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199 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Functions of blood:
5 |
1. carries oxygen and nutrients to the tissues
2. carries carbon dioxide and wastes from the tissues 3. transports hormones to target cells and tissues 4. maintains homeostasis by acting as a buffer, participating in coagulation and thermoregulation 5. defends body against pathogens and foreign substances by transporting wbc's and antibodies |
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blood volume in a male
blood volume in a female |
5-6 liters
4-5 liters |
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1. cellular component of blood
2. liquid component of blood |
1. wbc's, rbc's, platelets
2. plasma |
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Hematocrit
for males for females |
1. percentage of blood by volume that red blood cells take up
2. 47% +- 5% 3. 42% +- 5% |
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Blood plasma:
1. physical description 2. what % of water? 3. consists of... |
1. straw colored sticky fluid portion of blood
2. 92% 3. nutrients, ions, proteins, wastes |
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3 main proteins of blood plasma:
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1. albumin - the most abundant, maintains blood osmotic pressure
2. globulins - antibodies (immunoglobulins) and nonimmune globulins: proteins that transport lipids, iron and copper 3. fibrinogen - involved in blood clotting by transforming to fibrin |
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difference between blood plasma and serum:
1. blood plasma 2. blood serum |
1. blood w/ anticoagulants
2. blood w/o anticoagulants forms serum and blood clot |
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True cells or not true cells?
1. RBC's 2. WBC's 3. platelets or thrombocytes |
1. not true cells
2. TRUE CELLS 3. not true cells |
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Erythrocytes:
1. shape 2. nuclei and organelles 3. cytoplasm is filled with... |
1. biconcave - allows for 30% more surface area, allowing rapid diffusion in and out
2. no nuclei and organelles 3. hemoglobin (97% of solids) |
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Eryrthocytes:
1. every found outside of bloodstream? 2. how long do they live? 3. where are old rbc's phagocytosed? |
1. NO
2. 100-120 days 3. liver and spleen |
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Neutrophils
1. stain of granules 2. nucleus shape 3. which line of defense are they? 4. what is pus composed of? |
1. appear unstained bc granules pick up acidic and basic stains
2. multilobed (3-5 lobes) aka polymorphonuclear cells 3. 1st line of defense! destroy bacteria by phagocytosis 4. dead neutrophils, tissue debris and dead bacteria |
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Eosinophils
1. stain of granules 2. allergic response? 3. what does it kill |
1. red. eosin
2. consumes allergens and degrades histamine. ends allergic responses. 3. parasites |
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Basophil
1. stain of granules 2. nucleus shape 3. granules release... 4. function in... |
1. large, blue purple
2. bi lobed 3. histamine and heparin 4. inflammation mediation |
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Monocytes
1. how big? 2. nucleus 3. transform into.... 4. special structures that aid in phagocytosis |
1. the largest fattest leukocyte
2. kidney shaped 3. macrophages 4. pseudopods |
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Platelets, aka thrombocytes
1. form by breaking off from... 2. release... |
1. megakaryocytes
2. thromboplastin. initiates clotting cascade that turns fibrinogen into tough fibers of fibrin |
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1. how many blood cells are made a day
2. as a tiny fetus, where are blood cells made? 3. as an adult, where are blood cells made? |
1. 100 billion. slam.
2. spleen and liver 3. bone marrow |
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Bone marrow:
1. location 2. red marrow function 3. yellow marrow function 4. at birth, all marrow is... 5. by adulthood, red marrow is... |
1. within spongy bones
2. hematopoiesis 3. inactive, filled with fat. can be activited in emergencies 4. red 5. confined to axial skeleton, girdle, proximal ends of long bones |
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Composition of red bone marrow:
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reticular connective tissue
fibroblasts (reticular cells) fat cells blood cells in all stages of maturation blood sinusoids - specialized wide capillaries |
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Cells lines
1. all blood cells originate from this cell type: 2. branch into two types: |
1. pluripotential stem cells, or blood stem cells
2. myeloid stem cell - committed lineage progenitors for erythrocytes, neutrophils, eosinophils, basophils, platelets lymphoid stem stem cell - committed lineage progenitors. for lymphocytes |
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Disorders of the blood:
1. polycythemia 2. anemias 3. sickle cell disease |
1. abnormal excess of erythrocytes in the blood, increases blood viscosity
2. decreased oxygen carrying capacity of blood due to low erythrocyte levels or low hemoglobin concentrations. various causes 3. inherited condition results from defective hemoglobin molecule erythrocytes distort into sickle shape when patient is dehydrated or oxygen content of blood is low |
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disorders of leukocytes
1. leukemia |
a form of cancer, uncontrolled proliferation of leukocyte forming cell line in bone marrow.
classified as lymphoblastic or myeloblastic, depending on which cell line is involved. |
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disorders of platelets
1. thrombocytopenia |
abnormally low concentration of platelets, leads to impairment in blood clotting ability
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Heart:
1. pulmonary circuit 2. systemic circuit |
1. takes blood to and from the lungs
2. takes blood to and from body tissues |
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Four corners of heart:
1. superior right 2. superior left 3. inferior right 4. inferior left |
1. 3rd costal cartilage
2. 2nd costal cartilage 3. 6th costal cartilage 4. 5th intercostal cartilage |
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Heart:
1. weighs, size 2. mediastinum 3. structures in mediastinum 4. location of heart |
1. 250-350 grams
2. central compartment of thoracic cavity. does not include lungs 3. heart, esophagus, trachea, thymus, blood lymph vessels, nerves, loose connective tissue and fat 4. directly under sternum and costal cartilage. sits on diaphragm. |
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Pericardium (around the heart) protective covering
1. fibrous pericardium 2. serous pericardium |
1. tough dense connective tissue covering. Outer layer.
