Anatomy Test 3

Front 1

Purpose of this system is to facilitate exchange of respiratory gases between blood & atmosphere

Back 1

Pulmonary system

Front 2

Membrane walls of capillary and alveolus are made kf

Back 2

Simple squamous epithelium

Front 3

Thinnest barrier that can be constructed by human tissue

Back 3

Simple squamous epithelium

Front 4

Essential functions of lung

Back 4

Ventilation and gas exchange

Front 5

Movement of air into and out of deep structure of lung (where alveoli are) by expanding and contracting thoracic cavity

Back 5

Ventilation

Front 6

Air flowing in and out through airways that connect alveoli to atmosphere, takes place through alveolar capillary interface

Back 6

Gas exchange

Front 7

Bulk of gas transport accomplished by _____ through biochemical interactions of gases with hemoglobin protein contained w/in rbc

Back 7

RBC

Front 8

Enwrap lungs and line inner surfaces of thoracic cavity

Back 8

Pleural membranes

Front 9

Nasopharynx and oropharynx combine at their posterior extreme and Down into throat as the...

Back 9

Pharynx

(Laryngopharynx)

Front 10

Ridges on Roof of nasal cavity direct air along roof of cavity where it comes in contact with olfactory epithelium

Back 10

Nasal turbinates

Front 11

Muscular cartilaginous flap Protects food from entering airway

Back 11

Epiglottis

Front 12

Forms the Adams apple

Back 12

Thyroid cartilage

Front 13

Housed within thyroid cartilage, contains vocal cords

Back 13

Larynx

Front 14

Lungs are divided into large regions called

Back 14

Lobes

Front 15

Number of lobes in R lung

Back 15

3

Front 16

# of lobes in L lung

Back 16

2

Front 17

Lobes are further divided into 10_____ in each lung

Back 17

Segments

Front 18

Largest of airways in thoracic cavity, splits into 2 at midpoint of chest forming R & L mainstream bronchi, carrying air to each lung

Back 18

Trachea

Front 19

Through this receptor sympathetic input causes airways to dilate during stress allowing greater ventilation

Back 19

B2

Front 20

Through this receptor parasympathetic Activity causes airway constriction enhancing airways ability to clean itself

Back 20

M3

Front 21

Smooth muscle cell expresses which two receptors

Back 21

B2

M3

Front 22

Teaches becomes bronchioles when

Back 22

Cartilage disappears and becomes smooth muscle

Front 23

Epithelium in trachea and bronchi

Back 23

Pseudostratified columnar

Front 24

Epithelium in alveoli

Back 24

Single layer of squamous

Front 25

Epithelium in bronchiole

Back 25

Cuboidal

Front 26

3 types of cells present in alveoli

Back 26

Type 1

Type II

Type III

Front 27

Tendency to recoil, resists being stretched

Back 27

Elastance

Front 28

Tendency to accommodate being stretched, opposite of elastance

Back 28

Compliance

Front 29

Squamous epithelium alveolar cells forms alveolar walls

Back 29

Type 1

Front 30

Glandular epithelium alveolar cells secrete surfactant

Back 30

Type II

Front 31

Macrophage (WBC) alveolar cells, resident immune cells of lung

Back 31

type III

Front 32

Pressure 4( surface tension) divided by radius of chamber

Back 32

Law of Laplace

Front 33

Phospholipid molecule interspersed between water molecules on alveoli, causes surface tension to vary with size, prevents alveoli from collapsing, secreted by type II cells

Back 33

Surfactant

Front 34

Pathological condition in which type II cells don't produce enough surfactant , causing alveoli to collapse

Back 34

Atelectasis

Front 35

Gas stops moving by bulk flow and finishes journey by molecular motion at what point

Back 35

End of bronchioles

(Terminal bronchioles)

Front 36

In normal restful breathing inhale ____ & exhale _____

Back 36

Actively, passively

Front 37

Primary muscle of restful breathing

Back 37

Diaphragm

Front 38

Three body fluid compartments

Back 38

ICF

Interstitial

Plasma

Front 39

Percent of ICF and ECF in body water

Back 39

ICF : 66%

ECF: 33%

Front 40

Three body fluid compartments

Back 40

ICF

Interstitial

Plasma

Front 41

Two subdivisions of ECF and their percentagss

Back 41

Interstitial: 25%

Plasma: 8%

Front 42

Ions can't move across cell membrane they are either inside/ outside of cell , if they are outside they can move between ______ & ______

Back 42

Interstitium and plasma

Front 43

Ions can't move across cell membrane they are either inside/ outside of cell , if they are outside they can move between ______ & ______

