Anatomy Test 3

Front 1

Special Senses

Back 1

- olfaction, vision, gustation, hearing, equilibrium
- Detected by complex receptors in sense organs

Front 2

Reflex Path for Special Senses (Complex Receptor)

Back 2

- Receptor cell receives stimulus
- Changes receptor cell potential
- Changes Sensory Neuron Potential
- Threshold
- Action Potential Sent

Front 3

Olfaction

Back 3

Sense of smell
Receptors react to airborne odorants

Front 4

Olfactory Organs
1. Olfactory Epithelium

Back 4

- Has receptors w/ cilia lined knobs
- Cilia creates increased surface area network

Front 5

Olfactory Organs
2. Lamina Propria

Back 5

- Vessels nerves glands and loose ct

Front 6

Olfactory Pathway

Back 6

odorants absorbed at cilia and bind receptors -> ap sent to CNS

Front 7

Olfactory Discrimination

Back 7

- Chemicals activate receptor combos
- CNS interprets smell due to pattern
 

Front 8

Aging and Olfaction

Back 8

­ age ¯ olfactory sensitivity

Front 9

Gustation

Back 9

- Sense of taste

Receptors react to dissolved tastants

Front 10

Gustatory Organs
Tongue

Back 10

Contains receptor taste buds (tb)

Front 11

Gustatory Organs
Filiform Papillae

Back 11

- Sharp projections grip food, no tbs

Front 12

Gustatory Organs
Fungiform Papillae

Back 12

- Rounded projection w/ a few tbs

Front 13

Gustatory Organs
Circumvallate Papillae

Back 13

Rounded projections w/ increased tbs

Front 14

Gustatory Organs
Taste Bud

Back 14

gustatory cell (gc) + specialized cells

-gc extends taste hairs (microvilli) thru taste pore

Front 15

Gustatory Pathway

Back 15

- Tastants absorbed at microvilli and bind receptors -> ap sent to CNS

Front 16

Gustatory Discrimination

Back 16

- Chemicals activate receptor combos

CNS interprets taste due to pattern

Front 17

Aging and Gustation

Back 17

­Increase age decrease gustatory sensitivity

Front 18

Vision

Back 18

sense of sight involves accessory structures, eyes and photoreceptors

Front 19

Accessory Structures
Eyelashes

Back 19

Protect eye from debris

Front 20

Eyelids

Back 20

Wipers clear debris/lubricate eye

Front 21

Tarsal Glands

Back 21

Secretions lubricate eyelid

Front 22

Lacrimal Gland

Back 22

- Produce tears that lubricate/protect

Front 23

Lacrimal Apparatus

Back 23

produces, distributes and removes tears

Front 24

The Eye

Back 24

Visual sensing apparatus

Front 25

Fibrous Tunic (outer layer)

Back 25

Provides support/protection

Front 26

Sclera

Back 26

- White of eye with increased collagen/elastic
- Vascularized/innervated

Front 27

Cornea

Back 27

- Transparent w/ ^^ collagen/elastic
- Not vascularized

Front 28

Vascular Tunic (middle layer)

Back 28

Controls lens shape, light entry, and aqueous humor production

Front 29

Iris

Back 29

controls light entry by changing pupil (aperture) diameter

Front 30

Pupilary Constrictor Muscles

Back 30

concentric muscles contract = decrease pupil size

Front 31

Pupilary Dilator Muscles

Back 31

radial muscles contract = ­ increase pupil size

Front 32

Ciliary Body

Back 32

- Has attachment sites for suspensory ligaments which hold lens

- Has ciliary muscles (change lens shape) (concentric muscle)

Front 33

Choroid

Back 33

Contains capillaries/nerves

Front 34

Neural Tunic (inner layer)

Back 34

- retina

Front 35

Pigmented Region

Back 35

absorbs stray light (prevents echoes)

Front 36

Neural Region

Back 36

- Has photoreceptors that detect light

Front 37

Rods

Back 37

function in low light intensity - No color discrimination
- Increase [] around retinal periphery

Front 38

Cones

Back 38

function in high light intensity - Color discrimination (RGB)
- Increase concentration in fovea of macula lutea

