Anatomy Test 3

Front 1

Masseteric Region
-location

Back 1

side of head
inferior to zygomatic arch
lateral to ramus of mandible

Front 2

Muscle of Mastication
-action
-innervation

Back 2

masseter
-elevation of the mandible / lateral grinding
-masseteric nerve/ motor of V3

Front 3

Temporal Region
-location
-contains

Back 3

side of head above external auditory meatus and the zygomatic arch
-temporal fossa

Front 4

Temporal fossa holds what muscle

Back 4

temporalis muscle

Front 5

Infratemporal Region
-location

Back 5

inferior to temporal fossa and deep to ramus of of mandible

Front 6

Boundaries of Infratemporal Region
-lateral wall

Back 6

ramus of the mandible

Front 7

Boundaries of Infratemporal Region
-anterior wall

Back 7

body of the maxilla which is of eggshell thickness

Front 8

Boundaries of Infratemporal Region
-medial wall

Back 8

-lateral plate pterygoid process
-pterygopalatine fossa (triangular space medial to site)
-pterygomaxillary fissure (opening into pterygopalatine fossa from infratemporal fossa)

Front 9

pterygomaxillary fissure joins what at a right angle

Back 9

inferior orbital fissure

Front 10

Contents of Pterygopalatine Fossa (2)

Back 10

pterygopalatine ganglion
3rd part of maxillary A

Front 11

Boundaries of Infratemporal Region
-Roof
-perforated by?

Back 11

formed by under surface of the greater wing of the sphenoid bone.
-perforated by foramen ovale and foramen spinosum

Front 12

Contents of infratemporal fossa (4 general)

Back 12

pterygoid muscles
majority of maxillary A
pterygoid plexus
several nerves

Front 13

Contents of Infratemporal Fossa
-muscles

Back 13

medial pterygoid
lateral pterygoid

Front 14

Contents of Infratemporal Fossa
-nerves
branches of trunk (2) post (3) /anterior(4)

Back 14

mandibular nerve
TRUNK: meningeal, nerve to medial pterygoid muscles
ANT: masseteric, deep temporal, buccal (sensory), nerve to lateral pterygiod M
POST: auriculotemporal, lingual, inferior alveolar nerve

Front 15

The two joints cavities in the TMJ are filled with what?

Back 15

synovial fluid

Front 16

mandibular nerve enters infratemporal fossa via

Back 16

foramen ovale

Front 17

Anterior trunk of mandibular nerve is mainly
posterior trunk of mandibular nerve is mainly

Back 17

motor
sensory

Front 18

How many parts is there of the maxillary A?
-1st and 3rd part pass
-2nd part supplies

Back 18

3
-pass through bony canals
-muscles of mastication and buccinator M

Front 19

Branches of first part of maxillary A?
-SUPPLY?

Back 19

-middle meningeal (to dura of brain)
-inferior alveolar (to lower teeth)

Front 20

Branches of second part supply?

Back 20

muscles of mastication

Front 21

Third branch of the maxillary artery leaves infratemporal fossa by

Back 21

passing through the pterygomaxillary fissure to reach the pterygopalatine fossa.

Front 22

Veins corresponding to branches oft he maxillary artery

Back 22

pterygoid plexus

Front 23

Plexus has important connections with (3)

Back 23

1. cavernous sinus via foramen ovale
2. facial vein via the deep facial vein
3. pharyngeal plexus of veins

Front 24

Plexus ends as what vein?
follows and continues to ?

Back 24

-maxillary V
- superficial temporal V to form the retromandibular v

Front 25

3 Bony Parts of the TMJ

Back 25

1. head of the mandible
2. articular surface of the mandibular fossa
3. articular tubercle of the temporal bone

Front 26

What divides the TMJ into upper and lower compartments?

Back 26

-articular disc that caps the head of the mandible and projects forward under the articular tubercle

Front 27

Articular Disc implies two types of movements- one on each side of disc
-Lower Joint Cavity Movements
-Upper Joint Cavity

Back 27

-hinge movements between head and disc occur
(permitting depression and elevation of the mandible)

-disc and head glide together on the articular tubercle
(permitting protrusion and retraction of mandible)

Front 28

The Three External Ligaments of TMJ

Back 28

1. lateral temporomandibular ligament
2. stylomandibular ligament
3. sphenomandibular ligament

Front 29

Mandibular Elevation is brought about by (3)?

Back 29

medial pterygoid
masseter
temporalis (vertical fibers)

Front 30

Mandibular Depression is brought about by?

Back 30

**gravity**
Anterior belly of digastric
mylohyoid
lateral pterygoid

Front 31

Mandibular Lateral Movement is brought about by?
ipsilateral (2)/contralateral (1)

Back 31

Ipsilateral: temporalis, masseter

Contralateral: medial pterygoid

Front 32

Mandibular protrusion is performed by?

Back 32

lateral pterygoid mainly

Front 33

Mandibular retraction is performed by

Back 33

temporalis (horizontal fibers)

Front 34

What are the three layers of the eyeball?

Back 34

outer fibrous layer
middle vascular layer
inner layer

Front 35

The outer fibrous layer is made up of?

Back 35

opaque sclera (posterior 5/6's)
transparent cornea (anterior 1/6)

Front 36

The middle vascular layer is made up of?

Back 36

choroid
cillary body
iris

Front 37

The inner layers is what and contains what?

Back 37

retina and contains the rods and cones of the eye

Front 38

What are the refractive media layers that light passes through before it strikes the retina?

Back 38

cornea > aqueous humor (ant/post) > lens > vitreous humor

Front 39

Aqueous Humor fluid is produced where?

And what is its direction?

Back 39

produced in the posterior chamber

goes from posterior chamber to anterior chamber via the pupil, then aqueos humor is reabsorbed or recycled by the anterior cillary veins

Front 40

If there is an unbalance between the reabsorption or recycling of the aqueous humor what can happen?

Back 40

glaucoma

Front 41

What suspends the lens and where are they attached?

Back 41

the lens is suspended by tiny ligaments which are connected to the ciliary muscle

Front 42

What is accommodation of the lens?

Back 42

relaxing and contracting of the ciliary muscles

and accommodation is essential for focusing light rays, coming from different distances, on the retina

Front 43

What is the function of the ciliary muscles?

What is it supplied by?

Back 43

-change the tension in the muscles of the lens

-parasympathetic motor fibers in CNIII (oculomotor)

Front 44

What does the iris contain and what is its function?

Back 44

two smooth muscles which regulate the size of the pupil

-controls the light in the eye

Front 45

What muscle results in a smaller pupil?

What is it controlled by?

Back 45

sphincter pupillae

-parasympathetic motor fibers supplied by CNIII

Front 46

What muscle results in a larger pupil?

What is it controlled by?

Back 46

dilator pupillae

-postganglionic sympathetic motor fibers supplied by carotid plexus

Front 47

What creates the blind spot?

Contents?

