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170 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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pump that drives blood through pulmonary circulation
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right ventricle
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vessels that deliver blood to basic units of gaseous exchange
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pulmonary capillaries
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valve involved in pulmonary circulation
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pulmonary semilunar valve
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vessels that carry blood away from basic units of gaseous exchange
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pulmonary venules
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vessel attached to right ventricle
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pulmonary trunk=artery
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first pair of arteries that branch from the aorta
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right and left coronary arteries
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drains venous blood from coronary circulation to right atrium
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coronary sinus
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subdivisions of the largest artery in the body
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ascending aorta, aortic arch, descending aorta=thoracic aorta, abdominal aorta
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order of arteries that branch from aortic arches
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brachiocephalic, left common carotid, left subclavian
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names given to different part of the right subclavian artery
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right subclavian, right axillary, right brachial
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branches of the right common carotid artery
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right internal and right external carotid arteries
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branches of the left common carotid artery
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left internal and left external carotid arteries
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names given to different part of the left subclavian artery
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left subclavian, left axillary, left brachial
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arteries that supply blood to the esophagus
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esophageal arteries
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arteries that supply blood to the lungs
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bronchial arteries
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arteries that carry blood to the intercostals muscles
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intercostal arteries
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first major unpaired branch from aorta inferior to diaphragm
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celiac artery
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Veins that join to the right atrium
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superior and inferior venae cavae and coronary sinus
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veins that merge to form superior vena cava
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right and left brachiocephalic veins
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veins that drain blood from the left side of the head
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left internal and external jugulars
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superficial vein proximal (=closest) to shoulder in each arm
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cephalic vein
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superficial vein distal to shoulder in each arm
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basilic vein
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names changes in the deep vein in each arm
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brachial vein (arm), axillary vein (shoulder), and subclavian vein (from clavicle to brachiocephalic)
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veins that drain the intercostals spaces
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intercostal veins
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vein (right of midline of chest) that drains intercostals spaces into superior vena cava
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azygous vein
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accessory vein (to left of midline of chest) that helps drain intercostal spaces
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accessory hemiazygous vein
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vein that drains blood from abdominal viscera into liver
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hepatic portal vein
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veins that merge to form hepatic vein
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superior and inferior mesenteric veins
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veins that drain blood from liver to inferior vena cava
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hepatic veins
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veins that merge (=join) to form inferior vena cava
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common iliac veins
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vein that drain blood from right deep pelvic region and merges with external iliac vein.
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right internal iliac vein
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vein that drain blood from left deep pelvic region and merges with external iliac vein
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left internal iliac vein
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name changes in deep vein of each leg from knee to pelvic region
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popliteal vein, femoral vein, external iliac vein
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superificial veins of leg prone to become varicose
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saphenous veins
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opening in interastrial septum of fetal heart that allows blood to pass from right to left atrium
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foramen ovale
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structure in hear after birth indicating the former position of foramen ovale
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fossa ovalis
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shunt between pulmonary trunk = artery and aorta in the fetal heart
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ductus arteriosus
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replaces the ductus arteriosus after birth
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ligamentum arteriosum
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function of the foramen ovale and ductus arteriosus in the fetal heart
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allows blood to partly bypass the pulmonary circulatory pathway because the lungs are not functional
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transports deoxygenated blood from fetus to placenta
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umbilical arteries
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transports oxygenated blood from placenta to fetus
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umbilical veins
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functions of blood
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transport, regulation, protection
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transport of blood
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oxygen [hemoglobin in erythrocytes], hormones, nutrients, waste [urea],
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regulation of blood
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temperature=thermoregulation, water=osmoregulation, pH=acid-base relationship
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protection of blood
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platelets-blood clotting prevents excessive blood loss; leukocytes-leukocytes-defend against disease
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blood is about ____ of body mass
