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162 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Red blood cell production is regulated by
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the amount of oxygen in blood flowing through kidney.
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if the kidney recieves an inadequate supply of oxygen during red blood cell production then...
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the kidney enhances its secretion of the hormone "erythropoietin".
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erythropoietin:
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hormone secreted by kidney in response to low oxygen level in kidney.
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erythropoietin is transported to
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bone marrow and stimulates the formation of red blood cells.
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erythropoietin stimulates the formation of
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red blood cells
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if they kidney recieves an abundance of oxygen then
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erythropoietin secretion decreases
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people with kidney diseases have reduced...
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erythropoietin and anemia.
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what are ppl with kidney diseases given now?
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genetically engineered erythropoietin (epogen)
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anemia is
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when the oxygen0carrying capacity of the blood is below normal.
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anemia may be due to (oxygen carrying capacity of blood below normal):
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a low red blood cell count, a low hemoglobin content or a genetic defect in the hemoglobin molecule.
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hemorrhagic anemia is due to
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a significant loss of blood.
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hemolytic anemias are due to
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lysed red blood cells.
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the lysed red blood cells of hemolytic anemias may be due to
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infections, defects in hemoglobin or cell membranes or transfusion reactions.
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aplastic anemia is due to
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destruction of bone marrow by cancer cells, xrays or chemicals such as benzene, formaldehyde, arsenic and heavy metals.
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Hypochromic, or iron deficiency anemia is due to
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a lack of iron in the diet or significant blood loss.
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in hypochromic or iron deficiency anemia, the red blood cells are
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small and pale and termed microcytes
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pernicious anemia is due to
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an absence of a stomach mucous protein (intrinsic factor) or a deficiency of vitamin b12 (extrinsic factor)
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the intrinsic factor is required for the
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absorption of vitamin b12 in the gut
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in pernicious anemia, the red blood cells are called
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macrocytes
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in pernicious anemia, the red blood cells are called macrocytes because
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during erythropiesis, the cells grow but do not divide.
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what is an effective treatment for pernicious anemia
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b-12 injections (im)
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What are two diseases caused by genetic defects in the hemoglobin molecule?
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thalassemia and sickle cell anemia.
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in thalassemia and sickle cell anemia, the red blood cells are
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fragile and lyse easily
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sickle cell anemia is due to
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a single base substitution in DNA
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single base substitution in dna causes:
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valine to susbstitute for glutamic acid in the beta polypeptide chain of hemoglboin (has incorrect amino acid).
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HbA is ..... and HbS is .....
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hba=normal hemoglobin
hbs= sickle cell hemoglobin |
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at low oxgyen tension, hbs...
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comes out of solution in the red blood cells and cross-links iwth other HBS's to form a paracrystalline gel.
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When HBS's form a paracrystalline gel, this does what
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changes the shape of the cell to a sickle shape.
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the sickle form is what compared to the normal
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longer and not pliable
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the sickle form (longer and not pliable) does what to cause problems:
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plugs up small blood vessels, causing ischemia and intense pain. The red blood cells lyse and cause anemia.
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The genotype AS makes what
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1/2 normal hemoglobin and 1/2 sickle hemoglobin.
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The genotype AS is said to have the
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sickle cell trait or is a sickle carrier.
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The SS genotype makes only
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sickle hemoglobin.
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Individuals with the SS genotype have
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the sickle cell disease.
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Individuals with the AS genotype are resistant to
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malaria
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the fact that indiviuals with AS genotype are resistant to malaria has allowed what?
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the S gene to be perpetuated where malaria exists.
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What is the most recent treatment for sickle cell anemia?
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to administer the drug "hydroxyurea"
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the drug hydroxyurea does what?
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stimulates red blood cells to make fetal hemoglobin and cells with it do not sickle.
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Polycythemia is a
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higher-than-normal red blood cell count
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polycythemia vera is a
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cancerous condition of bone marrow
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polycythemia vera results in
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extermely high concentrations of red blood cell (10million/cmm)
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secondary polycythemia is present in
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well trained atheletes, and in ppl who live at high altitudes.
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another word for white blood cells.
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leukocytes
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white bloods are are
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defensive cells that help protect the body from invasion by foreign agents
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white blood cells have
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nuclei and mitochondria
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white blood cells move by
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amoeboid locomotion
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white blood cells can squeeze through
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pores in capillaries
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white blood cells can migrate through
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intersticial spaces
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the mechanism of white blood cells squeezing through capillaries and migrating through interstitial spaces:
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diapedesis
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granular leukocytes have
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granules in their cytoplasm that stain with certain dyes.
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3 types of granulocytes are:
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neutrophils, eosinophils, and basophils.
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neutrophils have
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granules taht stain light pink
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the granules of neutrophils have
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lobular shaped nuclei
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granules of neutrophils are known as
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polymorphonuclear leukocytes (PMN's) or Polys.
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the polymorphonuclear leukocytes (pmn's) (polys) represent about:
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61% of white blood cells
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polymorphonuclear leukocytes (pmn's or polys) are highly
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phagocytic.
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in acute infections, the polymorphonuclear leukocytes are:
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elevated.
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Eosinophils have
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red staining granules
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eosinophils represent about
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2% of white blood cells
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the eosininphils do what?
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detoxify foreign proteins and are elevated in parasitic worm infections
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basophils have
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bluish staining granules
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basophils make up about
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1% white blood cells
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the basophils do waht?
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secrete heparin and histamine
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what are the agranular leukocytes?
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leukocytes that do not have granules in their cytoplasm
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Eosinophils have
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red staining granules
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eosinophils represent about
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2% of white blood cells
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Eosinophils have
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red staining granules
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Eosinophils have
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red staining granules
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Eosinophils have
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red staining granules
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eosinophils represent about
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2% of white blood cells
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what are two types of agranular leukocytes
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lymphocytes and monocytes.
