|
Caudal rectal n.
|
|
|
|
|
|
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What supplies the corpus cavernosum?
|
Deep artery of the penis
|
|
|
What muscle in association with the penis has transverse muscle fibers?
|
Bulbospongiosus m.
|
|
|
What is the remnant of the umbilicus a. called?
|
Round ligament of the bladder
|
|
|
What does the middle rectal a. supply? (2)
|
- Rectum
- Vagina |
|
|
Which n. is vulnerable to injury during anal sac surgery?
|
Caudal rectal n.
|
|
|
What does the caudal rectal a. supply? (3)
|
- Rectum
- Anus - Scrotum/vulva |
|
|
What does the artery of the penis supply? (3)
|
- Bulb of the penis
- Corpus spongiosum - Penile urethra |
|
|
What does the deep artery of the penis supply?
|
Corpus cavernosum
|
|
|
What does the dorsal artery of the penis supply? (2)
|
- Prepuce
- Pars longa glandis |
|
|
Boundaries of femoral triangle
|
Cranially: Sartorius m.
Caudally: Pectineus m. Proximally: Abdominal wall |
|
|
Origin of femoral n.
|
L4 - L6
|
|
|
Origin of Pudendal n.
|
S1 - S3
|
|
|
Origin of Sciatic n.
|
L6 - S2
|
|
|
What innervates the cremaster m.?
|
Genitofemoral n.
|
|
|
What is the cremaster muscle a part of?
|
Internal abdominal oblique m.
|
|
|
What does the femoral n. supply?
|
Quadriceps femoris m.
Sartorius m. Iliopsoas m. (Cranial muscles of the thigh) |
|
|
What does the obturator n. supply?
|
Adductor muscles of the limb
External obturator m. Pectineus m. Gracillis m. Adductor m. |
|
|
What supplies the external anal sphincter m.?
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Caudal rectal n.
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What is sensory to the external reproductive organs?
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Dorsal nerve of the penis/clitoris
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Which branch of the pudendal is purely sensory?
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Caudal cutaneous femoral n.
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What does the superficial cervical LN drain?
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Head, neck, and thoracic limb
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What dos the Axillary LN drain?
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Thoracic wall
Deep structures of the limb |
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What does the cisterna chyli drain?
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Viscera of abdominal cavity
Pelvic limbs |
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What does the thoracic duct drain?
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Left tracheal trunk
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What is the chief mode of return for lymph to the venous system?
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Thoracic duct
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What is the sole innervation to the superficial gluteal m.?
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Caudal gluteal n.
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What gives rise to the hindlimb's dorsal common digital nerves?
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Superficial peroneal n.
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What supplies the craniolateral muscles of the crus?
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Common peroneal n.
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Of the two branches of the Sciatic nerve, which is the larger?
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Tibial n.
Common peroneal [fibular] n. is a bit smaller |
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What does the tibial n. innervate grossly?
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Caudal muscles of the crus
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What vein is used for venipuncture on the leg?
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Lateral saphenous vein
(Except for in cats, in which it's the medial saphenous vein) |
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What system of neurons are bipolar neurons?
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Afferent (sensory)
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What nerves are bipolar neurons associated with?
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Cranial nerves
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What type of neurons are psuedounipolar neurons?
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Afferent (sensory)
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What type of neurons are multipolar neurons?
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Efferent (motor)
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2 origins of nerves of the PNS
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- 12 pairs of cranial nerves
- 35 pairs of spinal nerves |
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Where do spinal nerves emerge at?
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C6 - T2
L4 - S3 |
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Three general classifications of the efferent nervous system
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Somatic efferent (General Somatic Efferent – GSE)
Visceral efferent (General Visceral Efferent – GVE) Special efferent (Special Visceral Efferent – SVE) |
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What kind of neurons are in the efferent nervous system?
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Multipolar
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Where do the axons of the somatic efferent go?
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Skeletal muscle
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Where do the axons of the visceral efferent go?
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- Smooth m.
- Cardiac m. - Glandular epithelium |
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Which efferent system has fibers found in all spinal nerves?
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Somatic efferent
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Where are the visceral efferent fibers found?
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Specific cranial nn.
T1 - L4 S1 - S3 |
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Which efferent system has no voluntary control?
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Visceral
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Which efferent system has voluntary control?
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Somatic
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What nervous system receives information from external environment?
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Somatic afferent
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What nervous system receives information from internal environment?
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Visceral afferent
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Two types of Somatic afferent
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General
Special |
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What nervous system is responsible for conscious perception?
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Somatic afferent
Visceral afferent |
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What nervous system is responsible for subconscious perception?
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Visceral afferent
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What nervous system is has receptors located near surface of the body?
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Somatic afferent
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What is GSA system involved with?
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Discriminatory touch, temperature, nociception
Only nociception can be evaluated on animals |
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What kind of neurons are found in GSA?
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Psuedounipolar
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Where are GSA fibers found?
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Few cranial nerves
All spinal nerves |
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What is SSA system involved in?
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Vision
Hearing |
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What kind of neurons are found in SSA?
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Bipolar neurons
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Where are SSA fibers found?
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CNN II and VIII
NO spinal nerves |
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What is CNN II used for?
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Vision
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What is CNN VIII used for?
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Hearing
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Where are visceral afferent receptors located?
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Internally
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Two types of visceral afferent
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GVA
SVA |
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Where are GVA receptors located?
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Walls of BV and visceral organs
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What kind of neurons are found in GVA systems?
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Pseudounipolar neurons
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Where are GVA fibers found?
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CN X
Sacral spinal nerves |
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Which visceral can you not assess clinically?
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GVA
SVA |
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What is SVA fibers found in?
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CN I (smell)
CNN VII, IX, X (taste) NO spinal nerves |
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What is CN I involved with?
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Smell
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What is CNN VII, IX, X involved with?
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Taste
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What SVA sense can you test clinically?
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Smell
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Where are proprioception fibers located?
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Few CN
All spinal nerves |