2. Serous Pericardium - formed from two layers. parietal layer attaches to fibrous pericardium. visceral layer (epicardium) attaches to the heart. the parietal cavity lies solely in the serous layer, between parietal and visceral layers |
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components of:
1. pericardial cavity 2. epicardium 3. myocardium 4. endocardium |
1. lubricating film, serous fluid
2. often infiltrated with fat 3. the bulk of the heart, consists of cardiac muscles 4. endothelium that lines the heart chambers and makes up the heart valves |
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what is the name for the walls between the atria and ventricles?
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interatrial and interventricular septa
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which ventricle is thicker and why
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the left ventricle is thicker because it functions in systemic circulation - it has to pump the blood further.
3x thicker than right ventricle |
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AV valves
describe |
valves between atria and ventricles
between left atria and ventricle - mitral valve between right atria and ventricle - tricuspid valve |
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AV valves blood pressure dynamics
1. ventricles contract...valves 2. ventricles relax...valves |
at junctions of ventricles and great arteries
valves open and close in response to differences in blood pressure on each side of the valves. 1. force contained blood superiorly, push the valves shut 2. valves are forced open by blood pressure on atrial side as blood fills atria |
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Semilunar valves blood pressure dynamics
1. ventricles contract...valves 2. ventricles relax...valves |
1. blood is pushed up against semilunar valves, forcing them open
2. backflow of blood causes cusps of valves to close |
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Systole
Diastole which chambers of heart experience this? |
1. contraction of a heart chamber
2. relaxation of heart chamber, it's filling with blood BOTH ventricles and atria |
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1. first sound 'lubb'
2. second sound 'dup' 3. word for listening to sounds in the body with stethoscope |
1. AV valves closing
2. semilunar valves closing 3. aescultation |
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fibrous skeleton of the heart
1. surrounds... 2. is composed of... 3. point of attachment for... 4. anchors... 5. prevents... 6. blocks direct spread of... |
1. all valves and extends into interventricular septum
2. dense connective tissue 3. cardiac muscle 4. valve cusps 5. overdilation of valve openings 6. electrical impulses between atria and ventricles |
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Conducting system of Heart
1. SA node 2. AV node 3. AV bundle (bundle of his) 4. purkinje fibers |
1. sinoatrial node. in wall of right atrium, sets the inherent rate of contraction. is the hearts pacemaker.
2. in inferior part of interatrial septum, relays signal to AV bundle 3. right and left bundle branches 4. you know |
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Innervation of the heart
Parasympathetic: 1. which nerve? 2. what does it do |
1. vagus nerve (cranial nerve X)
2. slows the heart rate decreases the force of the heartbeat constricts coronary vessels |
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Heart Innervation
Sympathetic 1. fibers 2. what do they do |
1. from cervical and upper thoracic chain ganglia
2. increases the heart rate increases force of heart beat dilates coronary vessels |
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Blood supply to heart
1. coronary arteries - where do they branch from 2. venous drainage |
1. the aorta
2. great, middle and small cardiac veins empty into coronary sinus, which empties to right atrium. |
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Disorders of the heart
1. heart failure 2. congestive heart failure 3. Cor pulmonale 4. ventricular fibrillation 5. atrial fibrillation |
1. progressive weakening of the heart
Cannot meet the body's demands for oxygenated blood 2. heart enlarges, pumping efficiency declines 3. enlargement and potential failure of the right ventricle. 4. rapid, random firing of electrical impulses in the ventricles 5. multiple waves of impulses randomly signal the AV node signal ventricles to contract quickly and irregularly |
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the blood vessels in the body, if put together, would stretch how far?
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60,000 miles
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walls of arteries and veins composed of three tunics
1. tunica intima 2. tunica media 3. tunica externa |
1. simple squamous epithelium - endothelium.
2. circularly arranged sheet of smooth muscle. contraction and relaxation. 3. connective tissue |
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Types of Arteries:
Elastic arteries 1. some examples 2. thickest layer is....which is composed of 3. why elastic? |
1. aorta, pulmonary trunk, major branches
2. tunica media, concentric sheets of elastin between smooth muscles 3. elastic recoil of walls maintain blood pressure and uniform blood movement |
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Types of arteries:
muscular (distributing) 1. most of the... 2. tunica media composition 3. elastic lamina? 4. capable of greater or lesser vasoconstriction and vasodilation |
1. named arteries
2. mostly smooth muscle, little elastic material 3. yes, on both sides of tunica media. this feature is unique to tunica media 4. greater vasoconstriction and vasodilation |
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Types of arteries:
Arterioles 1. tunica media contains... 2. tunica externa is... 3. regulate... |
1. 1-2 layers of smooth muscle cells
2. very thin 3. blood flow from arteries to capillaries |
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Capillaries
1. have tunica media? tunica externa? can more than one blood cell pass through at a time? large vessel? 2. site of... |
1. the answer to all of the above is a deafening NOOO
2. site of gas, nutrients, and waste exchange with the surrounding tissue |
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Types of capillaries:
1. continuous 2. fenestrated capillaries 3. sinusoids (discontinuous) capillaries |
1. no interruptions in their walls. found in lungs, muscles and nervous tissues.
