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174 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Epithelial Tissue |
A sheet of cells that covers a body surface or lines a body cavity and makes up the glands of the body |
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Histology |
The study of tissues |
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Tissue |
A groups of similar cells with a particular function. |
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Epithelial Tissue General Characteristics |
Polarity Connective tissue support Cell connections Avascular but innervated Regeneration |
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Polarity of epithelial cells |
Have an APICAL or upper free surface, and a lower attached BASAL surface |
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Connective tissue support of epithelial tissue |
Just underneath the basal surface of all epithelial lies a BASEMENT MEMBRANE on which the cells rest. It acts as a filter, a scaffold for repair, and reinforcement to resist stretching and tearing and defines the epithelial boundary |
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Cell connections of epithelial tissue |
Cells fit closely and tightly together to form continuous sheets. The cells are held together by TIGHT JUNCTIONS and DESMOSOMES that bind adjacent cells together |
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Avascular but innervated epithelium |
No blood vessels, but is supplied with many nerve endings. Epithelial cells are nourished by substances diffusing from blood vessels in the underlying connective tissue of the basement membrane |
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Regeneration of epithelial |
Epithelium is highly regenerative and mitotic |
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Homeostatic imbalances epithelial |
Cancerous epithelial cells will penetrate the basement membrane to tissue underneath. (Metastasis) |
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Epithelial functions |
Comprises glandular tissue FASPE Filtration Absorption Protection Exchange Secretion |
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Epithelial cells classification |
Simple and stratified |
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Simple |
A single layer of cells for absorption, exchange, and filtration |
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Stratified |
Made of multiple layers of cells for protection. |
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Epithelial cells shape |
Squamous: flattened or scale like Cuboidal: boxlike Columnar: tall and column-shaped |
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Simple Squamous Epithelium |
Structue:Cells are flattened
Functions: Carrie's out filtration or exchange of materials by
Location: walls of alveoli, endothelium of lymph, blood vessels, and heart
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Simple Cuboidal Epithelium |
Structure: single layer of cells as tall as they are wide Function: Carrie's out secretion and absorption Location: kidney tunes are line with them. Glandular epithelium and sole small ducts. |
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Simple Columnar Epithelium |
Structure: tall, closely packed cells Function: absorption and secretion. Goblet cells secrete a protective, lubricating mucus. Location: lines digestive tract from stomach to rectum. Ciliated form found in the uterine tubes. Dense microvili on apical surface present to increase surface area for absorption |
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Pseudostratified (ciliated) columnar epithelium |
Structure: all cells rest on the basement membrane but only the tallest cells reach the free surface Function: secretion and absorption, cilia propel mucus, trapping dust and moving it away from the lungs Location: found in trachea and bronchi of respiratory tract |
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Stratified Squamous Epithelial |
Structure: free surface cells are squamous, low layers are cuboidal. Layers farther away from basement membrane atrophy, flatten, and die. Keratinized in the epidermis only. Function: protection; subject to wear and tear; surface cells are rubbed away and replaced Location: epidermis of the skin, mouth, esophagus, and vagina |
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Transitional Epithelium |
Structure: Basal cells are cuboidal, apical are rounded when the bladder is empty, flattened when full. Functional: allows a greater volume of urine to flow through the urethra and to be stored in the urethra. Location: lines urinary organs |
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Exorcine Glands Epithelium |
Have ducts to the surface Salivary mammary |
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Holocrine Exorcine Glands Epithelium |
Rupture to release cell contents Sebaceous |
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Endocrine Glands Epithelium |
Do not have ducts but secrete their products into the surrounding interstitial fluid and then into the bloodstream. |
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Holocrine Exorcine Glands Epithelial |
Rupture to release cell contest
Sebaceous |
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Endocrine Glands Epithelium |
Do not have ducts. Secrete products into the surrounding interstitial fluid and then into the bloodstream. |
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Connective tissue common characteristics |