Back 43

Interstitium and plasma

Front 44

When Fluid accumulates in interstitial space

Back 44

Edema, third spacing fluid

Front 45

Indented area of kidney

Back 45

Hilum

Front 46

Three tubes connected to hilum

Back 46

Renal artery

Renal vein

Ureter

Front 47

Indented area of kidney

Back 47

Hilum

Front 48

Delivers blood supply from abdominal aorta

Back 48

Renal artery

Front 49

Indented area of kidney

Back 49

Hilum

Front 50

Three tubes connected to hilum

Back 50

Renal artery

Renal vein

Ureter

Front 51

Delivers blood supply from abdominal aorta

Back 51

Renal artery

Front 52

Drains blood back to vena cava

Back 52

Renal vein

Front 53

Three tubes connected to hilum

Back 53

Renal artery

Renal vein

Ureter

Front 54

Delivers blood supply from abdominal aorta

Back 54

Renal artery

Front 55

Drains blood back to vena cava

Back 55

Renal vein

Front 56

Drains urine from kidney into bladder

Back 56

Ureter

Front 57

Indented area of kidney

Back 57

Hilum

Front 58

Three tubes connected to hilum

Back 58

Renal artery

Renal vein

Ureter

Front 59

Delivers blood supply from abdominal aorta

Back 59

Renal artery

Front 60

Drains blood back to vena cava

Back 60

Renal vein

Front 61

Drains urine from kidney into bladder

Back 61

Ureter

Front 62

Located in pelvic cavity and stores finished urine until urination

Back 62

Urinary bladder

Front 63

Indented area of kidney

Back 63

Hilum

Front 64

Three tubes connected to hilum

Back 64

Renal artery

Renal vein

Ureter

Front 65

Delivers blood supply from abdominal aorta

Back 65

Renal artery

Front 66

Drains blood back to vena cava

Back 66

Renal vein

Front 67

Drains urine from kidney into bladder

Back 67

Ureter

Front 68

Located in pelvic cavity and stores finished urine until urination

Back 68

Urinary bladder

Front 69

Two functional layers of kidney

Back 69

Cortex medulla

Front 70

Indented area of kidney

Back 70

Hilum

Front 71

Three tubes connected to hilum

Back 71

Renal artery

Renal vein

Ureter

Front 72

Delivers blood supply from abdominal aorta

Back 72

Renal artery

Front 73

Drains blood back to vena cava

Back 73

Renal vein

Front 74

Drains urine from kidney into bladder

Back 74

Ureter

Front 75

Located in pelvic cavity and stores finished urine until urination

Back 75

Urinary bladder

Front 76

Two functional layers of kidney

Back 76

Cortex medulla

Front 77

Functional layer of kidney , outer layer, continuous 3d band of tissue

Back 77

Cortex

Front 78

Indented area of kidney

Back 78

Hilum

Front 79

Three tubes connected to hilum

Back 79

Renal artery

Renal vein

Ureter

Front 80

Delivers blood supply from abdominal aorta

Back 80

Renal artery

Front 81

Drains blood back to vena cava

Back 81

Renal vein

Front 82

Drains urine from kidney into bladder

Back 82

Ureter

Front 83

Located in pelvic cavity and stores finished urine until urination

Back 83

Urinary bladder

Front 84

Two functional layers of kidney

Back 84

Cortex medulla

Front 85

Functional layer of kidney , outer layer, continuous 3d band of tissue

Back 85

Cortex

Front 86

Functional layer of kidney, inner layer, broken up into small segments

Back 86

Medulla

Front 87

Indented area of kidney

Back 87

Hilum

Front 88

Three tubes connected to hilum

Back 88

Renal artery

Renal vein

Ureter

Front 89

Delivers blood supply from abdominal aorta

Back 89

Renal artery

Front 90

Drains blood back to vena cava

Back 90

Renal vein

Front 91

Drains urine from kidney into bladder

Back 91

Ureter

Front 92

Located in pelvic cavity and stores finished urine until urination

Back 92

Urinary bladder

Front 93

Two functional layers of kidney

Back 93

Cortex medulla

Front 94

Functional layer of kidney , outer layer, continuous 3d band of tissue

Back 94

Cortex

Front 95

Functional layer of kidney, inner layer, broken up into small segments

Back 95

Medulla

Front 96

Innermost area of kidney where urine collects and drained by ureter

Back 96

Renal pelvis

Front 97

Indented area of kidney

Back 97

Hilum

Front 98

Entire outer surface of kidney is covered by fibrous sheath called

Back 98

Capsule

Front 99

Three tubes connected to hilum

Back 99

Renal artery

Renal vein

Ureter

Front 100

Delivers blood supply from abdominal aorta

Back 100

Renal artery

Front 101

Drains blood back to vena cava

Back 101

Renal vein

Front 102

Drains urine from kidney into bladder

Back 102

Ureter

Front 103

Located in pelvic cavity and stores finished urine until urination

Back 103

Urinary bladder

Front 104

Two functional layers of kidney

Back 104

Cortex medulla

Front 105

Functional layer of kidney , outer layer, continuous 3d band of tissue

Back 105

Cortex

Front 106

Innermost area of kidney where urine collects and drained by ureter where all calyx come together

Back 106

Renal pelvis

Front 107

Innermost area of kidney where urine collects and drained by ureter

Back 107

Renal pelvis

Front 108

Any loss that cannot be collected/ measured (everything except urine)

Back 108

Insensible loss

Front 109

Functional unit of the kidney, able to carry out complete job of forming urine, dead ended tube with open draining into calyx

Back 109

Nephron

Front 110

First funnel to catch urine many small nephrons drain here

Back 110

Renal pyramid

Front 111

First funnel to catch urine many small nephrons drain here

Back 111

Renal pyramid

Front 112

Exit of renal pyramid

Back 112

Papilla

Front 113

First funnel to catch urine many small nephrons drain here

Back 113

Renal pyramid

Front 114

Exit of renal pyramid

Back 114

Papilla

Front 115

Tube connects to pyramid to catch draining urine

Back 115

Calyx

Front 116

Tiny branches of renal arteries that lead into each nephron (goes into bowmans capsule)

Back 116

Afferent arteriole

Front 117

Tiny branches of renal arteries that lead into each nephron (goes into bowmans capsule)

Back 117

Afferent arteriole

Front 118

Capsule contains glomerulus and catches water electrolytes and waste products that are being filtered out by glomerulus then drains to proximal tubules

Back 118

Bowmans capsule

Front 119

Tiny branches of renal arteries that lead into each nephron (goes into bowmans capsule)

Back 119

Afferent arteriole

Front 120

All renal corpuscles lie in ___ region of kidney

Back 120

Cortex

Front 121

Three processes by which urine is formed

Back 121

Filtration

Reapsorption

Secretion

Front 122

Where does filtration occur

Back 122

Glomerulus

Front 123

Where does reabsorption occur

Back 123

All along tubule

Front 124

Where does secretion occur

Back 124

Distal tube

Front 125

Antiport function linked to more na+ reabsorption

Back 125

Secretion

Front 126

Capsule contains glomerulus and catches water electrolytes and waste products that are being filtered out by glomerulus then drains to proximal tubules

Back 126

Bowmans capsule

Front 127

Network of tiny capillaries that allow blood to be filtered with processes of diffusion and osmosis, waste products electrolytes and water start to leave the blood stream and enter bowmans capsule

Back 127

Glomerulus

Front 128

Bowmans capsule and glomerulus together as a single unit

Back 128

Renal corpuscles

Front 129

Flows into DCT , loop shape where diffusion takes place

Back 129

Loop of henle

Front 130

Concentrating out urine by resorbing some electrolytes/ h2o (diffusion/osmosis) items body wants to keep leave proximal tube and enter interstitial fluid. as electrolytes leave water follows along.