Back 47

the optic nerve on the posterior surface of the eye

contains no rods or cones but does contain the central artery of the retina

Front 48

What portion of the retina has the highest concentration of cones and sharpest vision?

Back 48

macula

Front 49

What are the six extraocular muscles that insert onto the eyeballs?

Back 49

superior rectus
lateral rectus
medial rectus
inferior rectus
superior oblique
inferior oblique

Front 50

Superior Rectus
action
innervation

Back 50

elevates the eye

supplied by CN III (oculomotor)

Front 51

Lateral Rectus
action
innervation

Back 51

abducts away from nose, outward

supplied by CN VI (abducens)

Front 52

Medial Rectus
action
innervation

Back 52

adducts turns eye inward towards nose

supplied by CN III

Front 53

inferior rectus
action
innervation

Back 53

depresses the eye

supplied by CN III

Front 54

Superior Oblique
Action
Innervation

Back 54

depresses and abducts

supplied by CN IV (trochlear)

Front 55

Inferior Oblique
Action
Innervation

Back 55

elevates and abducts

supplied by CN III

Front 56

Levator Palpebrae Superioris
action
innervated (motor/involuntary muscles)

Back 56

elevates the upper eyelid

-skeletal muscles innervated by CN III
-involunatry muscles innerved by postganglionic sympathetic fibers which are apart of carotid plexus

Front 57

Contents of the orbit are supplied by what artery?

What does it branch from?

What branches from it?

Back 57

opthalmic A

Internal Carotid A

central artery of the retina

Front 58

Contents of the orbit are drained by what vein?

connect with?

Back 58

opthalmic veins

Facial V and cavernous sinus

Front 59

What is the oral cavity proper made up of?

Back 59

teeth and gums, anterior to the palatoglossal folds

Front 60

What is the oral vestibule?

Back 60

space between the lips, cheeks, and the gums and teeth

Front 61

Palate forms the roof of _____ and floor of ______?

What are its two parts?

Back 61

roof of the oral cavity and the floor of the nasal cavity

hard and soft palate

Front 62

Hard palates bony compartments?

Back 62

palatine process of the maxilla
horizontal plates of the palatine bones

Front 63

What happens if the palates bones do not fuse properly at birth?

Back 63

Cleft Palate

Front 64

List the skeletal muscles of the soft palate? (5)

Back 64

tensor veli palatini
levator veli palatini
palatoglossus
palatopharyngeus
musculus uvulae

Front 65

Tensor Veli Palatini
Action

Back 65

tenses the palate and opens the mouth of the auditory tube during swallowing
(changes the tonal quality of the voice)

Front 66

Levator Veli Palatini

Back 66

elevates the soft palate (to close of pharynx) during swallowing

Front 67

Palatoglossus
action

Back 67

elevates the posterior part of the tongue

Front 68

palatopharyngeus

Back 68

tenses the soft palate

Front 69

musculus uvulae
action

Back 69

wipes the posterior pharyngeal wall from side to side

Front 70

Where is the tonsil located?

Back 70

between the palatoglossus fold and palatopharyngeus fold

Front 71

Where is the posterior boundary of the oral cavity?

Back 71

palatoglossus fold

Front 72

The mucosa is supplied by what?

Back 72

parasympathetic fibers associated with CN VII (facial)

Front 73

Name the three pairs of salivary glands?

Back 73

Parotid Gland
Submandibular Gland
Sublingual Gland

Front 74

what is the largest gland?
Where does it empty?
What is it supplied by?

Back 74

Parotid gland empties via the parotid duct

-into the oral vestibule adjacent the second maxillary molar
-parasympathetic motor fibers are supplied by CN IX (glossopharyngeal)

Front 75

Submandibular Glands
-empties?
supplied by?

Back 75

submandibular gland empties via the submandular duct into the sublingual caruncle in the floor of the mouth

parasympathetic motor fibers are provided by CN VII (chorda tympani branch)

Front 76

Sublingual Gland
-empties?
supplied by?

Back 76

empties via numerous ducts on the surface of sublingual fold in floor of the mouth

parasympathetic motor fibers by CN VII (chorda tympani branch)

Front 77

What supplies the arteries that provide the salivary glands with blood?

Back 77

sympathetic motor fibers contained in carotid plexus

Front 78

Sympathetic stimulation causes what to blood vessels?

That affects the saliva how?

Back 78

vasoconstricts the blood vessels

-decrease production of saliva

Front 79

Tongue develops in embryo from ??

Back 79

two block (ant/post) of tissue that later fuse together

Front 80

What divides the tongue into anterior?

Back 80

cicumvallae papilli
**taste buds**

Front 81

Tongue is comprised of what kind of muscle?

What is it innervated by?

Back 81

skeletal muscle both intrinsic and extrinsic

innervated by CNXII

Front 82

anterior two thirds of tongue is contained in what?

posterior one third of tongue is contained in what?

Back 82

oral cavity

oropharynx

Front 83

What is the function of the intrinsic muscles as a whole?

Back 83

help change shape of tongue, speak clearly, sing , and manipulate food when swallowing

Three types of muscles (longitudinal, transverse, vertical fibers)

Front 84

Anterior 2/3rds innervation.

-Taste buds innervated

Back 84

-general sensory innervation CN V3

-innervated CN VII (chorda tympani branch)

Front 85

Posterior 1/3 innervation

-Taste Buds

Back 85

general sensory innervation provided by CN IX

CN IX

Front 86

Frenulum of tongue connects what?

What are on the sides of frenulum?

Back 86

ventral surface of tongue to the floor of the mouth

sublingual caruncles and the sublingual folds

Front 87

Extrinsic Mucles of the tongue

Back 87

genioglossus
hyoglossus
styloglossus
palatoglossus

Front 88

genioglossus M
action

Back 88

depresses and protrudes the tongue

Front 89

hyoglossus M

Back 89

depresses and retracts the tongue

Front 90

styloglossus M

Back 90

which retracts and elevates the sides of the tongue to create a trough for swallowing

Front 91

palatoglossus M

Back 91

elevates the posterior part of the tongue

Front 92

All the extrinsic muscles of the tongue are innervated by?

Except?

Back 92

-CN XII

-except palatoglossus which innervated CN X

Front 93

Dental Formula

Back 93

2-1-2-3
incisors, canine, premolar and molar teeth
*each side of the upper and lower jaw*

Front 94

Maxillary Teeth innervated by

Back 94

sensory nerve fibers provided by CN V2 (superior alveolar N)

Front 95

Mandibular Teeth innervated by

Back 95

sensory nerve fibers provided by CN V3 (inferior alveolar N)

Front 96

What artery supplies lips and cheeks?

What artery supplies the tongue?

Back 96

facial artery

-lingual artery

Front 97

What artery supplies the palate and upper teeth?

What artery supplies the lower teeth?

Back 97

branches of the maxillary Artery

inferior alveolar artery

Front 98

The two nasal cavities comprise ???