Most abundant and widely distributed of the primary tissues Coming origin Degrees of vascularity Living cells in a nonliving matrix |
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Functions of connective tissue |
Binding and supporting Protecting Insulating Storing reserve fuel Transporting substances |
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Common origin of connective tissue |
All connective tissue arrives from mesenchyme |
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Connective tissue degrees of vascularity |
Cartilage is Avascular Dense connective tissue is poorly vascularized the rest has a rich blood supply |
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Connective tissue living cells in a _______ _________ |
Nonliving matrix |
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Structural elements of connective tissue |
Ground substance Connective tissue Connective tissue cells |
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Connective tissue Ground substance |
Composed of interstitial fluid, cell adhesion proteins, proteoglycans(chondrotin sulfate, glucosamine, hyaluronic acid) to trap water Acts as a medium through which nutrients and other dissolved substances can diffuse between blood and capillaries and cells |
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Proteoglycans |
Chrondrotin sulfate Glucosamine Hyluronic acid To trap water |
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Connective tissue fibers |
Collagen fibers Elastic fibers Reticular fibers (Strongest to weakest) |
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Connective tissue collagen fibers |
Collagen protein bundled into thick fibers High tensile strength(stronger than steel) Like a rope |
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Connective tissue elastic fibers |
Rubbery elastic protein bundled to provide stretch and recoil which isn't present in collagen
Rubber bands |
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Connective tissue reticular fibers |
Thin collagen fibers that branch extensively to form a delicate network Support small blood vessels and soft tissues in organs Twine |
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Connective tissue cells |
Fibroblasts Chondroblasts Osteoblasts Hematopoietic stem cells |
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Connective tissue cells fibroblasts |
Give rise to all loose and dense connective tissue proper Fibers |
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Connective tissue cells chondroblasts |
Give rise to cartilage |
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Connective tissue cells osteoblasts |
Give rise to bone |
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Connective tissue cells Hematopoietic stem cells |
Give rise to blood tissue(hemocytoblasts) |
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Types of connective tissue |
Mesenchyme creates Loose connective Dense connective Cartilage Bone Blood
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Mesenchyme (embryonic stem cells) |
Precursor to all connective tissues, formed from mesoderm (middle embryonic germ layer) |
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Types of loose connective tissue |
Areolar Adipose Reticular |
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Areolar loose connective tissue |
Structure: It's a loose arrangement of fibers the rest is ground substance (hyaluronic acid) and fibroblasts Function: supports, binds, holds body fluids, defends against infection, and stores nutrients. Reservoir of water and salts and EDEMA (swelling) occurs in this tissue Location: the most widely distributed in the body; serves as a universal packing material between other tissues; binds body parts together; while allowing them to move freely over one another; wraps small blood vessels a day nerves; forms the basement membrane for epithelial tissue |
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Adipose loose connective tissue |
Structue: mature cells are amitotic (do not divide once formed) richly vascularized Function: helps makes testosterone, estrogen. Miles of capillaries in every pound of fat Location: found under skin and over organs |
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Reticular loose connective tissue |
Structure: reticular fibers and fibroblasts Function: supports free blood cells Location: found in lymph nodes, spleen, and bone marrow |
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Types of dense connective tisssue |
Dense regular connective Dense irregular connective |
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Dense regular connective tissue |
Structure: consists of collagen fibers going in the same direction. Poorly vascularized
Function: produces a white, flexible structure with resistance to tension
Location: forms tendons, aponeuroses (muscle to muscle), and ligaments
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Dense irregular connective tissue |
Structure: collagen fibers are thicker and arranged irregularly in more than one plane
Function: resists tension exerted from many different directions
Location: found in dermis of skin, joint capsules, covers testes, kidneys, Bone, cartilage, and nerves |
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Type of cartilage |
Hyaline Elastic Fibrocartilage |
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Cartilage |
Consists of chondroblasts in lacunae of growing cartilage; lack nerve fibers and is Avascular, so it heals slowly.
Aging cartilage cells lose their ability to divide.
Older cartilage tends to calcify and even ossify.