2. have pores (fenestrae) in their walls. found in intestines, pancreas, kidneys, endocrine glands. allow rapid exchange of molecules between blood and tissues 3. contain spaces between endothelial cells. basement membrane incomplete or absent. found in liver, spleen, and bone marrow. many macrophages. |
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Capillary beds
1. what are they 2. true capillaries begin with... 3. capillaries are absent in... |
1. network of capillaries
2. precapillary sphincter. regulate the flow of blood to tissues according to need 3. epithelia, cartilage, cornea and lense of the eye |
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Vasa vasorum
1. what does the name mean 2. what do they do |
1. 'vessels of the vessel'
2. exchange nutrients and metabolites with cells in the tunica media and tunica adventitia. nerve supply to vessels. vasomotor nerves of sympathetic component - vasocontriction vasodilation |
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Veins:
1. thinner or thicker walls than arteries? 2. thickest tunic? 3. bigger or smaller lumens generally? |
1. thinner
2. tunica externa 3. bigger |
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What facilitates return of venous blood to the heart? (3)
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1. pressure difference between venules (low pressure) and right ventricle of heart (no pressure)
2. skeletal muscle pump, which 'milk' veins by moving, facilitated by valves 3. respiratory pump - diaphragm moving inferiorly, leads to decrease in pressure in thoracic cavity, increase in pressure in abdominal cavity |
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Descending Aorta
1. runs posterior to the... inferiorly alongside... 2. thoracic aorta 3. abdominal aorta 4. divides into... |
1. heart, vertebrae
2. in the region of T5-T12 through diaphragm 3. from T12-L4 4. right and left iliac arteries |
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Four pairs of arteries serve the head and neck:
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Four branches off brachicephalic artery:
common carotid (two way branch, other is called subclavian artery, from which following three arteries come off:) vertebral artery thyrocervical artery costocervical artery |
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Major arteries of the brain:
Cerebral Arterial Circle 1. aka 2. unites the brain's.. 3. provides alternate routes... |
1. circle of willis
2. anterior and posterior blood supply (coming from internal carotid and vertebral arteries) 3. for blood to reach brain areas that are affected if either artery becomes occluded. |
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Arteries of upper limb and thorax
1. upper limb is supplied by arteries that arise from the... 2. Each subclavian artery runs laterally under clavicle, enters the axilla as... |
1. subclavian artery
2. axillary artery |
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Major branches off the abdominal aorta
1. celiac trunk 2. superior mesenteric artery 3. suprarenal arteries 4. renal arteries 5. Gonadal arteries 6. inferior mesenteric artery 7. common iliac arteries |
1. supplies visceral organs in superior abdominal cavity
2. supplies most of intestines - unpaired 3. supplies adrenal glands 4. kindeys 5. testes, ovaries 6. distal half of large intestine - unpaired 7. says nothin |
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Celiac trunk and major branches send blood to:
6 organs |
stomach, liver, gallbladder, pancrease, spleen, duodenum.
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Arteries of pelvis and lower limb
1. internal iliac artery 2. external iliac artery 3. femoral artery 4. popliteal artery 5. anterior tibial 6. posterior tibial |
1. supplies pelvic organs
2. supplies lower limb 3. supplies the thigh 4. continuation of femoral, splits into: 5. supplies anterior compartment of leg 6. supplies posterior and lateral compartments of |
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Most veins run with companion arteries. Do all veins have companion arteries?
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NO
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Venous dural sinuses
1. drain most blood from... 2. lie between layers of... 3. superior and inferior sagittal sinuses lie in... 4. straight sinus drains into... 5. transverse sinus drains into 6. sigmoid sinus drains into |
1. BRAAAIN
2. dura mater 3. falx cerebri 4. inferior sagittal sinus 5. superior sagittal sinus and straight sinus 6. transverse sinus. s shaped. becomes internal jugular vein. |
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Hepatic portal system
1. what does it do 2. how many capillary beds between arterial supply and final venous supply? 3. where are the capillary beds located? |
1. delivers nutrients from intestines to liver for processing and storage
2. 2 3. 1st around stomach and intestines, 2nd around liver blood drains into inferior vena cava |
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Lymph vessels of increasing size
1. lymphatic capillaries 2. lymph vessels 3. lymph nodes 4. lymph trunk 5. lymph duct |
1. the smallest - receive lymph from tissue spaces
2. interspersed with lymph nodes along the way 3. you know 4. collect lymph from smaller vessels in several regional trunks 5. the largest lymphatic vessels, empty into veins of neck |
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Lymph capillaries
1. located near 2. high permeability allows: 3. lacteals |
1. blood capillaries
2. uptake of tissue fluid easy entrance for bacteria, viruses, cancer 3. lymphatic capillaries in vili of small intestines. absorb digested emulsified fats. look milky white. fatty lymph is called chyle. |
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Structure of lymph capillaries
1. begin as... 2. how does fluid get inside? 3. edema |
1. closed end tubes
2. endothelial cells overlap each other, forms flaplike minivalves. 3. swelling of tissues due to an excess tissue fluid |
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Lymphatic vessels
1. accompany... 2. composition in tunics 3. more or less valves than blood vessels? 4. lymph propelled by: 3 things |
1. blood vessels
2. tunica intima, tunica media, tunica externa. walls are thinner than in veins 3. more valves. help direct flow of lymph. flows under very low pressure 4. bulging of skeletal muscle pulsing of nearby arteries tunica media of the lymph vessels |
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Lymph nodes:
1. when there is a metastasis, they feel 2. when infected, they feel |
1. hard and palpable
2. enlarged and tender |
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Regional nodes:
1. superficial 2. deep |
1. cervical, axillary, inguinal
2. tracheobronchial, aortic and iliac |
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Lymph ducts
1. cisterna chyli 2. thoracic duct 3. R lymphatic duct |
1. located at beginning of thoracic duct, formed by junction of lumbar and intestinal trunks.