Back 130

PCT

Proximal convoluted tubule

Front 131

Continues the process of reabsorption of electrolytes (na+&h20) if body needs to retain water then tubule continues to re absorb h2o which concentrates urine further and causes Urine to look darker. If body needs to get rid of h2o distal tubule will allow more water to stay in urine

Back 131

DCT

distal convoluted tubule

Front 132

Final step of urine concentration carries concentrated urine to renal pyramid

Back 132

Collecting duct

Front 133

When electrolytes/h20 leave proximal/distal tube & enter interstitial fluid, they eventually pass into system of these capillaries and return to main blood stream

Back 133

Peritubular capillaries

Front 134

Nephron tubule composed of simple epithelium membrane surrounding _______

Back 134

Elongated lumen

Front 135

Tiny branches of renal arteries that lead into each nephron (goes into bowmans capsule)

Back 135

Afferent arteriole

Front 136

All renal corpuscles lie in ___ region of kidney

Back 136

Cortex

Front 137

Three processes by which urine is formed

Back 137

Filtration

Reapsorption

Secretion

Front 138

Where does filtration occur

Back 138

Glomerulus

Front 139

Where does reabsorption occur

Back 139

All along tubule

Front 140

Where does secretion occur

Back 140

Distal tube

Front 141

Antiport function linked to more na+ reabsorption

Back 141

Secretion

Front 142

All urine formation is driven by ____ ________ everything other than sodium is moving by cotransport antiport electrical gradient or osmosis

Back 142

Na+ reabsorption

Front 143

Capsule contains glomerulus and catches water electrolytes and waste products that are being filtered out by glomerulus then drains to proximal tubules

Back 143

Bowmans capsule

Front 144

Network of tiny capillaries that allow blood to be filtered with processes of diffusion and osmosis, waste products electrolytes and water start to leave the blood stream and enter bowmans capsule

Back 144

Glomerulus

Front 145

Bowmans capsule and glomerulus together as a single unit

Back 145

Renal corpuscles

Front 146

Flows into DCT , loop shape where diffusion takes place

Back 146

Loop of henle

Front 147

Concentrating out urine by resorbing some electrolytes/ h2o (diffusion/osmosis) items body wants to keep leave proximal tube and enter interstitial fluid. as electrolytes leave water follows along.

Back 147

PCT

Proximal convoluted tubule

Front 148

Continues the process of reabsorption of electrolytes (na+&h20) if body needs to retain water then tubule continues to re absorb h2o which concentrates urine further and causes Urine to look darker. If body needs to get rid of h2o distal tubule will allow more water to stay in urine

Back 148

DCT

distal convoluted tubule

Front 149

Final step of urine concentration carries concentrated urine to renal pyramid

Back 149

Collecting duct

Front 150

When electrolytes/h20 leave proximal/distal tube & enter interstitial fluid, they eventually pass into system of these capillaries and return to main blood stream

Back 150

Peritubular capillaries

Front 151

Nephron tubule composed of simple epithelium membrane surrounding _______

Back 151

Elongated lumen

Front 152

Checks how well kidneys are working, estimates how much blood passes through glomeruli, rate at which plasma fluid is being pushed through glomerulus sleeve into bowmans space

Back 152

Glomerular filtration rate (GFR)

Front 153

Checks how well kidneys are working, estimates how much blood passes through glomeruli, rate at which plasma fluid is being pushed through glomerulus sleeve into bowmans space

Back 153

Glomerular filtration rate (GFR)

Front 154

Three factors used to calculate GFR

Back 154

Concentration, rate urine was produced in 24hrs, concentration of the same substance in plasma (serum)

Front 155

Checks how well kidneys are working, estimates how much blood passes through glomeruli, rate at which plasma fluid is being pushed through glomerulus sleeve into bowmans space

Back 155

Glomerular filtration rate (GFR)

Front 156

Three factors used to calculate GFR

Back 156

Concentration, rate urine was produced in 24hrs, concentration of the same substance in plasma (serum)

Front 157

GFR is affected by ..

Back 157

Anything decreases amount of blood flowing through kidney (hypertension,heartfailure, atherosclerosis)

Front 158

Affected by pressures (hydrostatic,osmotic,microcircation) and Fick factors (area/permeability)

Back 158

GFR

Front 159

Affected by pressures (hydrostatic,osmotic,microcircation) and Fick factors (area/permeability)

Back 159

GFR

Front 160

Only factor of GFR kidney can control

Back 160

Hydrostatic pressure by operating afferent & efferent arterioles that control pressure on glomerulus

Front 161

Steroid hormone increases calcium reabsorption

Back 161

Vitamin D

Front 162

Steroid hormone increases calcium reabsorption

Back 162

Vitamin D

Front 163

Peptide hormone decreases phosphate reabsorption

Back 163

PTH

Front 164

Steroid hormone increases calcium reabsorption

Back 164

Vitamin D

Front 165

Peptide hormone decreases phosphate reabsorption

Back 165

PTH

Front 166

Peptide hormone increases water reabsorption

Back 166

ADH

Front 167

Rate of filtration affected by

Back 167

Area

Permeability

P gradient (hydrostatic)

P gradient (osmotic)

Front 168

Rate of filtration affected by

Back 168

Area

Permeability

P gradient (hydrostatic)

P gradient (osmotic)

Front 169

Rate of filtration influenced by these Factors inside kidney

Back 169

Integrity of glomerulus

Control of afferent/efferent arterioles

Front 170

Rate of filtration affected by

Back 170

Area

Permeability

P gradient (hydrostatic)

P gradient (osmotic)

Front 171

Rate of filtration influenced by these Factors inside kidney

Back 171

Integrity of glomerulus

Control of afferent/efferent arterioles

Front 172

Rate of filtration influenced by these factors outside kidney

Back 172

Systemic BP

Serum protein content

Front 173

Rate at which a substance is removed from the blood by the kidneys is called its

Back 173

Clearance

Front 174

Rate at which a substance is removed from the blood by the kidneys is called its

Back 174

Clearance

Front 175

Plasma is the remainder of blood volume if we subtract HCT so u can also estimate renal blood flow by this formula