It's a matrix made of chondrotin sulfate, hyaluronic acid, and collagen fibers
It resists tension and compression because it's 80% water
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Hyaline cartilage |
"Gristle" most abundant cartilage type Structure: consists of uniform collagen fibers in matrix for a glossy or glass-line appearance Function: provides firm support with some pliablitly Location: found at ends of long bones, tip of nose, costal, respiratory passages, embryonic skeleton and epiphyseal plate. |
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Elastic cartilage |
Structue: matrix has more elastic fibers than hyaline cartilage Function: gives strength and exceptional stretchability Location: found in extern ear (pinna) and epoglottis. |
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Fibrocartilage cartilage |
More dense than dense regular Structure: consists of chondrocytes in rows that alternate with collagen Function: designed to resist heavy pressure and tension Location: between vertebra, public bones, and forms meniscus of knee |
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Bone connective tissue |
Consists of osteocytes embedded in a mineral matrix, in an orderly arrangement called osteons |
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Blood connective tissue |
Formed elements( erythrocyte, leukocytes, and thrombocytes) in a fluid matrix. |
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Nervous tissues |
Composed of neurons that conduct impulses, and neuralgia(do not transmit) that support and protect neurons |
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Types of muscle tissue |
Skeletal Cardiac Smooth |
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Skeletal muscle |
Cylindrical cells that are multinucleated, parallel, striated and act voluntarily.
All cells attach to both tendons at the end of the muscle
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Cardiac muscle |
Branching cylindrical cells with single nucleus, striated with intercalated discs and gap junctions, and involuntary. |
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Smooth muscle |
Spindle-shapped cells with central nucleus, no striations, organized into sheets and involuntary
Forms sheets of cells |
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Smooth muscle |
Spindle-shapped cells with central nucleus, no striations, organized into sheets and involuntary
Forms sheets of cells |
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Skin |
Only the dermis is vascularized Epidermis gets nutrients through diffusion With out our skin we would die of 1. Water loss 2. Heat loss 3. Bacterial infection. |
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Subcutaneous(hypodermis) layer |
Made of adipose and areolar connective tissue Stores fat, anchors skin, acts as a shock absorber, insulator, thickens as we gain weight (females in thighs and breasts, males in anterior abdomen) not a true layer of the skin |
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Cells of the epidermis |
Keratinocytes Melanocytes Langerhans (dendritic cells) Tactile or Merkel cells |
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Keratinocytes (epidermal cells) |
Produces keratin. They are connected by desmosomes in stratum basalt; also in continuous mitosis there. |
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Melanocytes |
Spider shaped cells Make melanin in stratum basale Melanin is moved to the ends of arms of cell and transferred to keratinocytes the Melanin then collects on the superficial side of the nucleus |
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Langerhans or dendritic cells |
Come from the bone marrow to become macrophages |
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Tactile or Merkel cells |
Spikes cells associated with disclike sensory nerve ending as soon receptor for touch |
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Layers of the epidermis |
Stratum basale (germinativum) Stratum spinosum Stratum granulosum Stratum lucidum Stratum corneum |
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Thick vs. Thin skin |
Palms of hands and soles of feet contain and additional layer of skin, giving them 5 the rest of the body has 4 |
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Stratum basale(germinativum) |
The deepest of layer of the epidermis attached to the dermis. Made of a single row of cells of the youngest keratinocytes Rapid mitosis occurs here Melanocytes are also present |
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Stratum spinosum |
Several layers thick; consists primarily of tension-resisting bundles of prekeratin filaments. The cells flatten and become spiny because the cells shrink in death but desmosomes hold tight. |
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Stratum granulosum |
Consists of 4-6 layers, cells continue to flatten internal structures disintegrate, granules develop that help form keratin in upper layers Cells are now dead An epidermal water barrier forms are this level and makes the cells more resistant to destruction |
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Stratum lucidum |
Found in palms and soles (making thick skin). Forms a thin, translucent bend of clear, dead keratinocytes |
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Stratum corneum |
20-30 cell layers, keratin and plasma membrane protect skin against abrasion, penetration from pathogens and now is waterproof |
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Dermis |
Composed of fibroblasts, macrophages, mast cells, and white blood cells in a semifluid matrix of collagen, elastic and reticular fibers(dense irregular connective tissue or DICT) |