The nasal cavities are continuous with the ???

Back 98

-first part of the upper respiratory tract

-pharynx via two openings nostrils

Front 99

The nasal mucosa contains???

Function:

Back 99

-respiratory (ciliated) epithelium'

-humidify, and heat or cool the incoming air to match the air present in the lungs, keep it moist

Front 100

External Features of the Nasal Cavity? (3)

Back 100

two nasal bones, various nasal cartilages, two external nares

Front 101

The roof of the nasal cavity is formed by

and contains

Back 101

cribiform plate (ethmoid bone)

many olfactory foramina (to hold olfactory N)

Front 102

What covers the inferior surface of the cribiform plate?

Back 102

olfactory epithelium that has sensory receptors for smell

Front 103

The olfactory nerves enter the nasal cavity via

Back 103

olfactory foramina to terminate in the olfactory epithelium

Front 104

What separates the two nasal cavities?

What is it composed of?

Covered with?

Back 104

-nasal septum

-two bones (vomer, perpendicular plate of ethmoid bone), and septal cartilage
-typical nasal mucosa

Front 105

Lateral walls of the nasal cavities contain?

Back 105

three conchae which are composed or bone covered by nasal mucosa

Front 106

What is the purpose of the concha?

Back 106

increase surface area of the nasal cavities to facilitate the "conditioning" of incoming air

Front 107

The superior and middle conchae are

the inferior concha is

Back 107

process of the ethmoid bone

an independent bone

Front 108

The nasolacrimal duct drain _____ and empties _____

Back 108

the tears from the eyes

empties into the inferior nasal meatus

Front 109

What is the space posterior to the superior concha?

What does it receive?

Back 109

spehnoethmoidal recess

drainage from sphenoid sinus

Front 110

The floor of the nasal cavities are formed by

Back 110

hard palate

Front 111

The paranasal sinuses drain into

*Sinuses are named according to the bones they are contained in*

Back 111

middle nasal meatus and sphenoethmoid recess

Front 112

What paranasal sinus are singular/pair?

Back 112

singular: frontal and sphenoid
Paired: maxillary, ethmoid

Front 113

ethmoid sinuses are represented by

Back 113

8-10 air cells contained in the ethmoid bone in medial wall of orbit

Front 114

What is the blood supply to the nasal cavity?

Back 114

maxillary artery and its nasal branches

sphenopalatine artery***MAJOR

Front 115

CN VI supplies sensory innervation to (5) in the nasal cavity?

Back 115

ethmoid, sphenoid, and frontal sinuses, plus the superior and middle conchae

Front 116

CN V2 supplies sensory innervation to

Back 116

maxillary sinus, palate, and inferior concha

Front 117

CN I provides what?

Back 117

special sensory fibers for smell

Front 118

The human ear consists of?

Back 118

external ear
middle ear cavity
inner ear

Front 119

External ear features?

Back 119

auricle, external ear canal, and tympanic membrane

Front 120

Middle ear Cavity features?

Back 120

air-filled chamber
three bony ossicles (malleus, incus, and stapes)

Front 121

inner ear features?

Back 121

cochlea, vestibule and semicircular canals

*plus their respective membranes*

Front 122

Auricle cutaneous innervation (5)

Back 122

auriculotemporal nerve (CN V3)
facial Nerve (CN VII)
glossopharyngeal nerve (CN IX)
vagus nerve (CN X)
great auricular nerve (branch of cervical plexus)

Front 123

External Ear Canal (external auditory meatus)
location
contains

Back 123

extends from the auricle to typanic membrane

lateral 1/3 contains ceruminous glands which produce cerumen or ear wax

Front 124

Tympanic membrane seperates??

Back 124

external ear canal from the middle ear cavity

Front 125

Malleus bone.
Function
innervation

Back 125

functions to dampen or attenuate vibration of typanic membrane (contracts when exposed to loud noises)

innervated by CN V3

Front 126

Incus Bone
articulates with

Back 126

malleus and stapes

Front 127

Stapes
footplate fits where?
head articulates with?
what muscle inserts into its neck? and function?
innervation?

Back 127

-oval window
-incus
-stapedius muscle and prevents excessive movement
-innervated by CN VII

Front 128

How long is the Auditory tube?

Features of its posterior 1/3 and other 2/3s?

lined with?

Back 128

3-4 cm

post 1/3: bony other 2/3s: cartilaginous

lined with mucous membrane

Front 129

Auditory tube is shaped like and connected to what?

Function?

Back 129

is shaped like a funnel and connects nasopharynx

equalize pressure on both sides of the tympanic membrane. and slopes downhill to allow for drainage of fluid from the middle ear

Front 130

The mastoid antrum and mastoid air cells are spherical sinus that is slightly smaller than the tympanic cavity its location is ____________.

Its floor has ______ and communicates with____?

Back 130

-mastoid part of the temporal bone, posterior to tympanic cavity

-openings for air cells and it communicates with tympanic cavity

Front 131

Mastoiditis

Back 131

inflammation of mastoid air cells
can become chronic
bone in air cells can erode

Front 132

Where is the membranous labyrith?

What is it composed of?

Back 132

is in the inner ear within the bony labrinth

composed of various tubular structures with specialized sensory hair cells for detecting sound and motion

Front 133

Bony Labyrinth (3)
and their contents

Back 133

Cochlea-shaped like snail shell; contains organ of corti

Vestibule-contains the utricle and saccule (balance)

Semicircular Canals- named by their positions (ant/post/lateral) Oval & Round Window

Front 134

Contents of the Membranous Labyrinth? (4)

Back 134

Cochlear Duct
Utricle
Saccule
Semicircular Ducts

Front 135

Cochlear Duct contains?
innervated by?
nerve cell bodies located?

Back 135

contains the spiral organ (organ of corti) and sensory hair cells
-innervated by CN VIII (detect sound)

NCD sensory are located in the spiral ganglion

Front 136

Utricle contains?
innervated?
cell bodies located?
function?

Back 136

Utricle contains sensory hair cells (located in mucula utriculi)
innervated by CN VIII
cell bodies are located in vestibular ganglion
utricle detects linear acceleration

Front 137

Saccule contains?
innervated by?
cell bodies located?
function?

Back 137

-sensory nerve cells
-innervated by CN VIII
-cell bodies of sensory neurons located in vestibular ganglion
-detects position of head in space plus linear acceleration and deceleration.

Front 138

Semicircular Ducts contain?
innervated?
cell bodies located?
function

Back 138

contains sensory hair cells in three areas called cristae ampullaris
-innervated by CN VIII
-cell bodies of sensory neurons are located in vestibular ganglion
-hair cells detect rotation of head

Front 139

The pharynx connects what?

Back 139

nasal cavities with the larynx and
the oral cavity with the esophagus

Front 140

The pharynx can be subdivided into three categories based on what? And what is there respective names?