Back 175

Rpf*100

___________

100 * HCT

Front 176

Only subject to filtration but is not reabsorbed or secreted

Back 176

Creatinine

Front 177

Only subject to filtration but is not reabsorbed or secreted

Back 177

Creatinine

Front 178

GFR is equivalent to

Back 178

RPF

Renal plasma flow rate

Front 179

What kind of epithelium is on descending loop of henle

Back 179

Simple squamous

Front 180

What kind of epithelium is on descending loop of henle

Back 180

Simple squamous

Front 181

What kind of epithelium is on ascending loop of henle

Back 181

Columnar

Front 182

What kind of epithelium is on descending loop of henle

Back 182

Simple squamous

Front 183

What kind of epithelium is on ascending loop of henle

Back 183

Columnar

Front 184

Descending loop of Henley is called ____ limb

Back 184

Thin

Front 185

What kind of epithelium is on descending loop of henle

Back 185

Simple squamous

Front 186

What kind of epithelium is on ascending loop of henle

Back 186

Columnar

Front 187

Descending loop of Henley is called ____ limb

Back 187

Thin

Front 188

Ascending loop of henle is called ___\ limb

Back 188

Thick

Front 189

What kind of epithelium is on descending loop of henle

Back 189

Simple squamous

Front 190

What kind of epithelium is on ascending loop of henle

Back 190

Columnar

Front 191

Descending loop of Henley is called ____ limb

Back 191

Thin

Front 192

Ascending loop of henle is called ___\ limb

Back 192

Thick

Front 193

Portion of loop of henle very water permeable

Back 193

Thin descending limb

Front 194

What kind of epithelium is on descending loop of henle

Back 194

Simple squamous

Front 195

What kind of epithelium is on ascending loop of henle

Back 195

Columnar

Front 196

Descending loop of Henley is called ____ limb

Back 196

Thin

Front 197

Ascending loop of henle is called ___\ limb

Back 197

Thick

Front 198

Portion of loop of henle very water permeable

Back 198

Thin descending limb

Front 199

Portion of loop of henle has cells full of enzymes, pumps and other protein machinery, performs vigorous active transport that results in large amount of solute reabsorption (impermeable to water)

Back 199

Thick ascending loop

Front 200

When filtrate is initially formed it is essentially _____ with ____

Back 200

Isotonic , plasma

Front 201

Senses any increase in sodium chloride in distal tubule of kidney and secreted locally active vasopressor (paracrine) which acts on afferent arterioles to decrease GFR

Back 201

Macula densa

Front 202

Molecule reabsorbed by active transport (only thing actively transported)

Back 202

Na+

Front 203

Molecule reabsorbed by active transport (only thing actively transported)

Back 203

Na+

Front 204

Two acids are pulled into tubule cell by cotransport with na+ and flow out the other side by facilitated diffusion

Back 204

Glucose

Amino acids

Front 205

Molecule reabsorbed by active transport (only thing actively transported)

Back 205

Na+

Front 206

Two acids are pulled into tubule cell by cotransport with na+ and flow out the other side by facilitated diffusion

Back 206

Glucose

Amino acids

Front 207

Molecule follows electrical gradient created by na+ reabsorption

Back 207

Cl-

Front 208

Molecule reabsorbed by active transport (only thing actively transported)

Back 208

Na+

Front 209

Two acids are pulled into tubule cell by cotransport with na+ and flow out the other side by facilitated diffusion

Back 209

Glucose

Amino acids

Front 210

Molecule follows electrical gradient created by na+ reabsorption

Back 210

Cl-

Front 211

Molecule follows osmotic gradient created by all those solutes moving out of the urine and into the blood

Back 211

Water

Front 212

Molecule reabsorbed by active transport (only thing actively transported)

Back 212

Na+

Front 213

Two acids are pulled into tubule cell by cotransport with na+ and flow out the other side by facilitated diffusion

Back 213

Glucose

Amino acids

Front 214

Molecule follows electrical gradient created by na+ reabsorption

Back 214

Cl-

Front 215

Molecule follows osmotic gradient created by all those solutes moving out of the urine and into the blood

Back 215

Water

Front 216

Molecule secreted when aldosterone prompts the tubule cells to make /install luminal k+ channels

Back 216

K+

Front 217

Molecule reabsorbed by active transport (only thing actively transported)

Back 217

Na+

Front 218

Two acids are pulled into tubule cell by cotransport with na+ and flow out the other side by facilitated diffusion

Back 218

Glucose

Amino acids

Front 219

Molecule follows electrical gradient created by na+ reabsorption

Back 219

Cl-

Front 220

Molecule follows osmotic gradient created by all those solutes moving out of the urine and into the blood

Back 220

Water

Front 221

Molecule secreted when aldosterone prompts the tubule cells to make /install luminal k+ channels

Back 221

K+

Front 222

Molecule secreted when systemic ph is low, as acid builds up in the body , the tubule cells convert co2 into acid , secreting the H+ into the tubule and saving the hco3 (bicarbonate ion) helping to buffer more h+ in body

Back 222

H+

Front 223

Molecule reabsorbed by active transport (only thing actively transported)

Back 223

Na+

Front 224

Two acids are pulled into tubule cell by cotransport with na+ and flow out the other side by facilitated diffusion

Back 224

Glucose

Amino acids

Front 225

Molecule follows electrical gradient created by na+ reabsorption

Back 225

Cl-

Front 226

Molecule follows osmotic gradient created by all those solutes moving out of the urine and into the blood

Back 226

Water

Front 227

Molecule secreted when aldosterone prompts the tubule cells to make /install luminal k+ channels

Back 227

K+

Front 228

Molecule secreted when systemic ph is low, as acid builds up in the body , the tubule cells convert co2 into acid , secreting the H+ into the tubule and saving the hco3 (bicarbonate ion) helping to buffer more h+ in body

Back 228

H+

Front 229

Secreted when build up of amino groups from using protein as fuel is shuttled into tubule cells as glutamine .. This is then broken down to Nh3, h+, & hco3

Back 229

Nitrogenous wastes

Front 230

Molecule reabsorbed by active transport (only thing actively transported)

Back 230

Na+

Front 231

Two acids are pulled into tubule cell by cotransport with na+ and flow out the other side by facilitated diffusion

