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108 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
the mouth, pharynx & esophagus, stomach, small intestines, large intestines, and the rectum & anus are ____ digestive organs
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primary
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the teeth, tongue, salivary glands, liver, gallbladder, and pancreas are _____ digestive organs
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accessory
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what is the inner layer of the GI tract?
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mucosa
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what is the outer layer of the GI tract?
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serosa
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the _____ _____ of the mucosa cause the folds
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muscularis mucosae
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the ____ ____ of the mucosa contains lymphatic tissue and MALT
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lamina propria
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the ______ layer of the GI tract contain BV, glands, and lymphatic tissue
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submucosa
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the _____ is where the roots are anchored into the bones on the teeth
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cementum
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parotid, submandibular, and sublingual are three major ______ _____
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salivary glands
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______ helps to destroy bacteria
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lysozyme
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______ begins starch digestion
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amylase
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_____ pushes food down
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peristalsis
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the cardia, fundus, body, and pylorus are parts of the what?
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stomach
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contents of the stomach leave through the what?
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pyloric sphincter
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what converts pepsinogen into pepsin?
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HCL
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____ ____ is secreted by salivary glands, and breaks down triglycerids
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lingual lipase
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____ ____ splits tryglycerids found in milkfat into smaller subunits
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gastric lipase
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the cephalic phase of the stomach is the " ____ _____ _____"
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stomach getting ready
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the gastric phase in the stomach is the "_____ _____"
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stomach working
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the intestinal phase of the stomach is the "_____ _____"
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stomach emptying
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the _____ secretes trypsin (protein digestion) and nuclease (digests nucleic acids)
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pancreas
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the ____ secretes bile
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liver
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the _____ stores bile
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gall bladder
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activation of vitamin D, excretion of bilirubin, and synthesis of bile salts are functions of the what?
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liver
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what does stercobilin do?
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makes the feces brown
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the common bile duct and pancreatic duct empties into the what?
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duodenum
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what is the primary site of absorbtion?
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small intestines
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the duodenum, jejunum, and the ileum of the small instestines ends with the _____ ______
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ileocecal sphincter
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enteroendocrine an intestinal gland secretes _____ which stimulates the ____
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secretin, pancreas
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paneth cells of the intestinal glands sectrete _____
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lysozyme
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______ is the local mixing of chyme with intestinal juices, sloshing back and forth,, which is _____ digestion
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segmentation, mechanical
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sucrase breaks down _____
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frucose (sugars)
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lactase breaks down ______
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galactose
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pacreatic lipase are enzymes that break down _____
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lipids
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pancreatic juices contain 2 ______
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nucleases
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___ ____ play a role in emulsification the breakdown of lipids
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bile salts
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micelles carry _____
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lipids
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fat-soluble vitamins travel in _____
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micelles
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water-soluble vitamins are absorbed by what?
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diffusion
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_____ ____ fill the mucosa of the large intestines
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intestinal glands
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what are the taeniae coli of the muscularus on the colon/large intestine
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longitudinal muscle fibers
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the haustra are the _____ on the colon
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pouches
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in chemical digestion in the large intestines no enzymes are secreted only _____
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mucous
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vitamin K and B are absorbed where?
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in the colon
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what does the gastrocolic relfex do?
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moves feces into rectum
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the ileocecal sphincter is located in the where?
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large intestine
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is catabolism exergonic or endergonic?
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exergonic
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is anabolism exergonic or endergonic?
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endergonic
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over half of the energy released from ATP is converted to _____
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heat
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oxidation is a _____ in energy content
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decrease
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oxidation is a ___ of hydrogen atoms
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loss
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(energy transfer)
reduction is the _____ in energy content |
increase
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(energy transfer)
reduction is the ______ of hydrogen atoms |
addition
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what is phosphorylation?
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the addition of phosphorus to ADP to make ATP
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______ is hundreds of glucose molecules combined to form glycogen for storage
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glycogenesis
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carbohydrate metabolism takes place in the ____
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liver
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glucose-6-phosphate hides _____ in cells
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glucose
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is glycolysis anaerobic or aerobic
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anaerobic
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what is the first step in glycolisis?