Back 140

nasal cavities- NASOPHARYNX

ORAL CAVITY- OROPHARYNX

LARYNX- LARYNGOPHARYNX

Front 141

Nasopharynx is located where?
What are its four features?

Back 141

located posterior to the nasal cavities/opening into auditory tube

Choanae
Pharyngeal Tonsils
Torus Tubaris
Pharyngeal Recess

Front 142

What structure surrounds the opening of the auditory tube ?

Back 142

torus tubaris (hood-like fold)

Front 143

What structure is posterior to the torus tubaris?

Back 143

Pharyngeal recess

Front 144

Where are the Pharyngeal tonsils (adenoids) located?

Back 144

roof of the nasopharynx

Front 145

What are the Choanae and their function?

Back 145

internal nares (openings) that connect the nasal cavities with the nasopharynx

Front 146

Oropharynx location and its four features?

Back 146

located below the soft palate and behind the dorsum of the tongue
palatoglossal fold
median glossoepiglottic fold
lateral glossoepiglottic folds
valleculae

Front 147

Where is the valleculae?

Back 147

space between the median and lateral glossoepiglottic fold / located between the dorsum of the tongue and the epiglottis

Front 148

What passes from the dorsum of the tongue to the epiglottis in the midline?

Back 148

Median glossoepiglottic fold

Front 149

What passes from the lateral surface of the epiglottis to the dorsum of the tongue?

Back 149

Lateral glossoepiglottic folds

Front 150

The palatoglossal folds form what boundary?

Palatine tonsils is located between what?

Back 150

boundary between the oral cavity and oropharynx

b/w palatoglossal fold and palatopharyngeal fold

Front 151

Laryngopharynx location and its 3 features?

Back 151

located posterior to the larynx

laryngeal adit
cricoid cartilage
pririform recess

Front 152

What is covered in mucosa and located just above the beginning of the esophagus?

Back 152

cricoid cartilage

Front 153

piriform recess is supplied by branches of

Back 153

internal laryngeal nerve (sensory innervation of laryngeal mucosa superior to the vocal folds)

Front 154

what is the opening into the larynx from above?

Back 154

laryngeal aditus

Front 155

Where are the superior constrictors located?

Back 155

posterior to the oral and nasal cavities

Front 156

Middle constrictors

Back 156

associated with the hyoid bone

Front 157

inferior constrictors

two parts of inferior constrictors

Back 157

associated with the larynx

-thyropharyngeus muscles-attached to thyroid cartilage
-cricopharyngeus muscles - attached to cricoid cartilage (relaxes during swallowing)

Front 158

Motor fibers to pharyngeal muscles are supplied by

Back 158

CN X(vagus)

Front 159

Sensory fibers to mucosa supplied by:

Back 159

CN IX (glossopharyngeal N) -supplies nasopharynx and oropharynx

CN X (vagus)- supplies laryngopharynx

Front 160

What region makes up the thorax?

Contents

Back 160

between the neck and the abdomen

heart, lungs, and structures passing between the neck and abdomen

Front 161

What is the thorax shaped like?

Back 161

truncated cone with an inlet (superior thoracic aperature) and an outlet (inferior thoracic aperature) which is closed off by the diaphragm

Front 162

What makes up the bony thorax?

Back 162

12 thoracic vertebrae
12 pairs of costae (ribs and costal cartilages)
sternum

Front 163

Boundaries of the superior thoracic aperature(3)

Back 163

body of 1st thoracic vertebra posteriorly
1st pair of costae laterally
manubrium anteriorly

Front 164

Boundaries of the inferior thoracic aperture? (3)

Back 164

body of 12 thoracic vertebra posteriorly
11th and 12th costae (ribs) laterally
xiphoid process and costal cartilages 7-10 anteriorly

Front 165

The dome of the diaphragm reaches what on the left and right side?

Back 165

left: 6th intercostal space
right: 5th intercostal space

provides protection to thoracic and some abdominal viscera

Front 166

Sternum has three parts

Back 166

manubrium
body
xiphoid process

Front 167

manubrium articulates with (4)

Back 167

1. clavicles by way of the sternoclavicular joints
2. 1st pair of ribs
3. 2nd pair of ribs at the sternal angle
4. Body of the sternum at the sternal angle

Front 168

body of sternum
composed of?
articulates with?
Manubriosternal joint function?

Back 168

-composed of four fused sternebrae
-articulates with manubrium, costal cartilages 2-7, xiphoid process
-manubriosternal joint allows hinge like movement of the body and facilitates increased respiration by allow expansion of thoracic cavity

Front 169

Xiphoid process
xiphisternal joint
tip
length and shape

Back 169

-xiphisernal joint at level of T8 vertebrae is easily palpated
-tip is palpated with discomfort
-length and shape are highly variable from person to person

Front 170

Costae (3)
numbers and their attachments

Back 170

True ribs (1-7) cartilage attaches directly to sternum

False Ribs (8-10) cartilage indirectly attaches to sternum

Floating Ribs (11-12) have no attachment to sternum

Front 171

Intercostal nerves are
the motor branches innervate
the sensory branches innervate

Back 171

ventral primary rami of T1-T12

-motor innervate the 4 thoracic muscles

-sensory innervate the skin on the lateral and anterior surfaces of the thorax

Front 172

Intercostal nerves T1-T7

Back 172

continue into abdominal wall to provide both motor and cutaneous branches to the muscles and skin in the region

Front 173

Posterior Intercostal Arteries
-branch of
-location
-muscular branch supplies
-lateral(3-5) branch supplies

Back 173

-branch of the descending aorta
-between the two deepest layers of intercostal muscles in intercostal spaces 3-11
-intercostal, pectoral and serratus anterior M
-breasts in female

Front 174

Supreme Thoracic Arteries
-branch
-supplies

Back 174

-branch from axillary A
-supply intercostal spaces 1-2

Front 175

Supreme Intercostal Arteries
-branch
-supply

Back 175

-branch of costocervical trunk
-supply intercostal spaces 1-2

Front 176

Anterior Intercostal Arteries
-branch
-located
-supply

Back 176

-branch internal thoracic a
-found in intercostal spaces 1-6
-supply skin, intercostal muscles, breasts and thymus gland

Front 177

Musculophrenic Artery
-branch
-provides

Back 177

-branch of internal thoracic
-provides anterior intercostal arteries to intercostal spaces 7-9

Front 178

What separates the right and left pleural cavities?

Back 178

mediastinum, a three dimension space located between the pleural cavities

Front 179

Parietal Pleura lines the pleural cavity and has what four surfaces?

Back 179

-costal pleura attached to ribs and intercostal spaces
-mediastinal pleura adheres to mediastinum
-diaphragmatic pleura adheres to superior surface of the respiratory diaphragm
-cervical pleura lines pleura cavity above the level of 1st rib, in root of the neck

Front 180

Visceral Pleura covers

serous membranes; secrets clear, watery like fluid to lubricate

Back 180

surface of the lungs

Front 181

Lines of Reflection of the Parietal Pleura

Back 181

vertebral reflection
sternal reflection
costal reflection

Front 182

What is the vertebral reflection?