Back 231

Glucose

Amino acids

Front 232

Molecule follows electrical gradient created by na+ reabsorption

Back 232

Cl-

Front 233

Molecule follows osmotic gradient created by all those solutes moving out of the urine and into the blood

Back 233

Water

Front 234

Molecule secreted when aldosterone prompts the tubule cells to make /install luminal k+ channels

Back 234

K+

Front 235

Molecule secreted when systemic ph is low, as acid builds up in the body , the tubule cells convert co2 into acid , secreting the H+ into the tubule and saving the hco3 (bicarbonate ion) helping to buffer more h+ in body

Back 235

H+

Front 236

Secreted when build up of amino groups from using protein as fuel is shuttled into tubule cells as glutamine .. This is then broken down to Nh3, h+, & hco3

Back 236

Nitrogenous wastes

Front 237

Nh3 diffuses in tubule & h+ secreted by antiporting combine in tubule to form the insoluble _____ which is then trapped outside and can't get back in body

Back 237

Nh4+

Front 238

Average urine volume per day

Back 238

1.4 liters

Front 239

Retrieves large portion of water that still remains in tubule after PCT increasing amount of na+ and water absorbed

Back 239

Countercurrent mechanism

Front 240

Controls rate of GFR by sensing how fast filtrate is running through tubule

Back 240

TGF

Tubuloglomerular feedback

Front 241

Retrieves large portion of water that still remains in tubule after PCT increasing amount of na+ and water absorbed

Back 241

Countercurrent mechanism

Front 242

Controls rate of GFR by sensing how fast filtrate is running through tubule

Back 242

TGF

Tubuloglomerular feedback

Front 243

When there is too much na+ filtrate will be running too ___ & GFR will be too. _____

Back 243

Fast

Front 244

Retrieves large portion of water that still remains in tubule after PCT increasing amount of na+ and water absorbed

Back 244

Countercurrent mechanism

Front 245

Controls rate of GFR by sensing how fast filtrate is running through tubule

Back 245

TGF

Tubuloglomerular feedback

Front 246

When there is too much na+ filtrate will be running too ___ & GFR will be too. _____

Back 246

Fast

Front 247

If na+ is too low filtrate will be flowing too ____ and GFR will be too _____

Back 247

Slow

Front 248

Retrieves large portion of water that still remains in tubule after PCT increasing amount of na+ and water absorbed

Back 248

Countercurrent mechanism

Front 249

Controls rate of GFR by sensing how fast filtrate is running through tubule

Back 249

TGF

Tubuloglomerular feedback

Front 250

When there is too much na+ filtrate will be running too ___ & GFR will be too. _____

Back 250

Fast

Front 251

If na+ is too low filtrate will be flowing too ____ and GFR will be too _____

Back 251

Slow

Front 252

How does macula densa decrease na+ when there is too much

Back 252

Drop pressure in glomerulus by dilating efferent arterioles

Front 253

Retrieves large portion of water that still remains in tubule after PCT increasing amount of na+ and water absorbed

Back 253

Countercurrent mechanism

Front 254

Controls rate of GFR by sensing how fast filtrate is running through tubule

Back 254

TGF

Tubuloglomerular feedback

Front 255

When there is too much na+ filtrate will be running too ___ & GFR will be too. _____

Back 255

Fast

Front 256

If na+ is too low filtrate will be flowing too ____ and GFR will be too _____

Back 256

Slow

Front 257

How does macula densa decrease na+ when there is too much

Back 257

Drop pressure in glomerulus by dilating efferent arterioles

Front 258

How does macula densa raise na+ when too low

Back 258

Increase pressure in glomerulus by dilating afferent arteriole & allowing efferent arteriole to constrict

Front 259

Urine with a lot of water, what we do when over hydrated

Back 259

Dilute urine

Front 260

Urine with a lot of water, what we do when over hydrated

Back 260

Dilute urine

Front 261

Urine has less water , what we do when dehydrated

Back 261

Concentrated urine

Front 262

Urine with a lot of water, what we do when over hydrated

Back 262

Dilute urine

Front 263

Urine has less water , what we do when dehydrated

Back 263

Concentrated urine

Front 264

Urine is accomplished by not secreting ADH

Back 264

Dilute urine

Front 265

Urine with a lot of water, what we do when over hydrated

Back 265

Dilute urine

Front 266

Urine has less water , what we do when dehydrated

Back 266

Concentrated urine

Front 267

Urine is accomplished by not secreting ADH

Back 267

Dilute urine

Front 268

Urine accomplished by secreting ADH which puts in more water channels at distal tube to take back more water

Back 268

Concentrated urine

Front 269

Process of urination emptying bladder

Back 269

Micturition

Front 270

Micturition is controlled by what type of reflec

Back 270

Parasympathetic

Front 271

Micturition is controlled by what type of reflec

Back 271

Parasympathetic

Front 272

Micturition can in turn be controlled by conscious neural input from brain called

Back 272

Cortex

Front 273

Sphincter subject to conscious neural input from brain

Back 273

External sphincter

Front 274

Micturition is controlled by what type of reflec

Back 274

Parasympathetic

Front 275

Micturition can in turn be controlled by conscious neural input from brain called

Back 275

Cortex

Front 276

Sphincter subject to conscious neural input from brain

Back 276

External sphincter

Front 277

Failure of reflex mechanism to empty bladder

Back 277

Paralytic ileus

Front 278

Micturition is controlled by what type of reflec

Back 278

Parasympathetic

Front 279

Micturition can in turn be controlled by conscious neural input from brain called

Back 279

Cortex

Front 280

Sphincter subject to conscious neural input from brain

Back 280

External sphincter

Front 281

Failure of reflex mechanism to empty bladder

Back 281

Paralytic ileus

Front 282

Sympathetic reflex at bladder only operates during

Back 282

Orgasm to prevent using urethral tract

Front 283

Micturition is controlled by what type of reflec

Back 283

Parasympathetic

Front 284

Micturition can in turn be controlled by conscious neural input from brain called

Back 284

Cortex

Front 285

Sphincter subject to conscious neural input from brain

Back 285

External sphincter

Front 286

Failure of reflex mechanism to empty bladder

Back 286

Paralytic ileus

Front 287

Sympathetic reflex at bladder only operates during

Back 287

Orgasm to prevent using urethral tract

Front 288

The bladder will not back up into kidneys and damage them bc at high volume discomfort will override ______

