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140 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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The telencephalon arises from what?
What does the telencephalon eventually form? |
arises from the prosencephalon
eventually forms the cerebrum |
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What secondary vesicle eventually forms the cerebrum
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telencephalon
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This provides a passageway for sensory and motor impulses
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Spinal Cord
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What is responsible for reflexes?
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The spinal cord and spinal nerves
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the cervical part of the spinal cord is continuous with the ______________
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Medulla Oblangata
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What is the tapering inferior end of the spinal cord?
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Conus Medullaris
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What is the Cauda Equina made of?
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Axons & Filum Terminale
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What is the function of the filum terminale
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Helps anchor the to the comus medullaris to the coccyx.
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how would one describe the filum terminale
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a thin strand of pia mater
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Where is the cervical enlargement located on the spinal cord?
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The inferior cervical part
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The spinal cord is associated with 31 pairs of spinal nerves that connect the CNS to _________, ___________, and ______________
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Muscles, Receptors, and Glands
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Spinal Nerves are considered mixed nerves because they contain both __________ and _____________ Axons
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Motor and sensory
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The epidural space is between the _______________ and _________________ covering the inner walls of the vertebra
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Dura mater
Periosteum vertebra |
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The Epidural space contains what?
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Blood Vessels
areolar connective tissue adipose connective tissue |
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What is deep to the epidural space?
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Dura mater
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The Spinal Dura Mater fuses with what?
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The connective layers that surround the spinal cord
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This is a real space filled with CSF
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subarachnoid space
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Where do denticulate ligaments originate and attach?
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originate - pia mater
attach - dura mater helps to suspend and anchor the spinal cord |
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is the grey matter in the spinal cord on the inside or the outside
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inside
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What does gray matter consist of?
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unmyelinated axons
cell bodies of neurons Glial Cells |
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What are the names of the two indentations on the spinal cord
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Anterior median fissure
Posterior median sulcus |
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What does White matter consist of?
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White matter consists of myelinated axons
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which part of the spinal cord is going to innervate skeletal muscle
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Anterior horns
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Which part of the spinal cord contains somatic motor neurons
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Anterior horns
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Which part of the spinal cord innervates cardiac muscle, smooth muscle, and glands
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Lateral horns
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Which part of the spinal cord contains autonomic motor neurons
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lateral horns
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Which part of the spinal cord innervates cardiac muscle, smooth muscle, and glands
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Lateral horns
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Which part of the spinal cord contains autonomic motor neurons
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lateral horns
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visceral sensory nuclei receive information from where?
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Sensory receptors
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where are motor nuclei located within the spine?
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anterior and lateral horns
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where is the somatic motor nuclei located within the spinal cord?
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Anterior horns (skeletal muscle)
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Where is the autonomic motor nuclei located within the spinal cord?
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The lateral horns (smooth, cardiac muscle)
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The anterior funiculi are interconnected by what ?
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White commissure
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What are tracts
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The axons within each white matter funiculus
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how many pairs of spinal nerves are there?
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31
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What is spinal nerves connect?
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The CNS to muscles , glands, and receptors.
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What are the three types of connective tissue wrappings around the spinal nerves?
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Endoneurium
Perineurium Epineurium |
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What does the Endoneurium separate ?
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Separates each axon within the spinal nerves
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WHat does the Perineurium separate within the spinal nerves
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Separates groups of of axons
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WHat is the responsibility of the Epineurium?
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Enclose the entire nerve
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What does a anterior root contain?
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motor axons only
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what does the posterior root contain?
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sensory axons only
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What is located within the posterior root ganglion?
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The cell bodies of the sensory neurons
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Where do the cell bodies come from for the anterior root?
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lateral and anterior horns of spinal cord
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Each anterior root and it's corresponding posterior root unite where? What happens once these roots unite
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The intervertebral foramen , it becomes a spinal nerve.
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Where does the motor axons in a spinal nerve come from?
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from the anterior root
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where does the sensory axons in the spinal nerve come from?