Front 39

Accessory cells Bipolar Cells (bc)

Back 39

- Link photoreceptors w/ ganglion cells

Front 40

Ganglion Cells (gc)

Back 40

- Gc axons bundle and exit eye as the optic disc (blind spot)

Front 41

Horizontal Cells

Back 41

- Increase or decrease communi. Between pr and bc

Front 42

Amacrine Cells

Back 42

Increase or decrease communi between bc and gc

Front 43

Posterior Cavity

Back 43

vitreous body (maintains shape)

Front 44

Anterior Cavity

Back 44

aqueous humor nourishes lens/cornea

Front 45

Lens Accommodation

Back 45

lens changes shape to focus on image regardless of distance object is from the eye

-ciliary muscle controls suspensory ligament tension, affects lens shape

Front 46

Ciliary Muscle Contraction

Back 46

Lens rounds = focus on nearby object

Front 47

Ciliary Muscle Relaxation

Back 47

lens flattens = focus on distant object

Front 48

Image Reversal

Back 48

- Light from each portion of object is focused on diff part of retina
- Brain is capable of compensating for image reversal

Front 49

Visual Acuity

Back 49

- Clarity of vision
- Defined as detail seen at 20 feet by person with normal vision

Front 50

Rhodopsin

Back 50

Visual pigment absorbs light

Front 51

Opsin

Back 51

- Membrane spanning protein

Front 52

Retinal

Back 52

Chromophore can maintain 11-cis or 11-trans shape

Front 53

Light Absorption Process

Back 53

photon strikes 11-cis retinal -11-cis retinal converted to 11-trans retinal
-opsin activated
- -> info sent to CNS

Front 54

Bleaching

Back 54

- Breakdown of retinal and opsin
- Enzymatic conversation of 11-trans retinal -> 11-cis retinal require ATP

Front 55

Color Vision

Back 55

- Retina contains blue, green and red cones
- Integration of info from these cones provides color discrimination
 

Front 56

Hearing and Equilibrium

Back 56

- Hair cells respond to mechanical movement

Front 57

External Ear

Back 57

Collects/directs sound

Front 58

Auricle

Back 58

- Funnel channels sound

Front 59

External Acoustic Canal

Back 59

- Passage to tympanic membrane

Front 60

Tympanic Membrane (tm)

Back 60

converts sound waves > mechanical movements

Front 61

Middle Ear

Back 61

Conducts sound to inner ear

Front 62

Auditory (Eustachian) Tube

Back 62

Permits pressure equalization

Front 63

Auditory Ossicles

Back 63

- Bones transfer tm movement to oval window

Front 64

Inner Ear

Back 64

contain hair cells (receptors for hearing/equilibrium)

Front 65

Membranous Labyrinth (ml)

Back 65

- Tubes/channels filled with endolymph

Front 66

Bony Labyrinth (bl)

Back 66

- Dense bone surrounds ml

Front 67

Vestibule

Back 67

Sense static equilibrium

Front 68

Semicircular Canals (sc)

Back 68

Sense dynamic equilibrium

Front 69

Dynamic Equilibrium

Back 69

ability to control body during motion

Front 70

Semicircular Ducts (sd)

Back 70

tubes within scs -
Ant/post/lateral sds sense rotation

Front 71

Ampulla

Back 71

Enlargements at end of each sc

Front 72

Crista

Back 72

- Raised floor of cells with hair cels

Front 73

Cupula

Back 73

gel structure "floats" in endolymph

Front 74

Hair Cells

Back 74

- Contain stereo/kinocilia in cupula

Front 75

Dynamic Balance Sensation

Back 75

sc moves, endolymph in scd moves > cupula moves > cilia move > signal sent to CNS

Front 76

Static Equilibrium

Back 76

ability to control body while body is stationary

Front 77

Vestibule

Back 77

- Between sc and cochlea

Has endolymph filled sacs

Front 78

Utricle

Back 78

- Large membranous sac responds to forward/backward head movements

Front 79

Maculae

Back 79

- Sensory receptors in saccule/utricle

Front 80

Otolith

Back 80

- Gel matrix + carbonate crystals (statoconia)