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eosinophils represent about
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2% of white blood cells
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eosinophils represent about
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2% of white blood cells
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the eosininphils do what?
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detoxify foreign proteins and are elevated in parasitic worm infections
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Eosinophils have
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red staining granules
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Eosinophils have
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red staining granules
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the eosininphils do what?
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detoxify foreign proteins and are elevated in parasitic worm infections
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lymphocytes make up about
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30% of white blood cells.
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eosinophils represent about
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2% of white blood cells
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the eosininphils do what?
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detoxify foreign proteins and are elevated in parasitic worm infections
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the eosininphils do what?
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detoxify foreign proteins and are elevated in parasitic worm infections
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basophils have
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bluish staining granules
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eosinophils represent about
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2% of white blood cells
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basophils have
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bluish staining granules
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the eosininphils do what?
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detoxify foreign proteins and are elevated in parasitic worm infections
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What are two types of lymphocyte?
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b-lymphocytes and T-lymphocytes
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basophils have
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bluish staining granules
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basophils have
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bluish staining granules
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basophils make up about
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1% white blood cells
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the eosininphils do what?
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detoxify foreign proteins and are elevated in parasitic worm infections
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basophils make up about
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1% white blood cells
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b-lymphocytes are responsible for?
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make antibodies
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basophils have
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bluish staining granules
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basophils make up about
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1% white blood cells
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the basophils do waht?
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secrete heparin and histamine
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basophils make up about
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1% white blood cells
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basophils have
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bluish staining granules
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T-lymphocytes are responsible for?
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cell mediated immunity
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basophils make up about
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1% white blood cells
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the basophils do waht?
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secrete heparin and histamine
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the basophils do waht?
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secrete heparin and histamine
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the basophils do waht?
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secrete heparin and histamine
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what are the agranular leukocytes?
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leukocytes that do not have granules in their cytoplasm
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basophils make up about
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1% white blood cells
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what are the agranular leukocytes?
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leukocytes that do not have granules in their cytoplasm
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the basophils do waht?
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secrete heparin and histamine
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what are the agranular leukocytes?
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leukocytes that do not have granules in their cytoplasm
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monocytes make up about
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6% of white blood cells
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what are the agranular leukocytes?
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leukocytes that do not have granules in their cytoplasm
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what are two types of agranular leukocytes
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lymphocytes and monocytes.
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the basophils do waht?
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secrete heparin and histamine
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what are the agranular leukocytes?
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leukocytes that do not have granules in their cytoplasm
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what are two types of agranular leukocytes
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lymphocytes and monocytes.
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When monocytes move into tissue, what happens?
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they become macrophages.
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what are two types of agranular leukocytes
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lymphocytes and monocytes.
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what are two types of agranular leukocytes
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lymphocytes and monocytes.
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lymphocytes make up about
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30% of white blood cells.
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what are the agranular leukocytes?
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leukocytes that do not have granules in their cytoplasm
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what are macrophages?
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large cells that are highly phagocytic
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what are two types of agranular leukocytes
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lymphocytes and monocytes.
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lymphocytes make up about
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30% of white blood cells.
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lymphocytes make up about
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30% of white blood cells.
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lymphocytes make up about
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30% of white blood cells.
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What are two types of lymphocyte?
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b-lymphocytes and T-lymphocytes
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what are two types of agranular leukocytes
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lymphocytes and monocytes.
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lymphocytes make up about
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30% of white blood cells.
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What are two types of lymphocyte?
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b-lymphocytes and T-lymphocytes
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What are two types of lymphocyte?
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b-lymphocytes and T-lymphocytes
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b-lymphocytes are responsible for?
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make antibodies
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What are two types of lymphocyte?
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b-lymphocytes and T-lymphocytes
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lymphocytes make up about
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30% of white blood cells.
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What are two types of lymphocyte?
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b-lymphocytes and T-lymphocytes
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b-lymphocytes are responsible for?
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make antibodies
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b-lymphocytes are responsible for?
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make antibodies
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What are two types of lymphocyte?
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b-lymphocytes and T-lymphocytes
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b-lymphocytes are responsible for?
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make antibodies
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T-lymphocytes are responsible for?
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cell mediated immunity
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T-lymphocytes are responsible for?
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cell mediated immunity
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b-lymphocytes are responsible for?
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make antibodies
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T-lymphocytes are responsible for?
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cell mediated immunity
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monocytes make up about
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6% of white blood cells
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T-lymphocytes are responsible for?
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cell mediated immunity
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b-lymphocytes are responsible for?
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make antibodies
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monocytes make up about
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6% of white blood cells
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T-lymphocytes are responsible for?
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cell mediated immunity
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When monocytes move into tissue, what happens?
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they become macrophages.
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monocytes make up about
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6% of white blood cells
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monocytes make up about
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6% of white blood cells
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T-lymphocytes are responsible for?
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cell mediated immunity
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When monocytes move into tissue, what happens?
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they become macrophages.
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monocytes make up about
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6% of white blood cells
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When monocytes move into tissue, what happens?
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they become macrophages.
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what are macrophages?
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large cells that are highly phagocytic
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When monocytes move into tissue, what happens?
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they become macrophages.
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monocytes make up about
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6% of white blood cells
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what are macrophages?
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large cells that are highly phagocytic
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what are macrophages?
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large cells that are highly phagocytic
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When monocytes move into tissue, what happens?
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they become macrophages.
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what are macrophages?
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large cells that are highly phagocytic
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When monocytes move into tissue, what happens?
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they become macrophages.
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what are macrophages?
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large cells that are highly phagocytic
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what are macrophages?
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large cells that are highly phagocytic
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