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The posterior root
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the eighth cervical spinal nerve leaves the intervertebral foramen between which vertabra
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C7 and T1
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which spinal nerves exit exit below the vertebra of the same number?
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spinal nerves inferior to C8
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Which spinal nerves and longest?
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The lumbar and sacral , because they have to travel inferiorly to reach the right intervertebral foramina.
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Which branch of the spinal nerves are smaller?
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posterior ramus
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What does the posterior ramus innervate
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The deep muscles of the back and the skin of the back
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What does the anterior ramus innervate ?
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anterior and lateral portions of the trunk, upper limbs, lower limbs....wow the anterior ramus is the shit
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Nerve plexuses can arise from ?
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anterior ramus because they are the shit!
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This is a network of interweaving anterior rami of spinal nerves.
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Nerve plexuses
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Which spinal nerves innervate a segment of skin (or a dermatome)?
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all except C1
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What are the four principle nerve plexuses?
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cervical, brachial, lumbar, and sacral
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which spinal nerves do not form plexuses?
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thoracic spinal nerves, S5- Co1
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thoracic spinal nerves are also called?
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intercostal nerves
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How are intercostal nerves named the way they are?
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Because they travel in the intercostal space sandwiched between two ribs
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Which nerves are considered intercostal?
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T1-T12 ( T12 is a subcostal nerve because it arises below the ribs
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All intercostal nerves do not form plexuses except ?
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T1
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The left and right cervical plexuses are immediately lateral to which cervical vertebra?
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C1-C4
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branches of the cervical plexus innervate what?
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anterior neck muscles, skin of the neck, and portions of the head and shoulders.
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What does the phrenic nerve innervate?
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the diaphragm
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Which plexus is the phrenic nerve part of?
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The cervical plexus
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What forms the phrenic nerve?
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primarily C4, but also C3 and C5
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Epilepsy drugs
which one is Also used for acute seizures of eclampsia (1st line of prevention is MgSO4) |
Benzodiazepines (diazepam or
lorazepam) |
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Each brachial plexus if formed by the anterior rami of which spinal nerves?
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C5 - T1
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What does each brachial plexus innervate?
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pectoral girdle, entire upper limb ( one for left side and one for right side)
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What are the five major terminal branches that emerge from the Brachial Plexus?
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Axillary
Median Musculocutaneous Radial ulna |
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Which spinal nerves form the lumbar plexuses?
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L1- L4
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How is the lumbar plexus divided?
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Into an anterior division and a posterior division
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What is the main nerve of the posterior division of the lumbar plexus
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the femoral nerve
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What is the main nerve of the anterior division of the lumbar plexus
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obturator nerve
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The sacral plexus is formed from the anterior rami of spinal nerves ?
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L4- S4
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WHat are the two divisions that the sciatic nerve is composed of?
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tibial division
common fibular division |
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The tibial nerve is formed from which division of the sciatic nerve
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anterior division
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The common fibular nerve is formed from which division of the sciatic nerve?
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posterior
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What are the main branches of the sciatic nerve?
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Tibial Nerve
Common fibular nerve Deep fibular nerve Superficial fibular nerve |
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What is a reflex arc?
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neural wiring of a single reflex
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What are the steps to a reflex arc
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1.)stimulus activates receptor
2.)Nerve impulse travels through sensory neuron to the CNS 3) info from nerve impluse processed in the integration center by internrurons 4)motor neuron transmits nerve impulse to effector 5) Effector responds |
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What is ipsilateral ?
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when both the receptor and effector organs of the reflex are on the same side of the spinal cord
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What is contralateral
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when the sensory impluses from a receptor organ cross over through the spinal cord to activate effector organs in the opposite limb.
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describe a monosynaptic reflex
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sensory axons synapse directly on motor neurons whose axons project to the effector
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What are the three common spinal reflexes?
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withdrawal reflex
strength reflex Golgi tendon reflex |
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Describe the withdrawal reflex?