Front 81

Hair Cells

Back 81

- Contain stereocilia/kinocilia embedded in gel matrix

Front 82

Static Balance Sensation

Back 82

head movement causes otolith to slide > cilia move > signal sent to CNS

Front 83

Hearing

Back 83

Sense of sound

Front 84

Cochlea (detail)

Back 84

Snail shaped structure

Front 85

Vestibular Duct (vd)

Back 85

perilymph filled tube

Front 86

Tympanic Duct (td)

Back 86

Perilymph filled tube

Front 87

Cochlear Duct

Back 87

Endolymph filled tube between vd/td

Front 88

Organ of Corti

Back 88

contains hair cell receptors

Front 89

Basilar Membrane (bm)

Back 89

- Base of oc below hair cells

Front 90

Tectorial Membrane (tm)

Back 90

- Gel like roof overlies hair cells

Front 91

Hearing Sensation

Back 91

sound waves > mech. movement of tm /ossicles > oval window moves > fluid vibrations > bm moves > hair cells strike tm > signal sent to CNS

Front 92

Pulmonary Circuit

Back 92

Cary blood to gas exchange surface

Front 93

Systemic Circuit

Back 93

Carry blood to rest of body

Front 94

Arteries

Back 94

Carry blood away from heart

Front 95

Veins

Back 95

- Carry blood to heart

Front 96

Capillaries

Back 96

- Thin vessel connects veins/arteries
- Allow for gas/nutrient exchange

Front 97

Pericardium

Back 97

Lining of pericardial cavity

Front 98

Visceral Pericardium (vp)

Back 98

Covers surface of the heart

Front 99

Parietal Pericardium (pp)

Back 99

Covers surface of pericardial sac

Front 100

Pericardial Cavity

Back 100

Space between vp and pp

- Contains pericardial fluid (lubricant)

Front 101

Epicardium (vp)

Back 101

Mesothelium + connective tissue

Front 102

Myocardium

Back 102

Muscle tissue + nerves/ blood vessels

Front 103

Endocardium

Back 103

- Endothelium + connective tissue

-lines inner chamgers of heart

Front 104

Cardiac Muscle Tissue

Back 104

cells are small, branched, striated and mononucleated

-cells join at intercalated discs (with gap junctions)
 

Front 105

Auricles

Back 105

- Extensions of atria

Front 106

Atrioventricular (Coronary) Sulcus

Back 106

Groove between atria/ventricles

Front 107

Interventricular Sulcus

Back 107

Groove between ventricles

Front 108

Right Atrium (ra)

Back 108

receives deO2 blood from systemic circuit via superior/inferior vena cava

Front 109

Right Ventricle

Back 109

receives deO2 blood from ra -pumps deO2 blood into pulmonary circuit (pulmonary arteries) at lower pressure
-has trabeculae carneae (ridges)

Front 110

Tricuspid Valve

Back 110

- Three cusps, chordae tendineae attach cusps to papillary muscle

Front 111

Pulmonary Semilunar Valve

Back 111

- Three cusps
- Guards pulmonary trunk/arteries

Front 112

Left Atrium (la)

Back 112

receives O2 blood from pulmonary circuit via pulmonary veins

Front 113

Left Ventricle

Back 113

receives O2 blood from la -pumps O2 blood into systemic circuit at higher pressure (thicker muscle)

Front 114

Bicuspid Valve

Back 114

- Two cusps chordae tendineae attach cusps to paiillary muscle

Front 115

Aortic Semilunar Valve

Back 115

Three cusps

Front 116

Coronary Arteries

Back 116

- Supply O2 blood to atria/ventricles
- blood enters

Front 117

Coronary Veins

Back 117

drain deO2 blood from heart

Front 118

Conducting Cells

Back 118

control/coordinate heartbeat as ap moves thru conducting system

Front 119

Contractile Cells

Back 119

ap produce contractions/propel blood

Front 120

Sinoatrial (SA) Node

Back 120

- Has pacemaker cells - establish hr
- In right atrium

Front 121

Internodal Pathways

Back 121

- Connect SA/AV nodes
- Pass ap to atrial contractile cells

Front 122

Atrioventricular (AV) Node

Back 122

- Ap is delayed
- atria contract
In floor of right atrium

Front 123

Atrioventricular Bundle

Back 123

- Moves ap down interventricular septum

Front 124

Bundle Branches

Back 124

moves ap down interventricular septum-

ap moves to moderator band: papillary muscle contracts, chordae tendinae (ct) tense, keep cusps from flipping back into atria