2. drains into left subclavian vein at junction with left internal jugular vein. meet with left jugular, subclavian and bronchomediastinal trunks here. 3. empties into R subclavian and internal jugular vein. |
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What ducts collects lymph from upper right side of body?
what duct collects lymph from remaining 3/4 of body? what lymph system serves the brain? |
1. right lymphatic duct
2. thoracic duct 3. none - no lymphatics in the cranial cavity. CSF serves this function |
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Lymphocytes
1. word for being able to recognize a unique antigen 2. when T or B cells are presented with their specific antigen, they become... |
1. immunocompetence
2. activated, or challenged. antigenic challenge. |
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1. effector lymphocytes
2. memory lymphocytes |
1. short lived, attack immediately
2. remain in circulation for years |
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Lymphoid tissue:
1. composition 2. 2 general locations |
1. lymphocytes plus supporting cells
2. mucous membranes of digestive, urinary, respiratory, reproductive tracts (MALT) tonsils, payer's patches, appendix - more concentrated areas within MALT lymphoid organs |
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thymus
1. location 2. what travels here to become immunocompetent T lymphocytes 3. each immunocompetent T lymphocyte can recognize... 4. when is the activity the greatest? 5. directly fight infections? 6. what protects immature T cells from exposure to antigens? |
1. mediastinum
2. progenitor T cells from bone marrow 3. a unique antigen. self-tolerant, though 4. childhood. 5. NO 6. blood-thymus barrier |
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Spleen
1. relative size 2. location 3. function 4. site of hematopoiesis in.. |
1. largest lymphoid organ
2. left umbilical quadrant 3. filters blood. removes blood borne antigens. removes and destroys old blood cells 4. fetus |
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Spleen
1. white pulp 2. red pulp |
1. functions w/ immune system. monitor blood borne antigens.
2. surrounds white pulp and filters blood. macrophages in splenic cords phagocytose defective blood cells |
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Tonsils
1. four groups |
Palatine, pharyngeal, lingual, tubal tonsils.
arranged in a ring around the entrance to the pharynx to gather and remove pathogens from inspired air and ingested food |
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Lymphoid tissues in intestines
1. Malt 2. Peyer's patches 3. appendix |
1. abundant in walls of intestines. diffuse lymphoid tissue
2. clusters of lymphoid follicles in the walls of the distal part of the small intestine. 3. tubular offshoot of the cecum. lymphoid tissue occupies over 1/2 of its thickness |
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Disorders of lymphatic and immune systems
1. chylothorax 2. lymphangitis 3. mononucleosis 4. hodgkin's disease 5. Non hodgkin's lymphoma |
1. leakage of fatty lymph into the thorax
2. inflammation of a lymph vessels 3. viral disease caused by epstain barr virus attacks B lymphocytes 4. malignancy of lymph nodes 5. uncontrolled multiplication and metastasis of undifferentiated lymphocytes. |
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Process of respiration involves:
1. pulmonary ventilation 2. external respiration 3. transport of respiratory gases 4. internal respiration |
1. air movement in/out of lungs
2. blood/air gas exchange at alveoli 3. cardiovascular system 4. blood/tissue gas exchange at systemic capillaries |
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1. Conducting Zone
2. Respiratory zone |
1. respiratory passageways that carry air to the sites of gas exchange. filter, humidify, and warm incoming air.
2. Site of gas exchange in the lungs. Terminal respiratory passages that contain alveoli. |
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1. Upper respiratory structures
2. Lower respiratory structures |
1. everything superior to the larynx
2. larynx and everything inferior to it |
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Nose: the five functions
1. provides... 2. moistens... 3. filters... 4. resonating... 5. houses... |
1. an airway for respiration
2. and warms air 3. inhaled air 4. chamber for speech 5. olfactory receptors |
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External nose:
1. skeletal framework (3 bones) 2. shape and size variation due to... 3. describe skin. |
1. frontal bone, nasal bones, maxilla
2. flexible plates of hyaline nasal cartilages 3. thin, with many sebaceous glands |
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Nasal Cavity
1. where does the air first enter through? 2. divided internally into left and right half by... 3. what are the structures in lateral walls that create air turbulence 4. all surfaces are covered by... 5. have connections through small openings with... 6. nasal cavity is continuous with pharynx through... |
1. external nares - nostrils
2. nasal septum 3. conchae 4.mucosa 5. paranasal sinuses 6. choanae (internal nares) or (posterior nasal apertures) |
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Nasal Cavity
1. roof formed by which bones 2. floor formed by which structures |
1. ethmoid bone, sphenoid
2. hard palate, soft palate (maxilla? palatine bone? ) |
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1. Superior and middle nasal conchae are part of which bone
2. inferior nasal concha - which bone 3. name of groove inferior to each concha 4. purpose of all this? |
1. Ethmoid bone
2. a bone of its own 3. meatus 4. filtering system. air rushes in, along conchae, between conchae in meatuses. particulate matter becomes trapped. |
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1. olfactory mucosa
2. respiratory mucosa |
1. small patch in the roof. houses olfactory receptors.
2. lines all nasal cavity. composition - pseudostratified ciliated columnar epithelium w/ goblet cells. underlying connective tissue is rich in glands that produce mucous and lysozyme. |
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disgusting fact: how much mucus is produced a day in the nasal glands?