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Happens in response to pain...such as touching something hot
polysynaptic antagonist muscles used flexor muscles contract in response |
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Describe the Stretch Reflex
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Monosynaptic
stretch in a muscle is monitored by a stretch receptor called the muscle spindle the knee jerk is an example |
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Describe the golgi tendon relfex
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polysynaptic
prevents skeletal muscles from tensing excessively |
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What are receptors?
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Structures that detect stimuli
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Transducers
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structures that transform the energy of one system into a different form of energy
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Where are general sense receptors distributed?
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Skin and Organs
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Where are special sense receptors distributed?
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housed within complex organs within the head.
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What are the criteria used to describe receptors?
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Stimulus origin
receptor distribution modality of stimulus |
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where are somatic receptors housed?
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within the body wall
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olfactory receptor cells are what type of neurons?
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Bipolar
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Free nerve endings located at the apical end of the olfactory receptor cells
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olfactory hair
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discrete bundles of olfactory neurons axons that project through foramina in the cribiform plate and enter a pair of olfactory bulbs.
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olfactory nerve axons
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where is the primary olfactory cortex located?
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temporal lobe of the cerebrum
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how is light stimuli detected?
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by photoreceptors in the retina
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that conjunctiva is made of what?
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stratified squamous epithelium
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oscular conjunctiva lines what?
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The anterior surface of the eye
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palpebral conjunctiva lines what?
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the inner surface of the eyelid
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which type of cells lubricate and moisten the eye?
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goblet cells
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these prevent tear overflow and the eyelids from sticking together
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tarsal glands
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the opening between the two eyelids
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Palpebral fissure
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where is eyelids unite at there medial and lateral borders
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medial and lateral commissures
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this is a small reddish structure at the medial commissure which contains modified swear glands
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lacrimal caruncle
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modified sweat glands that form the thick secretory prodcuts that contribute to eye buggers
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ciliary glands
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produces, collects and drains lacrimal fluid from the eye
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lacrimal apparatus
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the fibrous tunic is composed of what?
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anterior cornea
posterior sclera |
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what are the inner, middle, and outer layers of the eye
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inner - retina
middle- vascuolar tunic outer - fibrous tunic |
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what is the internal layer of the eye wall
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the retina
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what two layers make up the retina
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pigmented layer
neural layer |
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what provides vitamen A for the photoreceptors?
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pigmented layer
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layer of the retina that houses photoreceptors?
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neural layer
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this layer of the retina is responsible fore receiving light rays and converting them into nerve impulses that are transmitted to the brain
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neural layer
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what three types of cells form the neural layer?
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photoreceptor cells
ganglion cells bipolar cells |
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this forms the innermost layer of the neural layer
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ganglion cells
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which layer contain rods and cones
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photoreceptor layer
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axons of these cells leave the retina and form the optic nerve (CN II)
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Ganglion cells
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this is the blind spot on the retina
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optic disc
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Area of the retina that has the highest proportions of cones but almost no rods
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fovea centralis
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these make the lens change shape
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suspensory ligaments
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the process of making the lens more spherical in order to view close up objects
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accommodation
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the aqueous humor contain within the anterior cavity of the eye, drains where?
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scleral venous sinus
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what completely fills the space between the lens and the retina
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vitreous humor
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what maintains the eye shape?
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vitreous humor
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ganglionic axons converge to form what?
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optic nerve
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the lateral geniculate nucleus is located where?
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thalamus
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this is a bony tube which the auricle leads to
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external acoustic meatus
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the external acoustic meatus ends and another part arises....what is this part?
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tympanic membrane ( eardrum)
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where are the three smallest bones of the body located
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tympanic cavity
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what are the three smallest bones in the body called as a group
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auditory ossicles
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por encima de
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over the head of, against the will of
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this bone is attached to the tympanic membrane and articulates with the incus
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malleus
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this bone articulates with the stapes
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incus
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what is the bony ladyrinth, what does it surround?
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located in the inner ear, this structure surrounds the membranous labyrinth.
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these are fluid filled tubes and spaces within the bony ladyrinth
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membranous labyrinth
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where are the receptors for equilibrium and hearing located.
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the epithelium lining membranous labyrinth
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