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8%; other fluids are about 92% of body mass
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plasma (yellowish watery component) is -____ of centrifuged whole blood
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55%. cells=formed elements is 45% of centrifuged whole blood (including buffy coat)
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Plasma is _____% water, _____% proteins, and ______% other solutes
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91.5% water, 7% proteins (which include fibrinogen, a part of the blood clotting mechanism), 1.5% other solutes (including the waste product urea, the blood sugar glucose, amino acids, hormones)
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cells=formed elements include three groups of cells
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erythrocytes=4.8 to 5.4 million cells per mm3, platelets or thrombocytes=150 to 450 thousand per mm3, and leukocytes=5 to 10 thousand per mm3
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there are____ different types of blood cells
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seven
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the five type of leukocytes are
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lymphocytes, monocytes, basophils, eosinophils, and neutrophils
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Genotype of blood type A
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I^a I^a & I^a I^o
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Antigens in RBC of blood Type A
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A
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Antibodies in plasma of blood Type A
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B
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Genotype of blood Type B
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I^b I^b & I^b I^o
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Antigens in RBC of blood type B
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B
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Antibodies in plasma of blood Type B
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A
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Genotype of AB
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I^a I^b
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Antigens in RBC of blood type AB
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AB
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Antibodies in plasma of Blood TYpe AB
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none
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Genotype of O blood type
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I^o I^o
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antigens in RBC of blood Type O
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none
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Antibodies in plasma of blood type O
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AB
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universal recipient
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AB
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universal donor
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O
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there are ____ different genotypes that express the four phenotypes
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six
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location of heart
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located in the ventral body cavity=coelom, in its superior subdivision the thoracic cavity, in its middle subdivision, th emediastinum, and in its inferior subdivision, th epericardial cavity
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pericardium=
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the fibrous sac containing the heart, the lining of which is the parietal pericardium
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visceral pericardium=
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surface layer of the heart (=epicardium in a histological context_
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histology of heart wall
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epicardium=surface layer, myocardium=cardiac muscle layer, endocardium=lining of heart
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chambers of the heart
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right and left atrium seperated by interatrial septum,; right and left ventricle by the interventricular septum
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atrioventricular valves
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tricuspid valve between right atrium and right ventricle; biscupid=mitral between left atrium and left ventricle
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semilunar valves
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pulmonary semilunar between the right ventricle and pulmonary arter; aortic semilunar between left ventricle and aorta
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attached vessels of right atrium
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receives blood from superior vena cava, inferior vena cava, and coronary sinus
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attached vessels of left atrium
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receives blood from 2 right and 2 left pulmonary veins
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attached vessels of right ventricle
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pumps blood into pulmonary artery=pulmonary pump=pulmonary trunk
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attached vessels of left ventricle
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pumps blood into aorta=systemic pump
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impulse conduction system of heart, pacemaker=
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sinoatrial node located in right atrial wall that initiates heart beat
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atrioventricular node is
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in septum between the atria
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atrioventricular bundle=
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Bundle of His
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action potential=
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burst of electrical discharge
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tunica externa=
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fibrous external layer in arteries and veins, absent in capillaries
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tunica media=
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thick middle layer in arteries and thin in veins, absent in capillaries
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elastic layer-
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present in arteries and absent in veins
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tunica interna=
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endothelial lining present in arteries, veins, and it is the only layer in the wall of a capillary
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pulmonary circulation
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right ventricle, pulmonary semilunar valve, pulmonary trunk (artery), R + L pulmonayr arteries, pulmonary arterioles, pulmonary capillaries (oxygenated), pulmonary venules, 2R and 2L pulmonary veins, left atrium
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function of pulmonary circulation
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oxgyenation of blood; oxgyen is provided by bronchial arteries to tissues of lUNGS
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system circulation
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left ventricle, aortic semilunar valve, aorta, systemic arteries, sytemic arterioles, systemic capillaries (deoxygenated), systemic venules, systemic veins and coronary sinus, right atrium
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coronary ciruclation
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coronary arteries (R and L)(first pair of arteries that branch from aorta), branches of coronary arteries, arterioles (coronary), capillaries (coronary), coronary venules, coronary veins + coronary sinus, right atrium
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location of the heart
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Depending upon context, the heart is in the thoracic cavity, mediastinum (inferior part), and pericardial cavity.