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a quart
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Pharynx
1. connects the... to the ... 2. extends from....to.... 3. three parts |
1. nasal cavity and mouth to larynx and esophagus
2. internal nares to cricoid cartilage 3. nasopharynx oropharynx laryngopharynx |
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nasopharynx
1. superior to level of... 2. only air passageway? 3. epithelium? 4. this structure prevents food from entering nasopharynx while swallowing 5. what kind of tonsils reside here? 6. contains opening to the |
1. soft palate
2. yeap 3. respiratory 4. uvula 5. pharyngeal 6. pharyngotympanic (auditory) tube |
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Oropharynx
1. entranceway from mouth to here 2. extends from...to... 3. epithelium 4. what passes through, food or air? 5. two types of tonsils in oropharynx |
1. fauces
2. soft palate to epiglottis 3. stratified squamous. thick, more protective. 4. both 5. palatine and lingual |
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Laryngopharynx
1. what passes through, food or air? 2. epithelium |
1. both
2. stratified squamous epithelium |
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Larynx
Three functions: |
1. voice production
2. provides continuously open airway 3. switching mechanism to route air and food into proper channels |
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Voice production
1. what affects the pitch of the voice 2. what is length of vocal cords regulated by 3. loudness depends on 4. what is it called when you hold your breath and strain 5. innervation of larynx |
1. length of vocal cords
2. laryngeal muscles, small paired cartilages 3. force of vibration of vocal folds when air moves through 4. valsalva's maneuver 5. recurrent laryngeal nerves (branch off vagus) sensory and motor. |
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Trachea
1. what keeps the lumen open? 2. what connects the free ends of c shaped cartilages? |
1. c shaped cartilaginous rings
2. trachealis muscle |
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Trachea: structure of wall
3 layers |
1. respiratory mucosa - same as in most respiratory tract.
2. another layer of connective tissue, contains seromucous glands 3. adventitia - outer layer of connective tissue, continuous with outer structures, contains hyaline rings entire thing has elastin for stretching |
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what is the point where the trachea branches into two bronchi?
which bronchus is wider an shorter than the other? |
the carina
the right bronchus |
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Bronchi in conducting zone
1. primary bronchi 2. secondary bronchi 3. tertiary bronchi 4. bronchioles 5. terminal bronchioles |
1. main bronchi. right off the carina
2. serve a lobe 3. serve a bronchopulmonary segment 4. small bronchi 5. most distal region of the conducting zone |
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Bronchi in conducting zone: tissue changes
1. primary bronchi 2. secondary bronchi 3. tertiary bronchi 4. bronchioles 5. terminal bronchioles |
1. full C rings of cartilage
respiratory epithelium 2. C rings are reduced to C plates. Smooth muscle rings appear, present throughout rest of bronchial tree 3. nothing notable 4. Cartilage completely disappears. 5. little cilia remains, no mucus production |
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you are now in the respiratory zone
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consists of gas exchanging structures
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Alveolar wall
1. type I cells 2. type II cells 3. respiratory membrane |
1. make up majority of wall. simple squamous epithelial cells w/ basal lamina.
2. cuboidal epithelial cells scattered among type I cells. secrete surfactant. 3. back to back arrangement of type I cell, endothelial cell of a capillary, and fused basal laminae |
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how do adjacent alveoli interconnect?
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alveolar pores
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The pleurae
1. what is it 2. consists of what two parts 3. pleurae divide the thoracic cavity into three compartments |
1. double layered sac surrounding each lung
2. parietal pleura, visceral pleura 3. mediastinum, two lateral pleural compartments |
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inferiorly, pleural cavity extends below the inferior border of lungs. true or false.
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truth
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Right and Left lung differences
1. # of lobes 2. fissures 3. heart accomodations |
1. right has three lobes, left has two
2. right has 2 fissues, the oblique and horizontal fissures. the left has one oblique fissure. 3. the left lung has a notch that accomodates the heart |
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bronchopulmonary segment
1. how many in each lung 2. where does it receive air 3. why is it clinically important |
1. 10
2. segmental bronchus + its own artery and vein 3. can be surgically removed without disrupted surrounding lung dissue |
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innervation
1. what types 2. what does parasympathetic activation do 3. what does sympathetic activation do |
1. sympathetic, parasympathetic, visceral sensory fibers
2. constricts airways 3. dilates airways |
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Root of the lung is where?
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at the hilus. lung is attached to mediastinum by its root
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Two phases of pulmonary ventilation
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inspiration - inhaling
expiration - exhaling |
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Inspiration
1. mechanism 2. prime mover 3. synergist? 4. forced inspiration requires |
1. volume of thoracic cavity increases, internal pressure decreases.
2. diaphragm 3. external intercostal muscle 4. scalenes, sternocleidomastoid, pectoralis minor, erector spinae - extends the back |
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Forced expiration
1. produced by contraction of |
muscles of abdominal wall
internal intercostal muscles - draw ribs together, depresses rib cage. opposite is BUCKET HANDLE ACTION |
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Neural control of ventilation
1. baseline respiration rate 2. central chemoreceptors 3. peripheral chemoreceptors |
1. respiratory center in medulla oblongata
2. located in medulla 3. located in aortic bodies and carotid bodies |
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Aortic bodies send their info via
carotid bodies send their info via |
vagus nerve
glossopharyngeal nerve |
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Disorders of respiratory system
1. pneumothorax 2. emphysema 3. pneumonia 4. bronchial asthma |
1. the presence of air in the pleural cavity, causes immediate collapse of the lung
2. accumulation of the air in the terminal bronchioles and alveolar sacs due to a loss of elasticity in alveolar walls and inability to recoil during expiration. reduces surface area, reduces oxygen consumption 3. inflammation of the lungs 4. spasm of smooth muscle in the wall of the bronchioles which reduces diameter. air flow further impeded by excess mucus. |
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Digestive:
1. organs of the alimentary canal 2. accessory organs |
1. mouth, pharynx, esophagus, stomach, small intestine, large intestine. bout 30 feet long
2. teeth, tongue, gallbladder, salivary glands, liver, pancreas |
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External openings for
1. organs of the alimentary canal 2. accessory organs |
1. external environment
2. alimentary canal |
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Actions of the alimentary canal
1. peristalsis 2. segmentation |
1. smooth muscle causes waves of contraction. mixes and propels food
2. rhythmic coordinated constrictions of non adjacent areas of intestines. mixes food with digestive juices. moves different parts of food mass over the intestine wall. |
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Abdominal regions -
# 1. upper horizontal line 2. lower horizontal line 3. vertical lines - 2 |
1. subcostal plane
2. transtubercular plane 3. midclavicular lines |
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Abdominal regions
+ |
lines intersect at naval, rest is easy
'left upper quadrant' is quadrant in the upper left |
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Peritoneum
1. parietal peritoneum 2. visceral peritoneum 3. continous? |
1. lines the internal surface of the body wall (abdominopelvic wall)
2. lines the organs 3. yes |
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Peritoneal cavity
1. contains 2. any viscera here? |
1. serous fluid
2. nope |
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Mesenteries
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double layers of peritoneum. hold organs in place, sites of fat storage
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1. Intraperitoneal organs
2. Retroperitoneal organs |
1. almost completely covered with visceral peritoneum. have their mesentery. they are not in the peritoneal cavity.