Front 125

Purkinje Fibers

Back 125

- Ap moves across ventricles
- Contraction from apex to base

Front 126

Action Potential Depolarization

Back 126

- Sodium channel open fast, Na moves in
- Ca+ channels open slow, Ca moves in while Na pumped out

Front 127

Repolarization

Back 127

- Ca channel close slow, K channel open slow, K moves out
- Tp restored, K channels close slow

Front 128

Absolute Refractory Period

Back 128

membrane can’t respond to 2nd stimulus

Front 129

Relative Refractory Period

Back 129

membrane can respond to greater than normal 2nd stimulus 

Front 130

Electrocardiogram (ECG)

Back 130

Monitors electrical activity

Front 131

P Wave

Back 131

- Corresponds to atrial depolarization
- Atria contract after P peak

Front 132

QRS Complex

Back 132

- Corresponds to ventricular depolarization
- Ventricles contract after R peak

Atrial repol. Occurs (masked)

Front 133

T Wave

Back 133

- Corresponds to ventricular repolar.

Front 134

PR Interval

Back 134

- From start of atrial depol to start of ventricular depol

Front 135

QT Interval

Back 135

- From start of ventricular depol to end of vent. Repol.

Front 136

Atrial Systole

Back 136

atria contract and “top off” ventricles with blood 

Front 137

Atrial Diastole

Back 137

Atria relax

Front 138

Ventricular Systole

Back 138

ventricles contract, Pventricles > Patria, AV close, Pventricles > Paorta or pulmonary trunk, SLs open, blood fills aorta or pulmonary trunk

Front 139

Ventricular Diastole

Back 139

Patria > P ventricles, SLs cloes, AV's open, passive filling of ventricles

Front 140

Heart Sounds

Back 140

Use stethoscope to hear heart sounds

Front 141

First Heart Sound (S1/Lubb)

Back 141

- AV valves closing

Start of ventricular systole

Front 142

Second Heart Sound (S2/Dupp)

Back 142

- SL valves close
- Start of ventricular diastole

Front 143

Cardiodynamics

Back 143

movements/forces during cc

Front 144

End Diastolic Volume (EDV)

Back 144

- Blood volume in each ventricle at end of ventricular diastole

Front 145

End Systolic Volume (ESV)

Back 145

- ^ at end of ventricular systole

Front 146

Stroke Volume (SV)

Back 146

- Blood volume pumped from each ventricle in one heart beat
- EDV-ESV

Front 147

Cardiac Output (CO)

Back 147

- BV pumped from each ventricle in one minute

Front 148

Neural Control of Heart Rate

Back 148

centers in medula receive chemical/pressure info-SA/AV nodes innervated
-acetylcholine opens K+ channels, slows depolarization = ¯ hr
-norepinephrine opens Na+,Ca+ channels, speeds depolarization = ­ hr

Front 149

Arteries

Back 149

- Carry blood away from the heart

Front 150

Arterioles

Back 150

- Smallest branches of arteries

Front 151

Capillaries

Back 151

- Smallest vessels (gas exchange)

Front 152

Venules

Back 152

- Smallest branches of veins

Front 153

Veins

Back 153

- Carry blood toward heart

Front 154

Tunica Intima

Back 154

- Inner endothelial layer + ct

Front 155

Tunica Media

Back 155

- Middles muscular layer + ct
- Controls vessel diameter

Front 156

Tunica Externa

Back 156

Outer layer provides support

Front 157

Artery Detail

Back 157

thicker walls, ­ smooth muscle
- Expand under high pressures. = decreased capacitance

Front 158

Elastic Arteries (ea)

Back 158

transport ­ blood volume= ­ diameter - Transport increased blood volume = increased diameter
- Increased elastic fibers = increased resilience = tolerate pressure changes

Front 159

Muscular Arteries (ma)