Back 288

Brains conscious control to stop It from emptying

Front 289

Ph Lower than 7.4

Back 289

Acidosis

Front 290

Ph Lower than 7.4

Back 290

Acidosis

Front 291

Ph higher than 7.4

Back 291

Alkalosis

Front 292

Normal hco3- level

Back 292

24.1

Front 293

Normal pco2 lecel

Back 293

40

Front 294

Ph Lower than 7.4

Back 294

Acidosis

Front 295

Ph higher than 7.4

Back 295

Alkalosis

Front 296

Normal hco3- level

Back 296

24.1

Front 297

Normal pco2 lecel

Back 297

40

Front 298

Ph Lower than 7.4

Back 298

Acidosis

Front 299

Ph higher than 7.4

Back 299

Alkalosis

Front 300

Normal hco3- level

Back 300

24.1

Front 301

Normal pco2 lecel

Back 301

40

Front 302

This type of acidosis would occur in patient whose pulmonary system healthy and functioning normally

Back 302

Metabolic acidosis

Front 303

Ph Lower than 7.4

Back 303

Acidosis

Front 304

Ph higher than 7.4

Back 304

Alkalosis

Front 305

Normal hco3- level

Back 305

24.1

Front 306

Normal pco2 lecel

Back 306

40

Front 307

This type of acidosis would occur in patient whose pulmonary system healthy and functioning normally

Back 307

Metabolic acidosis

Front 308

Type of acidosis would form person fails to perform adequate ventilation or gas exchange

Back 308

Respiratory acidosis

Front 309

Low ph and excess respiratory acid (co2) would cause

Back 309

Respiratory acidosis

Front 310

Low ph and excess respiratory acid (co2) would cause

Back 310

Respiratory acidosis

Front 311

Examples of this acid imbalance : Brain stem injury, sedation, copd , airway disease

Back 311

Respiratory Acidosis

Front 312

Low ph

High pco2 level

Normal to high hco3

Back 312

Respiratory acidosis

Front 313

Type of acidosis would cause hyperventilation rapid and onset observable

Back 313

Metabolic acidosis

Front 314

Type of acidosis would cause hyperventilation rapid and onset observable

Back 314

Metabolic acidosis

Front 315

Cause of LOW ph is excess acid not from c02

Increased h+ production

Loss of hco3

Normal to low pco2

Back 315

Metabolic acidosis

Front 316

Acidosis with Excess acid such as cells using lipids for fuel instead of glucose

Back 316

Metabolic acidosis

Front 317

May occur when fasting or dieting

Back 317

Metabolic acidosis

Front 318

When patient is in this acidosis kidney will attempt to compensate by secreting acid using na+/h+ exchange mechanism

Back 318

Respiratory acidosis

Front 319

Two ways patient can become alkalotic

Back 319

Ph rise above normal

Loses too much acid from system

Front 320

Two ways patient can become alkalotic

Back 320

Ph rise above normal

Loses too much acid from system

Front 321

Example of this alkalosis would be prolonged vomiting/ poisoning

Back 321

Metabolic alkalosis

Front 322

Two ways patient can become alkalotic

Back 322

Ph rise above normal

Loses too much acid from system

Front 323

Example of this alkalosis would be prolonged vomiting/ poisoning

Back 323

Metabolic alkalosis

Front 324

High ph

Normal to high pco2

High hco3-

Back 324

Metabolic alkalosis

Front 325

Two ways patient can become alkalotic

Back 325

Ph rise above normal

Loses too much acid from system

Front 326

Example of this alkalosis would be prolonged vomiting/ poisoning

Back 326

Metabolic alkalosis

Front 327

High ph

Normal to high pco2

High hco3-

Back 327

Metabolic alkalosis

Front 328

Alkalosis would cause hypoventilation rapid onset and observable

Back 328

Metabolic alkalosis

Front 329

Cause of this alkalosis would be excess bicarb (buffer) & loss of h+ (source in change is metabolic function)

Back 329

Metabolic alkalosis

Front 330

Alkalosis occurs when patient breathes too vigorously

Back 330

Respiratory alkalosis

Front 331

Alkalosis due to excess co2 loss

Back 331

Respiratory alkalosis

Front 332

Alkalosis due to excess co2 loss

Back 332

Respiratory alkalosis

Front 333

Example of this alkalosis would be hyperventilation and high altitude

Back 333

Respiratory alkalosis

Front 334

Alkalosis due to excess co2 loss

Back 334

Respiratory alkalosis

Front 335

Example of this alkalosis would be hyperventilation and high altitude

Back 335

Respiratory alkalosis

Front 336

High ph

Low pco2

Low to normal hco3-

Back 336

Respiratory alkalosis

Front 337

Serum anion gap

(Na+) - (hco3-) + (cl-)

Increases during

Back 337

Metabolic acidosis

Front 338

Kidney detects low bp and releases

Back 338

Renin

Front 339

Kidney detects low bp and releases

Back 339

Renin

Front 340

Release of renin leads to activation of

Back 340

Angiotensin

Front 341

Kidney detects low bp and releases

Back 341

Renin

Front 342

Release of renin leads to activation of

Back 342

Angiotensin

Front 343

Angiotensin constricts arteries and veins which increase _____, _____,& ______

Back 343

Preload

SV

Co

Front 344

Kidney detects low bp and releases

Back 344

Renin

Front 345

Release of renin leads to activation of

Back 345

Angiotensin

Front 346

Angiotensin constricts arteries and veins which increase _____, _____,& ______

Back 346

Preload

SV

Co

Front 347

Angiotensin triggers release of aldosterone which help to raise bp by increasing

Back 347

Na reabsorption

Front 348

Two forms of renal failure

Back 348

Acute and chronic

Front 349

Two forms of renal failure

Back 349

Acute and chronic

Front 350

Presence of inflammation indicating presence of infection. (Protein and blood cells present in urine)

Back 350

Nephritis

Front 351

Two forms of renal failure

Back 351

Acute and chronic

Front 352

Presence of inflammation indicating presence of infection. (Protein and blood cells present in urine)

