Anatomy Test #5 The Digestive System

Front 1

Pharynx Physiology

Back 1

Serves as a passageway for air and food
Food is propelled to the esophagus by two muscle layers, Food movement is by alternating contractions of the muscle layers (peristalsis)

Front 2

Layers of Tissue in the Alimentary Canal Organs

Back 2

Mucosa
Submucosa
Muscularis externa
Serosa

Front 3

Mucosa

Back 3

Innermost, moist membrane of alimentary canal organs. Consists of:
Surface epithelium
Small amount of connective tissue
Small smooth muscle layer

Front 4

Submucosa

Back 4

Just beneath the mucosa in alimentary canal organs,
Soft connective tissue with blood vessels, nerve endings

Front 5

Muscularis externa

Back 5

Usually two layers, Smooth muscle in alimentary canal organs, Inner circular layer,
Outer longitudinal layer (these two layers make peristalsis possible)

Front 6

Serosa

Back 6

Outermost layer of the wall in alimentary canal organs, contains fluid-producing cells.

Front 7

Two important nerve plexuses serve the alimentary canal

Back 7

Submucosal nerve plexus and
Myenteric nerve plexus

Front 8

How are the two nerve plexuses that serve the alimentary canal controlled?

Back 8

Autonomic nervous system

Front 9

Function of the two nerve plexuses that serve the alimentary canal

Back 9

Regulate mobility and secretory activity of the GI tract organs

Front 10

Where does food enter the stomach?

Back 10

The cardioesophageal sphincter

Front 11

Where does food from the stomach empty?

Back 11

The pyloric sphincter

Front 12

Fundus

Back 12

Expanded portion of the stomach lateral to the cardiac region

Front 13

Rugae

Back 13

Internal folds of the mucosa

Front 14

GI tract

Back 14

Tube through which digestive contents move

Front 15

Accessory organs

Back 15

Not part of the GI "tube". Includes teeth, tongue, salivary glands, pancreas, liver, gallbladder.

Front 16

Mesenteries

Back 16

Extensions of the serosa, connect organs to walls of cavities

Front 17

Submucosal plexus

Back 17

Controls secretions of alimentary canal

Front 18

Myenteric plexus

Back 18

Controls smooth muscle layers

Front 19

Mucous neck cells

Back 19

Produce a sticky alkaline mucus

Front 20

Gastric Glands

Back 20

Situated in gastric pits and secrete gastric juice

Front 21

Chief cells

Back 21

Produce protein-digesting enzymes (pepsinogens)

Front 22

Parietal cells

Back 22

Produce hydrochloric acid

Front 23

Enteroendocrine cells

Back 23

Produce gastrin

Front 24

Mucus neck cells

Back 24

Produce alkaline mucus which protects the stomach from becoming overly acidic

Front 25

Stomach mucosa

Back 25

Has microscopic gastric pits that extend into gastric glands

Front 26

What does stomach mucosa produce?

Back 26

The secretions of gastric juice

Front 27

Enteroendocrine cells (G-cells)

Back 27

Produce gastrin which is a hormone secreted in blood

Front 28

Anatomy of the duodenum

Back 28

Short curved portion of the small intestines that is attached to the stomach and curves around the pancreas

Front 29

What produces enzymes in the small intestines?

Back 29

Intestinal cells and
Pancreas

Front 30

How are enzymes carried to the small intestines?

Back 30

Pancreatic ducts

Front 31

What three structures increase surface area in the small intestines?

Back 31

Microvilli, villi, and circular folds

Front 32

Sections of the large intestines

Back 32

Cecum
Appendix
Colon
Rectum
Anal canal

Front 33

Cecum

Back 33

Saclike first part of the large intestine

Front 34

External anal sphincter

Back 34

Formed by skeletal muscle and under voluntary control

Front 35

Internal involuntary sphincter

Back 35

Formed by smooth muscle

Front 36

Goblet cell function in large intestines

Back 36

produce alkaline mucus which lubricates the passage of feces

Front 37

Crown of a tooth

Back 37

The exposed part of the tooth

Front 38

Enamel

Back 38

Hardest substance in the body, on the outside of the tooth

Front 39

Dentin of teeth

Back 39

Found deep to the enamel and forms the bulk of the tooth

Front 40

Pulp cavity of teeth

Back 40

Contains connective tissue, blood vessels, and nerve fibers. Living cells which replaces dentin

Front 41

Neck of a tooth

Back 41

Region in contact with the gum,
Connects crown to root

Front 42

Cementum

Back 42

Covers outer surface and attaches the tooth to the periodontal membrane

Front 43

What does the pancreas do?

Back 43

Secretes pancreatic juice, enzymes, and bicarbonate. Produces a wide spectrum of digestive enzymes

Front 44

Bile

Back 44

Produced by the liver and stored in the gallbaldder

Front 45

What are bile salts made from?

Back 45

Cholesterol

Front 46

Common hepatic duct

Back 46

Duct that allows bile to leave the liver

Front 47

Function of bile

Back 47

Emulsify fats by physically breaking large fat globules into smaller ones

Front 48

Function of the liver

Back 48

Detoxifies almost everything that goes into our body

Front 49

What does protein get broken down to?

Back 49

Amino acids

Front 50

What do fats get broken down to?

Back 50

Fatty Acids

Front 51

What enzyme breaks down protein?

Back 51

Proteases

Front 52

What enzyme breaks down fats

Back 52

Lipases

Front 53

Function of the digestive system?

Back 53

Breaks down carbs, fats, and proteins.

Front 54

Buccal phase of Deglutition

Back 54

Occurs in the mouth
Food is formed into a bolus,
The bolus is forced into the pharynx by the tongue

Front 55

Pharyngeal-esophageal phase of deglutition

Back 55

Involuntary transport of the bolus, Peristalsis moves the bolus toward the stomach,
The cardioesophageal sphincter is opened when food presses against it

Front 56

Gastrin

Back 56

Hormone produced by the stomach, acts on the stomach, increases production of gastric juices

Front 57

Pyloric sphincter controls what?

Back 57

Controls amount of chyme into the duodenum

Front 58

What is absorbed in the small intestines?

Back 58

Water and nutrients

Front 59

How are lipids absorbed during digestion?

Back 59

Diffusion

Front 60

Food breakdown in the large intestines

Back 60

Resident bacteria digest remaining nutrients
Produce some vitamin K and B
Release gases

Front 61

What is feces made of?

Back 61

Undigested food residues
Mucus
Bacteria
Water

Front 62

Movements of the large intestines

Back 62

Sluggish peristalsis, has three to four large movements per day

Front 63

When does defecation occur?

Back 63

Defecation occurs with relaxation of the voluntary (external) anal sphincter

Front 64

Glycogenesis

Back 64

Glucose molecules are converted to glycogen in the liver

Front 65

Glycogenolysis

Back 65

Glucose is released from the liver after conversion from glycogen

Front 66

Gluconeogenesis

Back 66

Glucose is produced from fats and proteins