Back 159

contain ­ smooth muscle, change diameter - Deliver blood to tissues

Front 160

Arterioles

Back 160

contain ­ smooth muscle, change diameter (smaller diameter than ma)

Front 161

Capillary Detail

Back 161

- Endothelial tube + basal lamina
- No tm or te
- Smallest diameter, permit gas/nutrient exchange

Front 162

Continuous Capillary

Back 162

complete endothelial lining - Permits small solute/ H2O diffusion, prevents cell/protein movement
 

Front 163

Fenestrated Capillary

Back 163

porous endothelial lining - Permits larger solute/H2O/small peptide diffusion

Front 164

Thoroughfare

Back 164

- Typical capillary bed
- Connections between arterioles and venules

Front 165

Metarteriole Region

Back 165

- Contains a lot of smooth muscle with precapillary sphincters (control flow)

Front 166

Arterial Anastomosis

Back 166

Two arteries (collateral) feed a capillary bed

Front 167

Arteriovenous Anastomosis

Back 167

- Arteriole/venule connect, bypass capillary bed

Front 168

Vein Detail

Back 168

thinner walls, ¯ smooth muscle-Expand under low pressure = increased capacitance

Front 169

Venules

Back 169

smallest diameter of veins - Smallest diameter of veins
- Lack tunica media
- Have valves (one way flow)

Front 170

Medium Sized Veins

Back 170

- Thin tunica media, tunica externa with more elastic/collagen
- Have valves (one way flow)

Front 171

Large Veins

Back 171

Largest diameter of veins

Front 172

Blood Flow

Back 172

Based on many factors

Front 173

Blood Pressure

Back 173

- Increase pressure = increase flow
- Decrease pressure = decrease flow

Front 174

Vessel Resistance

Back 174

- Increase resistance = decrease flow
- Decrease resistance = increase flow
- Dependent on multiple factors

Front 175

Vessel Diameter

Back 175

- Increase diameter = decrease resistance
- Based on smooth muscle contraction/relaxation
- Friction

Front 176

Vessel Length

Back 176

- Increase length = increase resistance
- Does not change appreciably
- Baby -> adult
- Massive weight loss/gain
- Friction

Front 177

Blood Viscosity

Back 177

- Based on (suspended materials)
- Increase viscosity = increase resistance

5x more than water

Front 178

Blood Turbulence

Back 178

- Swirling of blood (mostly seen A -> V)
- Increase turbulence = increase resistance

Front 179

Arterial Blood Pressure

Back 179

Control/coordinate heartbeat

Front 180

Systolic Pressure (sp)

Back 180

- Max bp at ventricular systole

Front 181

Diastolic Pressure (dp)

Back 181

- Min bp at ventricular diastole

Front 182

Pulse Pressure (pp)

Back 182

- Difference between sp and dp

Front 183

Mean Arterial Pressure (MAP)

Back 183

- Average bp, MAP = dp + (pp/3)
- SP = 120 mmHG, dp = 99mm HG, MAP?

Front 184

Venous Pressure (vp)

Back 184

vp is ¯ = ¯ flow, diameter ­ = ­ flow-venous return helped by many factors

Front 185

Skeletal Muscle Contraction

Back 185

- VP is decreased = decrease flow diameter
- Increases = increased flow

Venous return helped by many factors

Front 186

Valves

Back 186

- Contractions push blood through veins

Fainting

Front 187

Respiratory Pump (thoracic cavity)

Back 187

- Movement of tc helps move blood
- TC expands = reduced pressure, reduced pressure = more air flow = pulls blood into S/IVC
- TC compresses = more pressure; air out = pulls blood into RA

Front 188

Capillary Pressures

Back 188

- Affect capillary exchange

Front 189

Net Hydrostatic Pressure (NHP)

Back 189

- Pushes H20/solutes from blood .> IF
- FILTRATION

Front 190

Net Colloid Osmotic Pressure (NCOP)

Back 190

- Pulls H2O/solutes from IF -> blood
- REABSORPTION

Front 191

Net Filtration Pressure (NFP)

Back 191

NFP= NHP - NCOP
-if + then fluid/solutes move from blood > IF (filtration)
-if - then fluid/solutes move from IF > blood (reabsorption)