2. no mesentery. fused to posterior abdominal wall |
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Mesenteries
1. Omentum 2. Falciform ligament 3. lesser omentum 4. greater omentum 5. mesentery proper |
1. broad, double layered sheet of peritoneum passing from stomach to another abdominal organ.
2. binds anterior liver to anterior abdominal wall and diaphragm. 3. attaches lesser curvature of stomach to the liver 4. attaches greater curvature to posterior abdomen wall 5. secures small intestines to posterior abdominal wall |
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Mesenteries
1. transverse mesocolon 2. sigmoid mesocolon |
1. mesentery of transverse colon
2. mesentery of sigmoid colon |
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What are the four basic layers from the esophagus through the anus
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1. mucosa
2. submucosa 3. muscularis externa 4. serosa |
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Mucosa: sublayers
1. epithelium 2. lamina propria 3. muscularis mucosae |
1. absorb nutrients and secretes mucus
2. loose connective tissue. contains capillaries, nourish epithelium and absorb nutrients. MALT is found here 3. thin layer of smooth muscle that produces local movements in the mucosa (dislodge particles from walls) |
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Submucosa:
1. contains what 2. type of tissue |
1. major blood and lymph vessels, nerve fibers
2. connective tissue w/ many elastic fibers |
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Muscularis externa
1. inner circular layer 2. outer longitudinal layer 3. responsible for... |
1. squeezes the gut tube
2. shortens the intestines 3. peristalsis and segmentation |
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The serosa
1. makes up.. 2. type of epithelium |
1. the visceral peritoneum
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1. what type of epithelium lines the oral cavity?
2. what two muscles make up the lips and cheeks? |
1. stratified squamous epithelium
2. buccinator, orbicularis oris |
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The tongue
1. intrinsic muscles 2. extrinsic muslces |
1. within the tongue, alter the shape of the tongue, not attached to bone
2. external to the tongue, alter the position of the tongue |
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Papillae
1. filiform 2. fungiform 3. circumvallate papillae |
1. roughen the tongue, enable it to grasp and manipulate food, do not contain taste buds
2. mushroom shaped, have taste buds 3. line up the V formation, have taste buds |
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Salivary glands
1. produce what? 2. composition of saliva 3. shape of glands 4. intrinsic glands 5. extrinsic glands |
1. saliva
2. water, ions, mucus, enzymes 3. compound tubuloalveolar glands 4. scattered about in tongue, palate, lips, and cheeks 5. parotid, submandibular, sublingual |
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Pharynx
1. epithelium 2. external muscle layer |
1. simple squamous epithelium
2. superior, middle, and inferior pharyngeal constrictors. contract in sequence, from top to bottom, to move bolus into esophagus |
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Esophagus
1. passes through ... in diaphragm before it joins the stomach at the cardiac orifice 2. this acts to close off the lumen and prevent regurgitation of acidic juices from the stomach |
1. esophageal hiatus
2. cardiac sphincter |
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Histology of the Esophagus
1. lining epithelium 2. outermost layer is... |
1. stratified squamous
2. adventitia, because there is no peritoneum yet above the diaphragm |
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Stomach: basics
1. food is churned into a semifluid... 2. controls rate of... 3. main function |
1. chyme
2. delivery of chyme into small intestine 3. enzymatic digestion |
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Stomach: parts and curvatures
1. cardiac region 2. fundus 3. body 4. pyloric region 5. lesser curvature 6. greater curvature |
1. adjacent to esophagus
2. dome tucked under the diaphragm 3. lies between the fundus and pyloric region 4. controls the entry of chyme into the intestine 5. concave border 6. convex border |
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Rugae
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internal folds of mucosa in empty stomach, disappear in full stomach
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Muscularis externa has three layers:
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longitudinal
circular oblique (innermost) |
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Pyloric sphincter
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thickening of circular layer in muscularis externa
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stomach
1. epithelium 2. gastic pits open into... 3. parietal cells 4. chief cells 5. enteroendocrine cells |
1. simple columnar epithelium - secrete a coat of viscid alkaline mucuous
2. tubular gastric glands 3. secrete HCl 4. pepsinogen 5. gastric hormones |
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Small intestine
1. principal site of... 2. three subunits and their percentages |
1. enzymatic digestion and absorption
2. a. duodenum (5%) b. jujunum (40%) c. ileum (60%) |
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hepatopancreatic ampulla
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a bulb formed by the main pancreatic duct and bile duct entering the wall of the duodenum
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Mods for absorption
1. circular folds 2. villi 3. microvilli |
1. aka plica circularis - permanent transverse ridges of mucosa and submucosa. increase SA and slow movement of chyme
2. finger like projections of the mucosa into the lumen 3. microscopic fingerlike extensions located on apical surface of each epithelial cell |
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Histology of Intestinal wall
1. absorptive cells 2. goblet cells 3. enteroendocrine cells 4. intestinal crypts 5. accumulations of lymphatic tissue |
1. uptake digested nutrients