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Layers of the dermis |
Papillary layer Reticular layer |
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Papillary layer |
Upper layer of the dermis where areolar connective tissue with collagen and elastic fibers and void vessels form a mat Defensive cells are free to wander through this layer It's superior surface or border forms peg-like projections called dermal papillae into the epidermis Filled with blood vessels and nerve endings. Palms and soles have dermal ridges to increase friction |
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Reticular layer |
Makes up 80% of dermis, made of DICT. Collagen fibers are found in bundles parallel to the surface. Produce lines of cleavage in between. Stretch marks develop from this layer |
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Skin color |
Melanin, carotene, and hemoglobin contribute to color |
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Cyanosis |
Blue Lack of oxygen |
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Erythema/redness |
Red
Due to fever or inflammation |
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Pallor |
White/pale Due to shock or anemia Blood removed from skin and focused in the brain |
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Jaundice |
Yellow Due to liver disorder |
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Bruise |
Black/blue/purple Due to hemorrhage |
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Appendages of skin |
Sweat or sudoriferous Glands Sebaceous |
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Sweat of sudoriferous Glands |
Eccrine Apocrine Ceruminous Mammary |
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Eccrine Glands |
Most abundant type Especially on plams, soles, and foreheads Coiled tubular gland in dermis with a duct up to a pore Produces hypotonic filtration of blood 99% water with salt Metabolic waste Lactic acid Acidic pH of 4-6 Part of the sympathetic(fight or flight) division of autonomic nervous system to prevent overheating Emotionally induced sweating begins on palms, soles and axillae then spreads |
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Apocrine Glands |
Modified eccrine Glands in the axillae, external genitalia
Ducts open into follicles
Secretion consists of sweat plus fatty substances and proteins that bacteria digest to make body odor
Secretions begin at puberty |
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Ceruminous Glands |
Make cerumen(ear wax) in ear canal; they are modified Apocrine Glands. Secretions act as insect repellent like, helps keep out water and other foreign matter |
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Mammary Glands |
Secrete milk |
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Sebaceous Glands |
Not found on palms and soles; large on face, chest and neck Makes sebum(oil) into hair follicle to soften hair, lubricate skin, ands it's bacterial |
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Acne |
Blocked follicles become a whitehead, dried up ones become black heads Caused from inflammation due to presence of Staphylococcus bacteria |
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Hair |
Sense, protect, shield, filter. Flexible strands of dead, keratinized calls Pigment is from melanin(except in red heads) |
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3 types of hair |
Vellus Lanugo Terminal |
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Vellus hair |
Pale and fine In women and children |
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Lanugo |
Fetal hair |
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Terminal hair |
Eyebrows, eyelashes, most body hair in males after puberty, public and axillary hair |
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Arrector pili muscles |
Attached to hair follicles; pulls hair upright and makes goosebumps; controlled by hypothalamus and part of sympathetic stimulation |
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Nails |
Scale-like modifications of skin at ends of fingers and toes |
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Functions of Integumentary System |
Protection Body Temperature Sensation Metabolic Functions Blood Reservoir Excretion |
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Protection (epidermal) |
First line of defense: chemical barrier(melanin and pH); mechanical barrier(against, abrasion, invasion, and water loss) |
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Body Temperature |
Indication of changes in temperature, compensation through sweat, fever shock |
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Sensation |
Touch, temperature, pain, pressure |
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Metabolic Function |
Production of vitamin D |
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Blood Reservoir |
Blood can be shunted toward the skin |
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Excretion |
In sweat (metabolic wastes) |
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Skin Cancer |
Destroys and replaces normal skin cells and tissues About 1/5 of all Americans will be affected |
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Basal Cell Carcinoma |
Least malignant and most common skin cancer Cells of stratum basale invade the dermis and hypodermis Lesions occurr most often on sun exposed area Appear shiny, dome-shaped nodules with a pearly, beaded edge Relatively slow growing and rarely metastasized Full cure by surgical excision is the rule in 99% of cases |
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Squamous Cell Carcinoma |
Arises from the keratinocytes in stratum spinosum.