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extent of heart to left of midline
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About two thirds of the mass of the heart is to the left of the midsagittal line.
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inferiormost projection of heart
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apex
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fibrous sac containing the heart
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Parietal pericardium
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cavity within the fibrous sac
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Pericardial cavity
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the three layers in wall of heart (ext to int)
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epicardium, myocardium (cardiac muscle), and endocardium.
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names of the superior chambers of heart
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Left and right atrium
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names of inferior chambers of heart
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Left and right ventricle
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flaps on each atrium
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Left and right auricles
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Atrioventricular (AV) valves
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Tricuspid valve (right side) and bicuspid = mitral valve (left side)
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Sound made by closure of AV valves
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Lubb
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Semilunar (SL) valves
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Pulmonary semilunar valve (right side) and aortic semilunar valve (left side)
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sound made by closure of SL valves
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Dupp
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vessels attached to right atrium
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Superior vena cava, inferior vena cava, and coronary sinus (all with deoxygenated blood).
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vessels attached to left atrium
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Two left and two right pulmonary arteries (all with oxygenated blood).
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vessel attached to right ventricle
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Pulmonary trunk = artery (with deoxygenated blood).
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vessel attached to left ventricle
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Aorta (with oxygenated blood).
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type of blood in right side of heart (after fetal life)
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Deoxygenated blood
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type of blood in left side of heart (after fetal life)
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Oxygenated blood
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a heart beat
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Oxygenated blood
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Cells that constitute the conduction system of heart
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Autorhythmic muscle fibers = cells.
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Components of heart conduction system?
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? Sinoatrial node = pacemaker, atrioventricular node, bundle branch = Bundle of His, right and left bundle branch, and Purkinje fibers.
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Initiates atrial systole
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Sinoatrial node = pacemaker
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What is atrial systole
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Contraction (pumping) phase of each atrium.
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What is atrial diastole
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Filling (relaxation) phase of each atrium
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What is ventricular systole
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? Contraction (pumping) phase of each ventricle..
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Amount of blood forced into ventricles in atrial systol
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25%.
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What is blood pressure
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Force exerted by blood pushing against the walls of arteries.
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In a blood pressure reading of 120/80, what is the top number
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Pressure resulting from ventricular systole.
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In a blood pressure reading of 120/80, what is the bottom number?
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Drop in pressure during ventricular diastole.
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Branches of the first major unpaired anterior branch from aorta inferior to diaphragm
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Left gastric artery, splenic artery, and hepatic artery..
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. Second major unpaired anterior branch from aorta inferior to diaphragm
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Superior mesenteric artery.
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Third major unpaired anterior branch from aorta inferior to diaphragm
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Inferior mesenteric artery.
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Paired arteries that transport blood to adrenal glands
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Right and left suprarenal = adrenal arteries.
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Paired arteries that transport blood to the kidneys
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Right and left renal arteries.
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Paired arteries that transport blood to the ovaries
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Right and left ovarian arteries.
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Paired arteries that transport blood to the testes?
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Right and left testicular = spermatic arteries.
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. Result of inferior bifurcation of aorta
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Right and left common iliac arteries.
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. Deep pelvic arteries that branch from the common iliac arteries
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Right and left internal iliac arteries.
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Continuation of arteries to legs inferior to internal iliac arterie
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Right and left external iliac arteries.
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Names assigned to the main artery to each leg?
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External iliac artery, femoral artery, popliteal artery.