Back 182

occurs where the costal and mediastinal pleurae become continuous posteriorly

Front 183

What is the sternal reflection?

Back 183

where the costal and mediastinal pleurae become continuous anteriorly

Front 184

Where the is the costal reflection?

Back 184

occurs where the costal and diaphragmatic pleurae become continuous inferiorly

Front 185

Where do pleural recesses occur?

Back 185

where two layers of parietal pleura from an acute angle and are in direct contact with each other

Front 186

Do lungs lie within pleural recesses?

Back 186

HELL NO

Front 187

Name the three pleura recesses

Back 187

right costodiaphragmatic recess
left costodiaphragmatic recess
left costomediastinal

Front 188

Where is the right costodiaphragmatic recess located?

Back 188

laterally along the costal reflection

Front 189

Where is the left costodiaphragmatic recess located?

Back 189

lateral along the costal reflection

-fluid can collet in these recess during pulmonary disease

Front 190

Where is the left costomediastinal recess located?

Back 190

anteriorly along the sternal reflection

Front 191

What is the pleural cavity?

What do they contain?

Back 191

since the visceral pleura covering the lungs is normally in contact with the parietal pleura, a potential space is located between these pleural layers

-contain pleural fluid which is produced by pleural membranes

Front 192

Where are the lungs found?

Back 192

in the pleural sacs

Front 193

What is a pleural sac?

Back 193

space contained within the visceral pleura

Front 194

What is the sensory innervation of the parietal pleura?

Back 194

-intercostal nerves supply fibers for pain and irritation to costal pleura in addition to supplying the periphery of the respiratory diaphragm
-phrenic nerves supply fibers for pain and irritation to the mediastinal pleura and the diagphragmatic pleura

Front 195

What does the lower respiratory tract begin with?

Back 195

trachea and includes the main stem bronchi, bronchial tubes and lungs (alveoli)

Front 196

What lines the lower respiratory tracT?

Back 196

ciliated pseudostratified columnar epithelium, contained in mucous membrane

Front 197

What is the size of the trachea?

Back 197

3/4" diameter
3 1/2 to 5" long in adults

Front 198

What is the shape of the trachea?

Back 198

a cylinder with a cross-sectional profile shaped like a horshoe

Front 199

The trachea is continuous with ???

location?

Back 199

larynx

-midline structure which extends from C6 vertebrae to the sternal angle at the same level as T4

Front 200

The transverse thoracic plane passes through

This plane will intersect?

Back 200

the sternal angle to intersect the intervertebral disc between T4-T5 vertebrae.

-intersect the trachea in the midline where it bifurcates into the two main bronchi

Front 201

What is the composition of the trachea? (3)

Back 201

1. cartilage rings - 20 "U" shaped hyaline cartilages
2. smooth muscle (trachelus muscle)- found in the elastic posterior wall of trachea, next to the esophagus
3. Mucuous glands- keep surface of epithelium coated with mucous

Front 202

Blood supply to the trachea? arteries? Veins?

Back 202

Arteries - superior & inferior thyroid A

Veins- superior, middle, inferior thyroid V

borrowed from thyroid

Front 203

Bronchi and Alveoli
Composition (6)

Back 203

-primary (main stem) bronchi
-secondary (lobar) bronchi
-tertiary (segmental) bronchi
-terminal bronchioles
-respiratory bronchioles
-alveoli

Front 204

Differences between R & L Primary Bronchi?

Back 204

R: Larger diameter L: Smaller diameter
R: more vertical L: less vertical
R: shorter length L: longer length

Front 205

Secondary Bronchi where do they go?

How many lobes & lobar does the the right and left lung have?

Back 205

to the lobes of the lungs

R: 3 lobes/3 secondary bronchi
L: 2 lobes/ 2 secondary bronchi

Front 206

Where do the tertiary bronchi go?

Back 206

to bronchopulmonary segments

Front 207

How many segments of tertiary bronchi are in the right and left lung?

Back 207

-10 segments and 10 tertiary bronci in right lung
-8 segments and 8 tertiary bronchi in left lung

Front 208

What are the terminal bronchioles?

Back 208

branches of the tertiary bronchi

Front 209

What does the respiratory bronchioles contain?

Back 209

alveoli

Front 210

What are alveoli?

Back 210

single cell in thickness; organized in clusters; surrounded by dense capillary network

-air sacs of the lungs, this were the magic happens oxygen change

Front 211

What supplies blood to the bronchi and alveoli?

Back 211

three bronchial arteries (2 L & 1 R) from descending aorta
-supply bronchial tubes, but not the alveoli
-not part of the pulmonary circulation

Front 212

What drains or veins are in the lower repsiratory system?

Back 212

bronchial veins drain to azygos veins which are tributaries to the superior vena cava

Front 213

What divides the upper and lower lobes in the left lung?

What does it divide in the right lung?

Back 213

oblique fissure

middle lobe from the lower lobe, and the upper lobe from the lower lobe

Front 214

where is the horizontal fissure?

Back 214

only in the right lung and divides the upper lobe from the middle lobe

Front 215

Where is the cardiac notch?

Back 215

in upper lobe of left lung adjacent to the heart

Front 216

What is in the upper lobe of the left lung adjacent to the cardiac notch?

Back 216

lingula

Front 217

Where is the apex of the lungs?

Back 217

area of lungs above the first ribs; also known as cupola

Front 218

What is the area of the lungs adjacent to the respiratory diaphragm

Back 218

base

Front 219

What is the hilum and what does it contain?

Back 219

entering of the lungs, contains structures entering and exiting the lungs

-bronchi, pulmonary vessels and nerves, lympathic vessels and bronchial vessels

Front 220

What is the serous membrane covering the external surface of lungs, intimately adhered to the surface of the lungs?

Back 220

visceral pleura

Front 221

What is the location of the pulmonary trunk?

Where does it go?

Back 221

emerges from the right ventricle

goes into the hilum of the lung

Front 222

Pulmonary arteries have what characteristic?