Back 352

Nephritis

Front 353

See only protein (no blood in urine ) bc cause does not involve inflammation but autoimmune destruction of integrity of glomerulus

Back 353

Nephrosis

Front 354

Two forms of renal failure

Back 354

Acute and chronic

Front 355

Presence of inflammation indicating presence of infection. (Protein and blood cells present in urine)

Back 355

Nephritis

Front 356

See only protein (no blood in urine ) bc cause does not involve inflammation but autoimmune destruction of integrity of glomerulus

Back 356

Nephrosis

Front 357

GFR initially goes up and then as disease progresses GFR goes down

Back 357

Nephrosis

Front 358

Two forms of renal failure

Back 358

Acute and chronic

Front 359

Presence of inflammation indicating presence of infection. (Protein and blood cells present in urine)

Back 359

Nephritis

Front 360

See only protein (no blood in urine ) bc cause does not involve inflammation but autoimmune destruction of integrity of glomerulus

Back 360

Nephrosis

Front 361

GFR initially goes up and then as disease progresses GFR goes down

Back 361

Nephrosis

Front 362

GFR goes down from the beginning

Back 362

Nephritis

Front 363

Bladder urethra and ureter are lined with _____ epithelium

Back 363

Transitional

Front 364

The total volume of the respiratory system

Back 364

TLC

Total lung capacity

Front 365

The total volume of the respiratory system

Back 365

TLC

Total lung capacity

Front 366

Maximum volume of ventilation available for the maximum oxygen it demands of the body

Back 366

Vital capacity

Front 367

The total volume of the respiratory system

Back 367

TLC

Total lung capacity

Front 368

Maximum volume of ventilation available for the maximum oxygen it demands of the body

Back 368

Vital capacity

Front 369

Spaces that can never be emptied under normal ventilatory functions (do not completely collapse)

Back 369

Residual volume

Front 370

The total volume of the respiratory system

Back 370

TLC

Total lung capacity

Front 371

Maximum volume of ventilation available for the maximum oxygen it demands of the body

Back 371

Vital capacity

Front 372

Spaces that can never be emptied under normal ventilatory functions (do not completely collapse)

Back 372

Residual volume

Front 373

Larger of exp/inspir. Reserves greater lung space that can be inflated using accessory muscle/energy

Active inhale passive exhale

Back 373

Inspiratory reserve

Front 374

The total volume of the respiratory system

Back 374

TLC

Total lung capacity

Front 375

Maximum volume of ventilation available for the maximum oxygen it demands of the body

Back 375

Vital capacity

Front 376

Spaces that can never be emptied under normal ventilatory functions (do not completely collapse)

Back 376

Residual volume

Front 377

Larger of exp/inspir. Reserves greater lung space that can be inflated using accessory muscle/energy

Active inhale passive exhale

Back 377

Inspiratory reserve

Front 378

Normal person breath at rest using only diaphragm to inflate the base of lungs (midpoint of TLC)

Back 378

Tidal volume

Front 379

The total volume of the respiratory system

Back 379

TLC

Total lung capacity

Front 380

Maximum volume of ventilation available for the maximum oxygen it demands of the body

Back 380

Vital capacity

Front 381

Spaces that can never be emptied under normal ventilatory functions (do not completely collapse)

Back 381

Residual volume

Front 382

Larger of exp/inspir. Reserves greater lung space that can be inflated using accessory muscle/energy

Active inhale passive exhale

Back 382

Inspiratory reserve

Front 383

Normal person breath at rest using only diaphragm to inflate the base of lungs (midpoint of TLC)

Back 383

Tidal volume

Front 384

Active exhale passive inhale

Below resting point, muscles can be used to compress lung

Back 384

Expiratory reserve

Front 385

Why does tidal volume occur in middle of breathing range (TLC)

Back 385

Elastance lowest

Capacitance highest

Front 386

Air flows into and out of lungs through

Back 386

Tubular airways

Front 387

Formula for flow of air

Back 387

Driving pressure divided by resistance

Front 388

Atmospheric pressure at sea level

Back 388

760 mmhg

Front 389

Factor affected when determining flow of airways

Back 389

Radius

Front 390

What type of molecule is surfactant

Back 390

Phospholipid

Front 391

Interior of thoracic cage and is lined with thin squamous membrane called

Back 391

Parietal pleura

Front 392

Exterior surface of lung is covered with

Back 392

Visceral pleura

Front 393

Two pleuras slide back and forth when chest cage expands

Back 393

Visceral

Parietal

Front 394

What type of molecule is surfactant

Back 394

Phospholipid

Front 395

Interior of thoracic cage and is lined with thin squamous membrane called

Back 395

Parietal pleura

Front 396

Exterior surface of lung is covered with

Back 396

Visceral pleura

Front 397

Two pleuras slide back and forth when chest cage expands

Back 397

Visceral

Parietal

Front 398

Inter pulmonary pressure is equal to atmospheric pressure (760mmhg) ....

Back 398

At rest between breaths

Front 399

What type of molecule is surfactant

Back 399

Phospholipid

Front 400

Interior of thoracic cage and is lined with thin squamous membrane called

Back 400

Parietal pleura

Front 401

Exterior surface of lung is covered with

Back 401

Visceral pleura

Front 402

Two pleuras slide back and forth when chest cage expands

Back 402

Visceral

Parietal

Front 403

Inter pulmonary pressure is equal to atmospheric pressure (760mmhg) ....

Back 403

At rest between breaths

Front 404

At the beginning of a breath as air flows in lung space is enlarged and diaphragm contracts , so intrapulmomary pressure is _____ 760 mmhg

Back 404

Less than

Front 405

What type of molecule is surfactant

Back 405

Phospholipid

Front 406

Interior of thoracic cage and is lined with thin squamous membrane called

Back 406

Parietal pleura

Front 407

Exterior surface of lung is covered with

Back 407

Visceral pleura

Front 408

Two pleuras slide back and forth when chest cage expands

Back 408

Visceral

Parietal

Front 409

Inter pulmonary pressure is equal to atmospheric pressure (760mmhg) ....

