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84 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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What are two functions of menisci?
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Provide congruency to joint tissue
Shock absorption |
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Which ligament of the meniscus is not found in large animals?
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Transverse ligament
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If you have cranial drawer sign, which ligament was ruptured?
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Cranial cruciate ligament
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What two joints share a joint cavity in the genual joint?
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Femoropatellar joint
Femorotibial joint |
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Fat that lies between joint capsule and ligament of quadriceps femoris
Aids in cushioning of underlying structures |
Patellar fat pad
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Four phases of endochondral bone formation
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Formation of cartilaginous model
Formation of primary center of ossification Formation of secondary center of ossification Maturation |
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Two layers of perichondreum
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Superficial cell layer
Primitive and bone cells |
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Where are osteoprogenitor cells located in bone?
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Primitive cell layer of perichondreum
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What is the only remaining section of the cartilagenous model of bone?
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Articular cartilage
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Perichondral collar of bone
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Thin layer of bone joint beneath perichondrium
Type of intermembranous ossification |
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Formation of primary center
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Calcification of cartilage
Vascular penetration of cartilagenous model Osteoclasts begin breaking down calcified cartilage so osteoblasts can form bone tissues Medullary cavity begins to form Zones of rapidly proliferating cartilage |
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How do osteoblasts get into the primary center of ossification?
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Vascularization --> osteoprogenitor cells --> osteoblasts
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Two types of bones that may not have secondary centers of ossification
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Short
Sesamoid |
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What causes physeal cartilage growth to slow down?
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Hormonal changes
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When do physeal plates close?
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6 - 12 months of age
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Vertebral formula of dogs and cats
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C7, T13, L7, S3, Cd +- 20
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Two parts of the intervertebral disc
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Annulus fibrosous
Nucleus pulposus |
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What types of dogs is intervertebral disc disease most likely seen in?
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Chondrodystrophoid dogs
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Herniated disc
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Protrusion of a dehydrated nucleus pulposus through a weakened annulus.
Puts pressure on SC |
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Join rib heads together
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Intercapital ligaments
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Which rib pairs have no intercapital ligaments?
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First and last three
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First sternebra is called what?
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Manubrium
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Last sternebra is called what?
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Xiphoid process
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Which system of Epaxial muscles has no cervical attachments?
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Iliocostalis
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General attachments of the Longissimus and Transversarius systems
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Goes from illial area to cervical area
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Functions of the Epaxial muscles
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Extend vertebral column
Lateral flexion |
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What two muscles must be retracted to get to cervical vertebra?
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Longus capitis
Longus colli |
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Four muscles of the abdominal wall
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Rectus abdominis
Transversus abdominis External abdominal oblique Internal abdominal oblique |
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Which muscles attach to the linea alba?
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Transversus abdominis
External abdominal oblique Internal abdominal oblique |
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Help the rectus abdominis flex the vertebra smoothly
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Tendinous intersections
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What are the attachments of the Transversus abdominis m.?
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Cranially: Costal cartilage of ribs 9 - 13
Ventrally: Linea alba Dorsally: Thoracolumbar fascia |
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What is the smallest of the abdominal muscles?
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Transversus abdominis
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Which way do the muscle fibers of the internal abdominal oblique run?
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Cranioventrally
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Attachments of the Internal abdominal oblique m.
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Cranially: Costal cartilage of ribs 9 - 13
Ventrally: Linea alba Dorsally: Thoracolumbar fascia |
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Attachments of the External abdominal oblique m.
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Cranially: Costal cartilage of ribs 5 - 13
Ventrally: Linea alba Dorsally: Thoracolumbar fascia |
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Which way do the muscle fibers of the external abdominal oblique run?
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Caudoventrally
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Which way do the muscle fibers of the Transversus abdominis run?
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Transversely
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Two functions of the abdominal muscles
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Strong, supportive mesh
'Abdominal press' |
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Ribcage
Sternum Vertebral column |
Bony thorax
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Thoracic inlet
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Cranial opening of the bony thorax
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Boundaries of the thoracic inlet
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T1
Manubrium Rib 1 |
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Thoracic outlet
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Caudal opening of bony thorax
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Boundaries of thoracic outlet
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T13
Ribs 10 - 13 Xiphoid process |
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Serous membrane function
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Secrets small amounts of serous fluid which lubricates organs
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Serous membrane lining thorax
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Pleura
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Serous membrane
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Lines interior of all three body cavities
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What skin layer is the serous membrane considered?
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Mesothelium
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Peritoneum
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Serous membrane lining of the abdomen
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How many organs are in the pleural cavity?
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None
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What kind of space is the pleural cavity?
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A potential space
Pneumonthorax --> lung shrinks --> pleural cavity becomes a real space |
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Is there any pressure associated with the pleural cavity?
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Yes
- 2.5 mmHg Keeps surface of lung against surface of thoracic walls |
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How many organs are within the mediastinum?
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Three
Two lungs, heart |
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Three types of pleura
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Visceral
Parietal Connecting |
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Visceral pleura
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Lines the lungs in the thoracic cavity
Can aka pulmonary pleura |
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Parietal pleura
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Wall pleura
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Three types of parietal pleura
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Costal pleura
Diaphragmatic pleura Mediastinal pleura |
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Connecting pleura
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Double layer of pleura connecting visceral pleura to parietal pleura
Pulmonary ligament |
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Which species has a thick mediastinum?
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Ruminants
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Which species has a fenestrated mediastinum?
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Horses
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What species has a technically in tact pleura?
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Dogs and cats
Technically intact because it's continuous but very thin (2 cell layers thick) in some portions |
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Which phase of respiration is passive?
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Expiration
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Which phase of respiration can be active?
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Expiration
Inspiration |
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Primary muscle of inspiration
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Diaphragm
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What kind of muscle fibers does the internal intercostal muscles have?
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Cranioventral
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What kind of muscle fibers does the external intercostal muscles have?
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Caudoventral
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Three muscles involved in inspiration
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Diaphragm
Scalenius muscle Seratus dorsalis cranialis muscle |
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What does the scalenius muscle do in inspiration?
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Pulls ribs cranially
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What does the seratus dorsalis cranialis muscle do in inspiration?
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Pulls ribs cranially
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What muscle is involved with active expiration?
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External abdominal oblique m.
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What does the external abdominal oblique muscle do in active expiration?
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Pulls caudal most ribs caudally and inward.
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Two causes of a pneumothorax
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Puncture from inside (lung rupture)
Puncture from outside |
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4 types of pleural effusion
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Hydrothorax
Hemothorax Pyothorax Chylothorax |
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Pyothorax
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Pus in pleural cavity
Associated with infections |
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Chylothorax
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Damage/defects of the thoracic duct
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Visceral pericardium location
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Directly on heart
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Parietal pericardium location
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Surrounds heart, one layer above the visceral pericardium
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What is the gap between the visceral and parietal pericardium called?
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Pericardial cavity
Potential space |
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Mediastinal pleura
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Surrounds parietal pericardium
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Holds parietal and mediastinal pleura together
NOT a serous membrane |
Fibrous pericardium
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Pericardial sac
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Parietal pericardium
Fibrous pericardium Mediastinal pleura |
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Which component of the pericardial sac is not a serous membrane?
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Fibrous pericardium
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Two components of the circulatory system (main sub-systems)
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Blood vascular system
Lymphatic system |
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4 main functions of the CV system
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- Transport and exchange of elements necessary for cellular function
- Thermoregulation - Water and electrolyte balance - Immunity |
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Two functions of the lymphatic system
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Returns excess fluid to blood supply
Traps and kills foreign bodies |