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functions of lymphatic system
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drains excess interstitial fluid=extracellular fluid (ECF) from tissue spaces, transports dietary lipids from lacteals(capillaries) in villi of the small intestine, carries out immune responses
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lymphatic capillaries (include lymphatic lacteals in villi)
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are tiny vessels (though larger than blood capillaries), closed at one end, and located in the spaces between cells
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lymphatic vessels are formed by merging=uniting lymphatic capillaries
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have thinner walls and more valves that veins of the blood circulatory
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afferent lymphatic vessels with one-way-valves transport
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lymph into lymph nodes
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efferent lymphatic vessels with one-way-valves
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transport lymph away from lymph nodes
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lymphatic ducts are formed by
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lymph trunks
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thoracic lymphatic duct=
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left lymphatic duct begins at cisterna chili and transports lymph from three-fourths of body to venous blood at junction of left internal jugular vein and left subclavian vein
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right lymphatic duct
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transports lymph from upper one-fourth of body to venous blood at junction of right internal jugular vein and right subclavian vein
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formation and flow of lymph
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more blood plasma, except for large plasma proteins, filters free from blood capillaries than can be absorbed: unreasbsorbed plasma and small proteins are known as interstitial fluid=extracellular fluid (ECF): interstitial fluid enters lymphatic capillaries and is returned to blood circulatory system: return of lymph to and through right and left lymphatic ducts is by means of two pumps(milking action resulting from skeletal muscle contraction, pressure on lymphatic vessels resulting from inhalation and exhalation)
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lymphatic organs have _________ and tissue have _____
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organs have fibrous external capsuls and tissues do not
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primary lymphatic organs
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(red bone marrow and thymus) are the sites where stem cells divide and become immunocopetent (capable of mounting an immune response)
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seconary lymphatic organs and tissues
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(lymph nodes, spleen, and lymphatic nodules=follicles) are the sites where immune responses occur
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thymus gland is an organ
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superior to heart and consists of two lobes; very large from birth (70g) through puberty then regresses in size into old age (3.0 g)
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lymph nodes are organs
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about 600 lymph nodes in body
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superficial lymph nodes
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are located beneath skin in neck, axillary region, and pelvic region
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deep lymph nodes are associated with
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internal organs
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spleen is an organ (left side of abdominal cavity between stomach and diapgragm)
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largest mass of lymphatic tissue in body, carries out immune functions, removes worn out erythrocytes, stores platelets (spleen may be removed due to injury and/or to suppress immune function)
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lymphatic nodules of which five large aggregations of these structures are known as
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tonsils
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pharyngeal=
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adenod tonsil is embedded in the pharyngeal wall
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palatine tonsils
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lie in the right and left lateral walls of the orophgarynx
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lingual tonsils
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situated at right and left base of tongus
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vasodilation
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diameter of vessel increased
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vasoconstriction
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diameter of vessel decreased
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some large veins have
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valves
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turnica media most developed in
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arteries
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one layer of cells
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capillaries
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angiogenesis
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formation of blood vessels
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anastomoses
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joining of two or more arteries to same organ
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hematocrit
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part of volume of blood occupied by RBCs
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thrombus
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blood clot
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buffy coat
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in centrifuged blood, blood in column containing WBC
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leukocytes
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WBC, nucleus. some granular or non-granular
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erythrocytes
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RBCs, no nucleus, flat concave discs, blood transport
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thrombocytes
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cell fragments, platelets, blood clotting
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Rh factor-
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presence of a D antigen. (+ if you have it and - if you don't. Rh-/Rh+ for any subsequent birth (any birth following the first), is deadly.
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Ductus arteriosus becomes _____ after fetal life
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ligamentum
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foramen ovale becomes ______ after fetal life
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fossa ovalis
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ductus venosus becomes ________ after fetal life
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ligamentum venosum
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umbilical vein becomes ______ after fetal life
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ligamentum teres
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umbilical arteries become _____ after fetal life
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medial umbilical ligaments
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