Scaly, reddened papule on head and hands
Grows rapidly and metastasize if not removed
Chances of cure are good if caught early
Precursors are scaly patches on arms called actinic keratosis |
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Melanoma(malignant) |
Most dangerous Highly metastic (migrates) Resistant to chemotherapy Accounts for 5% of skin cancer Begins where there is pigment Appears as spreading Brown-back patch Spreads to lymph nodes and blood vessels Key to survival is early detection Therapy is wide and surgical excision accompanied by immunotherapy |
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ABCD rule |
Asymmetry Border irregularity Color Diameter Elevation |
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Rule of nines |
Estimate the severity of burns Burns consisted critical if: Over 25% of the body has second degree burns Over 10% of the body has third degree burn There are third degree burns on the face, hands, or feet |
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First degree |
Superficial Affects only the epidermis The burn site is red, painfully dry, and with no blisters Mild sunburn is an example Increase or decrease in skin color |
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Second degree |
Partial Affects the epidermis and dermis The burn site appears red, blistered, and may be swollen and painful |
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Third degree |
Full Burns away all layers of skin down to underlying structures Underlying bones, muscles, tendons may also be affected The burn site appears white or charred There is no sensation in the area since the nerve endings are destroyed |
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Life threatening consequenses |
Dehydration Hypothermia Infection |
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Bones |
206 in adults More than 300 in infants |
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Functions of bones |
Support Protection Movement Mineral storage Blood cell formation |
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Support (bone) |
Helps is be upright, provides attachment points for organs |
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Protection (bone) |
Brain, spinal cord, lungs, and heart are surrounded by bone |
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Mineral storage |
Calcium and phosphate used for other reactions stored in matrix |
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Blood cell formation |
Hematopoietic tissue in red bone marrow cavities forms blood |
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Structure of a long bone |
Diaphysis Epiphysis Membranes Hematopoietic tissue |
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Diaphysis |
Shaft; hollow, medullary cavity filled with yellow bone marrow of fat (that can convert to red if needed). Made of compact bone with nutrient foramina to allow blood vessel entry into bone |
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Epiphysis |
Ends; made of external layers of compact bone, then the inner portion is spongy bone filled with red marrow Covered with articular cartilage Epiphyseal line (plate) is remnant of growth place |
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Periosteum membrane |
DICT outside; inner layer has osteoblasts and osteoclasts. Supplied with nerves, lymph vessels, blood vessels, and secured with Sharpey's fibers |
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Endosteum |
DICT as internal lining, covers spongy bone, lines canals, etc. |
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Medullary cavity |
Inside Long bone filled with yellow marrow(can become hemocytoblasts) |
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Hematopoietic tissue |
Stem cells that produce all the formed elements (cells) of blood |
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Cells of bone tissue |
Osteoblasts Osteoclasts Osteocytes Made of mesenchyme |
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Osteoblasts |
Bone-forming cells that secrete the bone matrix. When completely surrounded by the matrix being secreted they become osteocytes |
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Osteocytes |
Mature bone cells that occupy the lacunae in the matrix. Monitor bone matrix Communicate with osteoblasts and osteoclasts so to preserve calcium homeostasis Controll center |
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Osteoclasts |
Cells responsible for bone resorption by enzymatically breaking down the matrix |
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Compact bone. Osteon |
Series of concentric rings of matrix around a central canal. Osteons are essentially weight-bearing pillars
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Lamella. Compact bone |
Ring of matrix of calcium and phosphate with collagen fibers
All the collagen fibers in a particular lamella run in a single direction The next ring they run in the opposite direction
This pattern is designed to withstand twisting forces |
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Central canal. Compact bone |
Center of osteon with artery, vein, nerve;it is the vertical canal |
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Perforating Canal. Compact bone |
Horizontal canal that carries blood vessels toward osteon |
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Lacuna. Compact bone |
Open spaces in between lamellae where osteocytes are found |