2. secrete mucus that lubricates chyme, protects the 3. secrete hormones that stimulate pancreas and bladder 4. located between villi 5. in mucosa and submucosa. called payer's patches in the ileum |
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Large intestine
1. principal functions: 2. describe mucosa 3. what type of mass movements? |
1. reabsorption of electrolytes and water. elimination of undigested food and other stuff
2. smooth surface, no plicae circularis, no villi 3. peristaltic |
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Special features of large intestine (not found in small intestines)
1. Teniae coli 2. Haustra 3. Epiploic appendages |
1. 3 thickened bands of longitudinal smooth muscles evenly spaced around colon
2. Sacs or pouches of the colon between the teniae coli 3. fat filled pouches of visceral peritoneum that hang from the intestine |
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gross anatomy of large intestine
1. cecum 2. vermiform appendix 3. colon |
1. a blind pouch at the beginning
2. contains large aggregates of lymphoid tissue 3. divided into distinct segments |
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rectum
1. description 2. any teniae coli? |
1.continuation of sigmoid colon, descends along the inferior half of the sacrum in a retroperitoneal position
2. Noo |
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transverse folds of the rectum
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three semicircular permanent folds made by mucous membrane and circular muscle layers
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Anal canal
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continuation of the rectum, the last part of the large intestine
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external anal sphincter
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large voluntary, formed by skeletal muscles
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internal anal sphincter
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involuntary, formed by the thickened circular layer of muscularis
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The liver
1. uptake, storage and distribution of nutrients and vitamins 2. produces most of the circulating plasma proteins: |
1. glycogen, vitamins A, D, K
2. albumin, non-immunoglobulins, transferrin, fibrinogen, others |
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Liver
1. most vessels enter and leave via the 2. capillaries in the stomach and intestines absorb nutrients and then drain into the tributaries of the 3. this vein delivers nutrients to the liver sinusoids, where the liver processes the nutrients for toxins. blood then travels out the hepatic vein to the |
1. porta hepatis
2. hepatic portal vein 3. IVC |
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1. portal triads consist of
2. kupferr cells are |
1. portal vein, hepatic artery, bile duct
2. liver macrophages |
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Pancreas
1. exocrine gland function - what kind of molecules? 2. endocrine function |
1. injects enzymes into stomach that digest every major kind of molecule. proteins lipids carbs nucleic acids
2. insulin and glucagon - reduces blood sugar |
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Disorders of digestive system
1. inflammatory bowel disease 2. viral hepatitis |
1. inflammation of intestinal wall
crohn's disease ulcerative colitis 2. flu like symptoms and aundice and major types - A, B, C, and G |
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1. breakdown product of amino acids
2. breakdown product of nucleic acids 3. breakdown product of creatine phosphate |
1. urea
2. uric acid 3. creatinine |
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Kidney time:
Cortex 1. appearance 2. forms these structures that form inward extensions and separate the renal pyramids |
1. light and granular
2. renal columns |
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Kidney time:
Medulla 1. consists of these units 2. apex of above mentioned structure |
1. pyramids (cone shaped masses)
2. papilla |
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Renal Sinus
1. what 2. contains... |
1. large filled space in medial region of the kidney opening to the exterior via the renal hilum
2. Renal pelvis - expanded superior part of the ureter Calices - urine carrying, cup shaped tubes enclosing pyramids that empty into renal pelvis |
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vasculature of kidneys - the order
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aorta
renal artery segmental artery lobar artery interlobar artery arcuate artery interlobular artery afferent arteriole glomerulus efferent arteriole peritubular capillaries and vasa recta interlobular vein arcuate vein interlobar vein renal vein inferior vena cava |
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Kidneys: nerve supply
1. offshoot of 2. somatic/autonomic? 3.sympathetic/parasympathetic? 4. controls? |
1. celiac plexus
2. autonomic 3. sympathetic fibers 4. the diameter of the renal arteries and influence the urine forming functions of the uriniferous tubules |
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what is the main structural and functional unit of kidney, and what does it consist of?
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uriniferous tubules. consists of the nephron, and collecting duct.
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1. cortical nephrons
2. juxtamedullary nephrons |
1. 85% of nephrons, short loop of henle
2. 15% of nephrons. deep loop of henle. |
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Renal corpuscle
1. only present in the 2. glomerulus 3. bowman's capsule 4. parietal layer of bowman's capusle 5. visceral layer of bowman's capsule |
1. cortex
2. tuft of fenestrated capillaries 3. capsule yo 4. simple squamous epithelium 5. podocytes that form filtration slits |
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this structure lies between the blood in the glomerulus and capsular space. restricts the filtrations of large elements and proteins. allows passage of water, ions, glucose, amino acids and urea.