What do they carry

Back 222

branching pattern similar to bronchi

Deoxygenated blood

Front 223

Alveolar capillary network
-function
-provides
-surface area

Back 223

function of part of the pulmonary circulation

-provides for exchange of blood gases with air in alveoli

-total surface area of this capillary network be equal in size to all of the combined capillaries in all the organs of the body

Front 224

Pulmonary Veins
-collect blood
-carry

Back 224

collect blood from alveoli and return it to the left atrium

carries oxygenated blood

Front 225

Innervation of the Lower Respiratory Tract

Back 225

sensory GVA neurons in vagus nerve

motor GVE neurons autonomic fibers contained in pulmonary nerve plexus

Front 226

Name the Sensory GVA Neurons and their location/function (5)

Back 226

1. Stretch receptors - contained in alveoli and smooth muscle
2. irritant receptors- located in respiratory epithelium
3. tactile receptors- cough reflex
4. baroreceptors- in pulmonary arteries
5. chemoreceptors- in pulmonary veins (detect blood gases)

Front 227

Motor GVE Neurons
-sympathetic (post-ganglionic) nerve fibers

Back 227

to smooth muscle and glands
-function to inhibit glandular secretion, induce vasoconstriciton of bronchial vessels, dilate broncial tubes
-DECREASE mucosal production

Front 228

Motor GVE Neurons
-parasympathetic nerve fibers

Back 228

to smooth mucle and glands;
function to increase glandular secretion, induce vasodilation of bronchial vessels, and constrict bronchial tubes.

Front 229

Pre-Ganglionic parasympathetic fibers are contributed to?

Back 229

pulmonary nerve plexus by the vagal nerve (X)

These fibers synapse with post-ganglionic parasympathetic fibers on the surfaces of bronchial tubes and bronchial vessels

Front 230

Superficial plexus of the lower respiratory system?
location
drains

Back 230

-lies deep to the visceral pleura

-drains lymph from the visceral pleura and lung parenchyma to the bronchopulmonary lymph nodes in the hilum

Front 231

deep plexus of the lower respiratory system?
-location
-drains

Back 231

-located in the substance of the bronchi

-drains lymph from the bronchi to pulmonary lymph nodes near the hilum and then goes to the bronchopulmonary nodes in the hilum

Front 232

Lymph nodes of the lower respiratory system (4)
-location

Back 232

1. Pulmonary nodes- lungs at bifurcations of larger bronchi
2. Bronchopulmonary nodes-located in hilum
3. tracheobronchial nodes- located at bifurcation of trachea
4. tracheal nodes- lateral surfaces of the trachea

Front 233

What drains lymph from the right side of the trachea to the right lympathic duct?

Back 233

right bronchomediastinal lymph trunk

Front 234

What drains lymph from the left side of the trachea to collect in the thoracic duct?

Back 234

left bronchomediastinal lymph trunk

Front 235

Where is the heart located?

Back 235

between the pleural cavities in the space known as the meiddle mediastinum

Front 236

The surface of the heart is covered by what?

What is the heart surrounded by?

Back 236

visceral pericardium

pericardial sac whose inner surface is covered with parietal pericardium

Front 237

What do the pericardial membranes produce

Back 237

serous fluid which is contained in the percardial cavity

Front 238

What surrounds the heart and is the beginning of the great vessels?

Back 238

pericardium

Front 239

Parietal pericardium consist of what two layers?

and their characteristics

Back 239

outer fibrous layer- continuous with the great vessels; fuses with surrounding structures

inner serous layer- lines the interior of the pericardial sac; secretes pericardial fluid it is continuous with the visceral pericardium

Front 240

Visceral Pericardium
-location

Back 240

located on the external surface of heart, this is a serous membrane which is continuous with the inner layer of parietal pericardium

Front 241

What is the space between the two layers of pericardium?

What does it contain?

Back 241

Paricardial Cavity

-contains a small quantity of pericardial fluid

Front 242

What arteries supply the pericardium?

Back 242

Pericardiocophrenic Artery
Internal Thoracic
Descending Aorta

Front 243

Descending aorta
- has what

Back 243

several small pericardial branches

Front 244

Internal Thoracic Artery
-has what

Back 244

several small pericardial branches

Front 245

Pericardiocophrenic A
-branch of
-travels with
-supplies

Back 245

-internal thoracic a

-travels with the phrenic nerve

-supplies the respiratory diaphragm

Front 246

What innervates the pericardium?

Back 246

phrenic nerves and intercostal nerves provide sensory branches to the pericardium

Front 247

Name the borders of the heart and their locations.

Back 247

Right border- 1/2" right of sternum; from 2nd to 5th costal cartilage; includes superior vena cava and R atriu

Left border-3 1/2" left of midline; 2nd costal cartilage to 6th intercostal space; includes L auricle & L ventricle

Inferior Border-outlines the right ventricle

Front 248

The coronary vasculature (7)
-what does the coronary vasculature supply as a whole

Back 248

L Coronary A
-Anterior Interventricular A
- Circumflex Branch
R Coronary A
-Posterior interventricular A
- Marginal A
-Nodal A
-feeds the heart first

Front 249

Left Coronary A
-begins where and divides into what two branches

Back 249

-begins in the left sinus of the aortic seminlunar valve

-divides to circumflex and anterior interventricular

Front 250

Anterior Interventricular Branch
-found
-anastomosis
-supplies

Back 250

found in the interventricular sulcus on the anterior surface
-continue to the inferior margin and onto posterior surface and anastomosis with posterior interventricular
-supplies both ventricles

Front 251

Circumflex Branch
-found
-anastomosis
-supplies

Back 251

found in the atrioventricular sulcus

-anastomosis with right coronary A on posterior surface of heart
-supplies the Left ventricle

Front 252

Right Coronary A
-begins
-found
-branches

Back 252

begins in the right sinus of the aortic semilunar valve

found in the atrioventricular sulcus

nodal, marginal, posterior interventricular

Front 253

Nodal Branch
-supplies

Back 253

sino-atrial node (pacemaker)

Front 254

Marginal Branch
-supplies

Back 254

the Right ventricle

Front 255

Posterior Interventricular Branch
-found
-anastomosis
-supplies

Back 255

found in the posterior interventricular sulcus

-anastomosis with anterior interventricular artery

-supplies both ventricles

Front 256

Where does the coronary sinus empty?

What does sinus mean?

Back 256

right atrium

enlarged vein

Front 257

Great Cardiac Vein
-begins
-terminates

Back 257

begins in the anterior interventricular sulcus

terminates in the coronary sinus

Front 258

Small Cardiac Veins
-begins
-drain

Back 258

begin on the lower border of the right ventricle

terminates in the coronary sinus

Front 259

Anterior Cardiac Veins
-begin
-drain

Back 259

begin on the anterior surface of the right ventricle

THEY DRAIN DIRECTLY INTO RIGHT ATRIUM

Front 260

Middle Cardiac Veins
-begins
-drain

Back 260

begins in posterior interventricular sulcus

drains the coronary sinus

Front 261

Venae Cordis Minimae (Thesbian Veins)
-begin
-open
-what do they drain
-characteristic

Back 261

-begin inside the muscle tissue of heart wall
-open directly into the chambers of the heart
-they drain the heart muscles
-might mix oxygenated and deoxygenated blood in the chambers of the heart

Front 262

What drains into the right atrium?