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breakdown of glucose
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the 10 step process of glycolysis occurs where?
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in the cytosol
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what are the products of glycolysis?
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2 ATP, 2 NADH, 2 pyruvic acids
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if there is a O2 shortage in a cell pyruvic acid is reduced to _____ ____
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lactic acid
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if oxygen is present in the cell pyruvic acid is then converted into _____ ______
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acetyl coenzyme A
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what are the products of the formation of acetyl coenzyme A?
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2 CO2, 2 NADH + 2H, 2 acetyl coenzyme A molecules
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is the krebs cycle anaerobic or aerobic?
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aerobic
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the _____ ____ is a series of oxidation-reduction & decarboxylation reactions occurring in the ________
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krebs cycle, mitochondria
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the krebs cycle transports __ to the electron transport chain
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H
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what are the products of the krebs cycle?
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2 ATP, 4 CO2, 6 NADH + 6H, 2 FADH2
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glycogenisis stores what?
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glycogen
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what is glycogenolysis?
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when you need glucose it breaks stuff down to get it
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when is glucagon activated?
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in the absence of glucose
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glucagon and _______ is used in glycogenolysis
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epinepherine
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what is gluconeogenesis?
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production of new glucose
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gluconeogenesis is stimulated by _____ and ______
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cortisol and glucagon
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the chylomicrons carry ____ lipids
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dietary
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VLDLs transport _______
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triglycerids
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LDLs carry the "___ cholesterol" from the ____ to the ____
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bad, liver, cells
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HDLs carry "___ cholesterol" from the ___ to the ____
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good, cells, liver
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do triglycerids exert osmotic pressure?
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no
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triglycerides are split into fatty acids & glycerol by ____
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lipase
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if ATP levels are low, glycerol is converted into ____ ____
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pyruvic acid
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if ATP levels are high, glycerol is converted into _____
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glucose
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where are proteins used?
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everywhere
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glucose 6-phosphate,pyruvic acid, and acetyl coenzyme A play pivotal roles in ______
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metabolism
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(metabolic adaptations)
in the absorptive state nutrients enter the ______ and make _____ readily available for ATP production |
bloodstream, glucose
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in the postabsorptive state absorption of nutrients is _____
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complete
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the _____ functions to regulate osmolarity, blood volume, and blood pressure
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kidney
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what is the hilus of the kidney?
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the renal artery and vein, ureter
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the _____ is the functional units of the kidney
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nephron
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the renal ______ is the site of plasma filtration
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corpuscle
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in the renal corpuscles are the _______ capallaries where filtration of blood occurs
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glomerulus
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what do the collecting ducts and papillary ducts do?
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drain urine
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(blood supply to the nephron)
peritubular capallaries carry away _______ substances from the _____ |
reabsorbed, filtrate
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(blood supply to the nephron)
the vasa recta supplies ______ |
nutrients
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do the number of nephrons remain constant from birth? and if they are injured is there replacement?
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yes,no
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the amount of filtrate formed in all corpuscles of both kidneys / minute is called the _____ _____ ___
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glomerular filtration rate
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the amount of filtrate formed in all corpuscles of both kidneys / minute is called the _____ _____ ___
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glomerular filtration rate
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homeostasis requires GFR that is _____
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constant
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renal ________ are the mechanisms that maintain a constant GFR despite changes in arterial BP
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autoregulation
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at rest renal ________ prevails
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autoregulation
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most tubular reabsorbtion occurs in the ___
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pct - proximal convoluted tubule
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an important function of the nephron is tubular ______
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secretion
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water is only reabsorbed by _____
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osmosis
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______ water reabsorption occurs in the collecting duct under the control of antidiuretic hormones
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facultative
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_______ _____ produced by symporters & antiporters causes ____ reabsorption of other solutes
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electrochemical gradients, passive
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the descending limb of the loop of henle is very ______ to water
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permeable
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the ascending limb of the loop of henle is _______ to water
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impermeable
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bile consists of ____, ______, ___ ____, and __ ______, which is broken down into bilibrubin
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water, cholesterol, bile salts, and bile pigments
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