Back 409

At rest between breaths

Front 410

At the beginning of a breath as air flows in lung space is enlarged and diaphragm contracts , so intrapulmomary pressure is _____ 760 mmhg

Back 410

Less than

Front 411

In the middle of a breath lung pressure equilibrates with atmospheric pressure so pressure = ____ mmhg in the middle of breath

Back 411

760

Front 412

What type of molecule is surfactant

Back 412

Phospholipid

Front 413

Interior of thoracic cage and is lined with thin squamous membrane called

Back 413

Parietal pleura

Front 414

Exterior surface of lung is covered with

Back 414

Visceral pleura

Front 415

Two pleuras slide back and forth when chest cage expands

Back 415

Visceral

Parietal

Front 416

Inter pulmonary pressure is equal to atmospheric pressure (760mmhg) ....

Back 416

At rest between breaths

Front 417

At the beginning of a breath as air flows in lung space is enlarged and diaphragm contracts , so intrapulmomary pressure is _____ 760 mmhg

Back 417

Less than

Front 418

In the middle of a breath lung pressure equilibrates with atmospheric pressure so pressure = ____ mmhg in the middle of breath

Back 418

760

Front 419

At the end of breath air flows out and lung space is reduced (diaphragm relaxes) so intrapulmomary pressure is _____ that 760mmhg

Back 419

Greater

Front 420

Law says a quantity of gas always exerts a pressure

Back 420

Dalton's law

Front 421

Law says a quantity of gas always exerts a pressure

Back 421

Dalton's law

Front 422

In a mixture of gases the % of each gas in that mixture is equal to the portion of pressure exerted by that gas this is the gas's

Back 422

Partial pressure Pgas

Front 423

Law says a quantity of gas always exerts a pressure

Back 423

Dalton's law

Front 424

In a mixture of gases the % of each gas in that mixture is equal to the portion of pressure exerted by that gas this is the gas's

Back 424

Partial pressure Pgas

Front 425

Total pressure of whole mixture of atmospheric gases at sea level is

Back 425

760 mmhg

Front 426

98% of oxygen traveling to tissues in arterial blood is bound to _____ and only 2% remains in ______ state

Back 426

HGB , dissolved

Front 427

1/3 of co2 traveling in blood remains in dissolved state and about 2/3 traveling in blood has been converted to ______ bound to _____

Back 427

Acid, HGB

Front 428

Law says blood tends to release oxygen as serum ph decreases because hemoglobin has less affinity for binding oxygen in an acidic condition

Back 428

Bohr effect

Front 429

Law says blood tends to release oxygen as serum ph decreases because hemoglobin has less affinity for binding oxygen in an acidic condition

Back 429

Bohr effect

Front 430

Enables blood to release oxygen at tissues

Back 430

Bohr effect

Front 431

Three factors exercised muscle (greatest level of all three Bohr factors)

Back 431

Warm

Hypercarbic

Acidic

Front 432

Describes Variables that effect the diffusion of gases across a permeable barrier

Back 432

Ficks law

Front 433

Describes Variables that effect the diffusion of gases across a permeable barrier

Back 433

Ficks law

Front 434

Areas that are ventilated but do not provide any gas exchange

Back 434

Deadspace

Front 435

Describes Variables that effect the diffusion of gases across a permeable barrier

Back 435

Ficks law

Front 436

Areas that are ventilated but do not provide any gas exchange

Back 436

Deadspace

Front 437

Each Fick factor can be altered in normal physiology or disease except ______

Back 437

Solubility of the gases

Front 438

Describes Variables that effect the diffusion of gases across a permeable barrier

Back 438

Ficks law

Front 439

Areas that are ventilated but do not provide any gas exchange

Back 439

Deadspace

Front 440

Each Fick factor can be altered in normal physiology or disease except ______

Back 440

Solubility of the gases

Front 441

Primary controller for ventilatory pattern is a cluster of neurons called

Back 441

Dorsal respiratory group (DRG)

Front 442

Neurons in brainstem that respond to decreasing systemic oh (primary controller for adjusting ventilation pattern)

Back 442

Central chemosensors

Front 443

Two chemoreceptors

Back 443

Central peripheral

Front 444

Two chemoreceptors

Back 444

Central peripheral

Front 445

Where are central chemoreceptors located

Back 445

Brainstem

Front 446

Two chemoreceptors

Back 446

Central peripheral

Front 447

Where are central chemoreceptors located

Back 447

Brainstem

Front 448

Where are peripheral chemosensors located

Back 448

Carotids

Front 449

Two chemoreceptors

Back 449

Central peripheral

Front 450

Where are central chemoreceptors located

Back 450

Brainstem

Front 451

Where are peripheral chemosensors located

Back 451

Carotids

Front 452

Chemoreceptor that sense ph, stimulates DRG , inhibits MIN

Back 452

Central chemoreceptor

Front 453

Two chemoreceptors

Back 453

Central peripheral

Front 454

Where are central chemoreceptors located

Back 454

Brainstem

Front 455

Where are peripheral chemosensors located

Back 455

Carotids

Front 456

Chemoreceptor that sense ph, stimulates DRG , inhibits MIN

Back 456

Central chemoreceptor

Front 457

Chemoreceptor that senses Po2, stimulates DRG , inhibits MIN

Back 457

Peripheral chemoreceptor

Front 458

Two chemoreceptors

Back 458

Central peripheral

Front 459

Where are central chemoreceptors located

Back 459

Brainstem

Front 460

Where are peripheral chemosensors located

Back 460

Carotids

Front 461

Chemoreceptor that sense ph, stimulates DRG , inhibits MIN

Back 461

Central chemoreceptor

Front 462

Chemoreceptor that senses Po2, stimulates DRG , inhibits MIN

Back 462

Peripheral chemoreceptor

Front 463

Located in lungs, stretch activated, inhibit DRG, stimulate MIN

Back 463

Mechanoreceptors

Front 464

Two gases effecting green house effect

Back 464

Water vapor

Co2

Front 465

Exit of renal pyramid

Back 465

Papilla

Front 466

Exit of renal pyramid

Back 466

Papilla

Front 467

Tube connects to renal pyramid to catch draining urine

Back 467

Calyx

Front 468

In upper airways you need ____ to clean out particulate matter that gets into airways

Back 468

Cilia (mucus)