Back 262

superior vena cava
inferior vena cava
coronary sinus
small amount anterior cardiac veins

Front 263

What are the features of the right atrium (6)

Back 263

Crista Terminalis
Valve of inferior vena cava
Orifice of Coronary Sinus
Fossa ovalis
Pectinate M
Right Auricle

Front 264

What are the features of the L atrium (2)

Back 264

orifices of pulmonary veins -4 in number
left auricle

Front 265

The left atrium recieves blood from

Back 265

pulmonary veins

Front 266

What is the smooth ridge that creates division between the pectinate muscles and smooth walls of the atrium?

Back 266

Crista Terminalis

Front 267

Fossa ovalis characteristics.

Back 267

scared structure of foramen ovale was connection b/w the two patheways in the fetal heart (shunting blood through the atriums bc the blood doesnt need to go to the fetal heart)

Front 268

What does the pectinate M do?

Back 268

believe to help the contraction of the atrium, they contract without increasing the mass of the heart

Front 269

what provides the right atrium with a little expansion?

Back 269

right auricle

Front 270

Contrasts & Similarities of the Two Ventricles.
1. Shape of cavity
2. Trabeculae Carneae
3. Papillary Muscles
4. Septomarginal Band

Back 270

Right Left
1. triangular conical
2. present present
3. 3 (ant/post/septal) 2 (ant/post)
4. 57% of population absent

Front 271

Contrasts & Similarities of the Two Ventricles.
5. Conus Arteriosus
6. Aortic Vestibule
7. Tricuspid Valve
8. Bicuspid Valve
9. Chordae Tendineae

Back 271

Right Left
5. present absent
6. absent present
7. present absent
8. absent present
9. present present

Front 272

What is the function of the papillary muscles?

what is the function of the moderator band?

Back 272

-prevent prolapse of the valve (no backflow)

-prevents over distension (stretch) carries part of the right AV Bundle branch to papillary muscles

Front 273

Where is the conus arteriosus?

What is the aortic vestibule?

Back 273

-area before the pulmonary valve

-space before the aortic seminlunar valve, walls are fibrous instead of muscular and elastic, the fibers make those walls stronger

Front 274

What is the function of the chordae tendineae?

Back 274

connect valve leaflets to papillary muscles, prevent valvular prolapse

Front 275

Bloodflow

Back 275

superior/inferior vena cava, coronary sinus > R atrium >tricuspid valve > R ventricle > pulmonary seminlunar valve > pulmonary trunk> Pulmonary A (deoxygenated) > lungs > pulmonary v> L atrium > bicuspid valve > L ventricle > aortic semilunar valve > aorta

Front 276

Which side of the heart is thicker and why?

Back 276

left side much thicker than the right side bc the left side has to pump the blood all the way to the rest of the body

Front 277

Cardiac skeleton (fibrous framework) is made up of what 4 structures?

-what is the function

Back 277

Semilunar Valves
Annulus Fibrosis
Right Fibrous trigone
Left fibrous trigone
-to maintain competency of the valves and to provide attachment for myocardial muscles particularly with respect to the ventricles

Front 278

Semilunar Valves connected?

Annulus Fibrosis surrounds and its characteristic

Back 278

connected by conus tendon

surrounds base of tricuspid and bicuspid valve
-fibrous ring (dense connective tissue) and the cusps of the valves are attached to this ring

Front 279

Right Fibrous Trigone attaches ____ between ____

Left Fibrous Trigone between

Back 279

attaches the annulus fibrosis to listed structures
between aortic, bicuspid, and tricuspid valve

-between aortic and bicuspid valves

Front 280

How many layers does the myocardium have?

Where are they attached?

Back 280

3

cardiac skeleton

Front 281

The superficial and deep layers are continuous and arranged ______?

What action do they produce?

Back 281

arranged in a figure "8" configuration

produce a winger-like action and therefore the ventricles shorten upon contraction

Front 282

The middle layer _________ of the chamber of the ________ upon contraction?

What is the function of all three layers?

Back 282

decreases the size of the ventricle

-to empty the ventricle and eject blood into the great vessels

Front 283

The Cardiac Conduction System (has no nerve tissue with in the wall of the heart)

Composed of and their function
Components (5)

Back 283

Composed of Purkinje Fibers (specialized cardiac muscle fibers) which transmit electrical impulses to the myocardium

1. SA Node 2. Internodal Tracts 3. AV Node
4. Bundle of HIS 5. R & L Bundle Branches

Front 284

What is located at the junction of the superior vena cava and the right atrium? and is considered the pacemaker of the heart?

Back 284

Sino-Atrial Node
-generates electrical impulses without any outside impulse /autoarithisity

Front 285

Internodal Tracts (three in number)
- connect
-location

Back 285

connect the SA node with the AV node

tracts are contained in the walls of the atria

Front 286

Atrio-Ventricular Node
-location

Back 286

interartrial septum, just above the ventricles

Front 287

Bundle of His (atrio-ventricular bundle)
-location

R & L Bundle Branches
- location

Back 287

interventricular septum


lead from the AV bundle to their respective ventricles

Front 288

What is the cardiac plexuses?

-components

Back 288

nerve networks comprised of autonomic fibers (external to the heart that modify activity)

-Superficial and Deep Cardiac Plexus

Front 289

Superficial Cardia Plexus location?

Deep cardiac Plexus location and contains what kind of fibers?

Back 289

-located in the concavity of aortic arch

-located in fibrous pericardium anterior to tracheal bifurcation
- contain both sympathetic and parasympathetic fibers

Front 290

Sympathetic Innervation of the heart includes several cardiac nerves which pass from the __________ to the ________?

Back 290

sympathetic chain ganglia (T1-T4) bilaterrally to the superficial and deep cardiac plexus

Front 291

Both cardiac plexus contain _______ which terminate ______(4).

Back 291

contain postganglionic sympathetic fibers

terminate at SA Node, AV node, Myocardium, Coronary Arteries

Front 292

What are the actions resulting from sympathetic stimulation

Back 292

increased heart rate, increase force of contraction, and vasodilation of arteries

-AV conduction increases

Front 293

Parasympathetic contribution to the Cardiac is?

Back 293

vagus nerve (X)

Front 294

Pre-ganglionic parasympathetic fibers pass through both cardiac plexuses to synapse with post-ganglionic parasympathetic fibers adjacent to the __________. The post-ganglionic parasympathetic fibers terminate (3).

Back 294

adjacent to the SA Node

Terminate SA node, AV Node, Coronary Arteries

Front 295

Actions resulting from parasympathetic stimulation include (4)

Back 295

decreased HR, decrease force of contraction, constriction of coronary arteries

-rate of AV conduction decreases

Front 296

What is the mediastinum?

What is the location of the anterior-posterior dimension?

Back 296

three-dimension space between the two pleural cavities, that extends vertically from the superior thoracic aperture to the inferior thoracic aperture

-between the sternum anteriorly and vertebral column posteriorly

Front 297

The Mediastinum consists of two divisions what are they and their locations?