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visceral filtration membrane
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Kidneys: collecting ducts
1. receive urine from distal convoluted tubules of one duct or several? 2. At the papilla of the pyramid, adjacent collecting ducts join to form |
1. several ducts
2. the papillary duct |
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Glomerular capillaries
1. fed and drained by which arterioles? 2. which has a bigger diameter, efferent or afferent arteriole 3. high or low bp in glomerulus? |
1. afferent and efferent
2. afferent arteriole 3. high blood pressure - that's how it works |
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peritubular capillaries
1. arise from... 2. drain into 3. high pressure or low pressure |
1. efferent arteriole
2. venules of renal venous system 3. low pressure |
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Vasa recta
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thin walled looping vessels that surround the loop of henle
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Mechanisms of urine production
1. filtration 2. reabsorption 3. secretion |
1. filtrate of blood leaves kidney capillaries and enters the nephron
2. important nutrients returned from tubules to capillaries 3. waste products moved from blood to tubules |
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Juxtaglomerular apparatus
1. function 2. location 3. juxtaglomerular cells 4. macula densa |
1. regulate blood pressure
2. junction between afferent arteriole and distal convoluted tubule 3. modified smooth muscle cells in afferent arteriole. act as mechanoreceptors by secreting renin when blood pressure falls 4. act as chemoreceptors to monitor solute conc. in filtrate |
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Mesangial Cells
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interact with cells of macula densa and juxtaglomerular cells to regulate blood pressure
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Histology of Ureters
1. mucosa 2. muscularis 3. adventitia |
1. transitional epithelium
2. two layers of smooth muscle. inner longitudinal, outer circular (opposite of arrangment in GI tract) 3. typical connective tissue |
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Bladder
1. urachus 2. detrusor muscle |
1. fibrous band at apex of bladder
2. thick muscular layer |
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Trigone
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defined as the openings for both ureters and urethra
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Urethra
1. epithelium 2. internal urethral sphincter 3. external urethral sphincter |
1. transitional epithelium - near the bladder
stratified and pseudostratified columnar - mid urethra stratified squamous epithelium - near the distal end 2. smooth involuntary muscle 3. voluntarily inhibits urination |
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Urethra
1. passes through the prostate gland 2. through the urogenital diaphragm 3. passes through the length of the penis |
1. prostatic urethra
2. membranous urethra 3. spongy urethra |
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Micturition (voiding or urination)
1. stretching of the bladder wall sends afferent impulses to... 2. parasympathetic pathway then causes what to contract? 3. the sympathetic pathways, which prevent urination, must be 4. what else prevents micturation? |
1. the pontine center
2. detrusor muscle 3. inhibited 4. pons, cerebral cortex, other parts of CNS |
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Disorders of urinary system
1. urinary tract infections 2. renal calculi 3. bladder cancer 4. kidney cancer |
1. more common in females
burning sensation during micturition 2. kidney stones 3. 3% of cancer 4. arises from epithelial cells of uriniferous tubules |
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effects of age on kidney and bladder function
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nephrons decrease in size and number
tubules become less efficient at secretion and reabsorption filtration declines desire to urinate is delayed loss of muscle tone in the bladder |
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Scrotum
1. consists of (2 things) surrounding paired testes 2. positioning provides how many degrees coolor? 3. what divides balls into R/L halves 4. 2 muscles that function in termperature regulation |
1. skin and superficial fascia
2. 3 degrees 3. midline septum 4. dartos muscle - wrinkle the scrotal skin cremaster muscle - elevates the testes in cold temperature |
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Testes
1. Tunica Vaginalis 2. Tunica Albuginea 3. Rete testis |
1. each testis is partially enclosed in one of these sacs. has pareital layer, visceral layer, and serous cavity fluid.
2. divides testes into 250-300 lobules. each contain 1-4 seminiferous tubules 3. lies in the posterior part of testis in dense CT. receives sperm from seminiferous tubules via straight tubules, send them into epididymis |
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Seminiferous Tubules
1. separated by what kind of tissue? 2. composed of what kind epithelium? 3. include what kind of cells 4. tight junctions between sustenacular cells make up what? |
1. loose areolar connective tissue
2. thick stratified epithelium 3. sertoli cells, spermatogenic cells 4. blood testis barrier. prevents immune response to differentiating sperm, which the body would recognize as foreign. |
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Epididymis
1. how long? how longs does it take for sperm to travel through? 2. site of sperm... 3. what kind of epithelium? 4. what expels sperm into the ductus deferens? |
1. 6 meters long, 20 days
2. maturation 3. pseudostratified columnar epithelium with stereocilia 4. smooth muscles of epididymus wall |
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Pampiniform plexus
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contain testicular veins that provide countercurrent heat exchange
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Spermatic Cord
1. a tube of 2. contains 3. oblique canal formed from aponeurosis of the external oblique muscle |
1. fascia
2. vas deferens, testicular vessels and nerves 3. inguinal canal |
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Vas deferens
1. store sperm? transport sperm during ejaculation? 2. what is the distal end called? |
1. yes to both
2. ampulla |
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Urethra
1. carriest sperms from ... to ... 2. three regions |
1. ejaculatory ducts, outside of body
2. prostatic urethra membranous urethra spongy urethra |
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Seminal vesicles
1. location 2. secretes about how much % of volume of semen? 3. fluid contains |
1. posterior surface of bladder
2. 60 % 3. fructose to nourish sperm other substances to enhance fertilization |
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Prostate
1. encircles what? 2. consists of 20-30 compound tubuloalveolar glands embedded in a mass of dense CT and smooth muscle called the 3. what % of seminal fluid is secreted? 4. contains what substances? |
1. prostatic urethra
2. fibromuscular stroma 3. 25 to 30 4. sperm clotting substances, semen liquify substances, PSA which is screened for cancer |
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Bulbourethral glands
1. location 2. produces 3. function of #2 |
1. inferior to prostate
2. mucus. 3. cleanses urethra, enhances pH |
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Penis
1. consists of... 2. consists of ... internally |
1. root, shaft, tip, prepuce
2. spongy urethra, 3 cylindrical bodies of erectile tissue |
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Erectile tissues
1. corpus spongiosum 2. corpus cavernose |
1. midventral portion that surrounds the urethra. enlarged distally to form the glans penis, proximally where it forms the root (bulb of penis)
2. paired dorsal erectile bodies proximal crus anchored to the pubic arch of bony pelvis |
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Reproductive cancers in males
1. testicular cancer 2. prostate cancer |
1. affects 1 in 50,000 males
commonly from early stage spermatogenic cells increase of 50% from 1974-1990 cured in 95% of patients 2. slow growing - arises from peripheral glands risk factors - fatty diet, genetic predisposition |