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Canaliculi. Compact bone |
Small "cracks" in lamellae that connect the osteocytes with one another allowing communication
Allows waste out and nutrients in |
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Spongy bone |
Porous bone where trabeculae (struts) align preciselyprecisely along lines of stress to help reinforce bone Made of irregularly spaced lamellae, osteocytes and canaliculi |
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Diploë. Spongy bone |
Two layers of compact bone with a spongy bone sandwiched in between Composition of flat bone |
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Organic composition of bone |
Composed of collagen, osteocytes, proteoglycans, glycoproteins Provide flexibility and tensile strength |
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Inorganic composition of bone |
Composed of calcium in the form of hydroxyapetite or mineral salts (CaPO_4) Tiny crystals around collagen fibers provided hardness to resist compression |
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Chondroblasts |
Make cartilage |
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Bone Development |
Intramembranous ossification Endochondrial ossification Growth in length of long bone |
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Osteogenisis |
Embryonic formation of bone |
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Ossification |
Repair or remodeling |
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Intramembranous ossification |
Fibrous connective membrane and hyaline cartilage Fibrous membranes become diploë through intramembranous ossification Skull bones and clavicles form this way Becoming bone within the membrane |
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Intramembranous ossification |
Fibrous connective membrane and hyaline cartilage Fibrous membranes become diploë through intramembranous ossification Skull bones and clavicles form this way Becoming bone within the membrane |
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Endochondral ossification |
Hyaline cartilage becomes endochondral bone 1. Primary ossification center occurs in diaphysis 2. Cells calcify, spongy bone develops 3. Diaphysis elongates 4. Secondary ossification centers occur in epiphysis 5. Hyaline cartilage is completely replaced by bone except for articular cartilage and epiphyseal plates |
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Growth in length of long bone |
Proliferate zone Hypertrophic zone Calcification zone Ossification zone |
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Proliferation zone |
Cartilage cells undergo mitosis |
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Hypertrophic zone |
Older cartilage cells enlarge |
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Calcification zone |
Matrix calcifies; cartilage cells die; matrix begins to deteriorate; blood vessels invade cavity. |
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Ossification zone |
New bone forms |
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Hormonal regulation of growth and remodeling |
1. Growth hormone controls growth during infancy and childhood 2. Thyroxine modulates growth for proper portion 3. Sex hormones are responsible for growth spurt in adolescence(along with GH)
We recycle 5-7% of bone mass every week due to the action of calcitonin(blasts)(primarily in youth) and Perathyroidism(PTH and clasts) |
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Comminuted fracture |
3 or more pieces Age Lack of collagen |
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Spiral fracture |
Ragged, twisting break Sports |
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Depressed fracture |
Pressed inward Skull fracture |
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Compression fracture |
Crushed Osteoporosis Lack of calcium |
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Epiphyseal fracture |
Separation @ plate Children |
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Greenstick fracture |
Only one side breaks Children |
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Repair of breaks |
1. Hematoma formation(clot) 2. Fibrocartilaginous callus forms 3. Bony callus forms 4. Bone remodeling |
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Homeostatic imbalances |
Osteomalacia and rickets Osteoporosis Paget's disease Osteogenisis imperfecta |
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Osteomalacia and rickets |
Insufficient mineralization of bone due to lack of Vitamin D and therefore lack of calcium absorption. In children hyaline cartilage doesn't ossify |
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Osteomalacia and rickets |
Insufficient mineralization of bone due to lack of Vitamin D and therefore lack of calcium absorption. In children hyaline cartilage doesn't ossify |
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Osteoporosis |
In postmenopausal women and older men due to resorption of bone exceeding deposition Osteoclast activity is greater Normally, estrogen inhibits osteoclasts |
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Paget's disease |
Hastily formed bone that does not become compact and then does not have proper mineralization and results in spotty weakness |
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Osteogenisis imperfecta |
Genetic disorder involving the lack of or improperly formed collagen in bones |