Back 297

superior mediastinum: seperated by the trans-thoracic plane that passes through the sternal angle and the intervertebral disc between T4-T5 vert

inferior mediastinum: lies below trans-thoracic plane, can be divided into three regions (ant/post/middle) with the heart and pericardium in the central or middle component

Front 298

Superior Mediastinum contents?

Back 298

all the structures entering and exiting the superior thoracic aperture

-trachea, esophagus, cardiac plexus

Front 299

Subdivisions of the Inferior Mediastinum (3) and their locations and contents.

Back 299

Anterior Mediastinum: posterior to the sternum, just in front of the pericardium *thymus gland here*

Middle Mediastinum: between the anterior & posterior mediastinum *heart and pericardial sac*

Posterior Mediastinum: between the middle mediastinum and anterior longitudinal ligament covering the anterior surface of vertebral column (goes down close to the 12th rib)

Front 300

The Posterior Mediastinum contains structures that are oriented either vertically or horizontally.
- Vertical (6)
-Horizontal (3)

Back 300

Vertical: descending thoracic aorrta, thoracic duct, esophagus, vagus nerves, azygos system of veins, greater splanchnic nerves

horizontal: intercostal A, V, N

Front 301

What is the esophagus?

Where does it begins and goes?

Location?

Back 301

a muscular tube that connects the pharynx with the stomach
-begins in the neck and descends through the thorax to enter the abdominal cavity, after passing esophageal hiatus
-located behind the L atrium, adjacent to the L main bronchus, and adjacent to aortic arch

Front 302

The esophagus has what general features?

Back 302

1. Normally collapsed and approximately 1" wide
2. Extends vertically from C6 to T11vert, 12"long
3. Constrictions

Front 303

Location of constrictions (narrowings)

Back 303

-at commencement
-passes posterior to the aortic arch
-passes posterior to the left main bronchus
-passes through the esophageal hiatus

Front 304

Relationships of Esophagus
1. The esophagus is anterior to ______?
2. While in the neck and superior mediastinum the esophagus is posterior to _____?
3. While in the inferior mediastinum the esophagus is posterior to _________ and _______?

Back 304

1. anterior longitudinal ligament

2. trachea

3. pericardium and the left atrium

Front 305

Innervation of the esophagus comes from ?

Back 305

vagal nerves that form a esophageal plexus on the external surface of the esophagus.
-motor and sensory fibers are provided

Front 306

Arterial supply to the esophagus starts in the cervical region and extends into the abdominal region. Blood is supplied by (5) arteries.

Back 306

1. inferior thyroid a
2. bronchial a
3. aortic esophageal arteries (2 to 3)
4. L gastric A
5. inferior phrenic a

Front 307

Venous Drainage of the esophagus corresponds to the arteries which supply it: many of these veins are tributaries to ___________. The left gastric vein provides direction connection b/w __________ and ________, which receives venous blood from the __________, _________, and _________. Thus, venous blood from these structures can bypass _________ and return to the _________ via _____.

Back 307

-azygos system of veins
-esophageal venous plexus & the hepatic portal system
-gastrointestinal tract, pancreas, and spleen
-cirrhotic liver, right atrium, esophageal venous plexus

Front 308

The lymphatics of the esophagus drains into (2)
which then drain to (2)

Back 308

posterior intercostal & mediastinal nodes

thoracic duct & bronchomediastinal lymph trunks

Front 309

General features of the descending aorta? (2)

Back 309

1. extends from T4 to T12 (level of aortic hiatus in diaphragm)

2. deviates from the left toward the midline

Front 310

Branches of the descending aorta in posterior mediastinum (6)

Back 310

1. Bronchial
2. Esophageal
3. Pericardial
4. Mediastinal Arteries to lymph nodes
5. Posterior Intercostal (8 pairs supply intercostal spaces 3-11)
6. Subcostal A (one pair) associated with rib 12

Front 311

The azygos system of veins collects blood from (5)

Back 311

-posterior intercostal spaces
-esophagus
-respiratory diaphragm
-pericardium
-bronchi

Front 312

General Features of the Azygos System of Veins (5)

Back 312

1. individual variation
2. commences at inferior vena cava
3. ascends along the vertebral bodies
4. terminates in superior vena cava
5. hemiazygos veins on left side of the aorta are tributaries to azygos v

Front 313

Tributaries into the azygos system of veins(6)

Back 313

1. posterior intercostal
2. esophageal
3. phrenic
4. bronchial
5. pericardial
6. mediastinal

Front 314

Thoracic duct (largest lymphatic vessels in humans)
-begin
-location
-ascends

Back 314

-begins at the aortic hiatus and is continuous with the cisternal chili

-located between the aorta and azygos vein
-ascends on R side of the aorta to T4 vert, then crosses to the left side of vert column to pass posterior to the esophagus and aorta

Front 315

Cisternal Chili
collects lymphatic fluid from three ______ (name them) and then becomes continuous with the thoracic duct

Back 315

three lymphatic trunks (2 lumbar and internal)

Front 316

The thoracic duct joins the cardiovascular system at the junction of _________ and ___________.

Drains the (3)

Back 316

L subclavian and L internal jugular V

Drains thoracic wall, respiratory diaphragm, and all structures inferior to the respiratory diaphragm

Front 317

Internal Thoracic Lymph Vessels
-run parallel to
- drains

Back 317

-parallel to the sternum
-drains anterior thoracic wall (includes pectoral m, intercostals spaces and breasts)

Front 318

Bronchomediastinal Lymph Trunks Drain (5)

Back 318

-Lungs
-Trachea and Bronchi
-Esophagus
-Heart
-Pericardium

Front 319

Vagus nerves:
-descend where?
-left recurrent laryngeal nerve loops around ___to ascend through ______to reach ______
-branches given to (2)

Back 319

-descend in the thorax posterior to the root of lungs

-aortic arch , superior thoracic aperture, to reach larynx

-pulmonary and cardiac plexus

Front 320

Vagus nerves form the esophageal Plexus and creates both motor and sensory fibers.
There are two trunks and their locations.

The anterior/posterior vagal trunks pass through ____

Back 320

1. Left vagal trunk: anterior surface of esophagus
2. Right Vagal trunk: posterior surface of esophagus


-pass through the esophageal hiatus to enter abdomen

Front 321

Where do the splanchnic nerves originate from? and go?

Name the three divisions?

Back 321

-originate from sympathetic chain ganglia and eventually go to the abdomen

greater, lesser, least splanchnic nerves

Front 322

Greater Splanchnic N
-originates -destined - location

Lesser Splanchnic N
-originates - destined - location

Back 322

-originates T5-T9 Chain ganglia -destined for celiac ganglion -located anterior surface of abdominal aorta

-originates T10-T11 chain ganglia - destined for aorticorenal ganglion - anterior surface of abdominal aorta next to superior mesenteric A

Front 323

Least Splanchnic N
-originates - destined - location

Back 323

-originates T12 chain ganglia -destined for aorticorneal ganglion -located on anterior surface of abdominal aorta next to renal arteries