Anatomy Test 2 Chap 11

Front 1

respiration between the air and the lungs is considered

Back 1

external respiration

Front 2

respiration between the blood and the tissues is considered

Back 2

internal respiration

Front 3

_ - involved in gas exchange between body tissues and the environment, mainly by _ diffusion

Back 3

respiratory system, passive

Front 4

Higher oxygen partial pressure in the environment causes oxygen to move _

Back 4

into tissues

Front 5

Lower carbon dioxide partial pressure in the environment causes CO2 to move _

Back 5

out of tissues

Front 6

The four factors affecting the rate of diffusion:

Back 6

- surface area
- distance to target
- resistance of tissue
- partial pressure

Front 7

The _ the surface area, the _ the opportunity for molecules to move across the respiratory membrane (epithelial surface).

Back 7

greater, greater

Front 8

The _ the distance to the target, the _ it takes for the molecules to diffuse.

Back 8

greater, longer

Front 9

The _ plays an essential role in respiration in animals larger than 1 mm in diameter.

Back 9

circulatory system

Front 10

moist thin amphibian skin _ gas exchange. Thick cornified skin of mammals _ gas exchange.

Back 10

facilitates, slows

Front 11

_ – the delivery of oxygen to tissues and the removal of waste products, principally carbon dioxide.

Back 11

respiration

Front 12

_ – gas exchange between the environment and the blood (i.e. air and the capillaries of the lungs)

Back 12

external respiration

Front 13

_ – gas exchange between the blood and body tissues.

Back 13

internal respiration

Front 14

_ is also known as breathing

Back 14

ventilation

Front 15

the active process of moving the respiratory medium, water or air, across the exchange surface

Back 15

ventilation

Front 16

not breathing

Back 16

apnea

Front 17

the movement of blood through organs via capillaries

Back 17

perfusion

Front 18

“The respiratory organs specialize in _ to deliver oxygen and remove carbon dioxide accumulated during _.”

Back 18

respiration, perfusion

Front 19

Properties of Respiratory Media: water is _ dense than air

Back 19

more

Front 20

Properties of Respiratory Media: _ energy is required in water than in air

Back 20

more

Front 21

Properties of Respiratory Media: the oxygen content in water is _ and is _ while the oxygen concentration in air is _ and is _

Back 21

less than 21%, variable, 21%, constant

Front 22

respiratory medium flows into mouth , across the respiratory surface and exits the body through an opening other than the mouth

Back 22

unidirectional

Front 23

respiratory medium enters AND exits through the same opening

Back 23

bidirectional

Front 24

respiratory medium enters AND exits through the same opening

Back 24

tidal

Front 25

dense capillary beds in the branchial region that serve external respiration.

Back 25

gills

Front 26

gills were used for ventilation in _ environments

Back 26

aquatic

Front 27

_ – associated with pharyngeal slits and pouches

Back 27

Internal gills

Front 28

_ – filamentous capillary beds in the branchial region that protrude into the surrounding environment.

Back 28

external gills

Front 29

Lungs are usually _ and _ to the gut.

Back 29

paired, ventral

Front 30

_ – connects the lungs to the outside environment.

Back 30

trachea

Front 31

The _ regulates the opening into the trachea.

Back 31

glottis

Front 32

Trachea branches into 2 _ one for each lung.

Back 32

bronchi

Front 33

Bronchi branch into _

Back 33

bronchioles

Front 34

finally blind pockets _, are where the respiratory membrane is located and where _ respiration occurs

Back 34

alveoli, external

Front 35

_ – volume of “used air” within the respiratory passageways that is not cleared.

Back 35

dead space

Front 36

_ – total inhaled volume of air

Back 36

tidal volume

Front 37

In humans:
Tidal volume _ ml = _ ml (dead space) + _ ml (fresh air)

Back 37

500, 150, 350

Front 38

_ – filled with air that enters via the pneumatic duct (connection to the digestive tract) or with gas secreted into the bladder from capillaries.

Back 38

gas bladder

Front 39

connection to the digestive tract in the gas bladder

Back 39

pneumatic duct

Front 40

_ – gas bladder used for buoyancy

Back 40

swim bladder

Front 41

_ – highly vascularized and used in supplemental respiration.

Back 41

respiratory gas bladder

Front 42

Why is a gas bladder not called a lung? The gas bladder is _ to the digestive tract while the lungs are _

Back 42

dorsal, ventral

Front 43

Why is a gas bladder not called a lung? There is _ gas bladder while ther are usually _ lung

Back 43

1, 2

Front 44

Why is a gas bladder not called a lung? The embryonic origin of the gas bladder and the lungs is the _

Back 44

endoderm

Front 45

_ – supplemental respiration through the skin in either air, water or both media.

Back 45

cutaneous respiratory organs

Front 46

_ rely heavily on this type of supplemental respiration.

Back 46

amphibians

Front 47

Accessory Air-Breathing organs (3)

Back 47

digestive tract
mouth
reinforced gills

Front 48

Each of the Accessory Air-Breathing organs is highly _ and air can be held against the respiratory membrane until diffusion has occurred

Back 48

vascularized

Front 49

exchange gases via the placenta. (embryos breath amnionic fluid to exercise their muscles and are born with approximaly 1/3 of the tidal volume filled with fluid)

Back 49

placental amniotes

Front 50

exchange gas through the porous shell via the chorioallantois membrane.

Back 50

shelled amniotes

Front 51

This highly vascularized membrane adheres to the shell and sends vessels to the embryo for internal respiration

Back 51

chorioallantois

Front 52

used by small aquatic animals with minimal respiratory requirements (e.g., amphioxus).

Back 52

cilia

Front 53

Air-breathing animals still use cilia, but mostly for _ the respiratory tract.

Back 53

cleaning

Front 54

is a respiratory secretion that decreases the surface tension of the respiratory membrane to maintain maximum surface area.

Back 54

surfactant

Front 55

swimming motion drives water into the mouth and through the respiratory organs. (e.g., some sharks)

Back 55

ram ventilation

Front 56

2 muscular pumps are involved in moving water through the respiratory tract.

Back 56

dual pump; water ventilation

Front 57

water ventilation is _

Back 57

unidirectional

Front 58

the muscles of the mouth cause water to move in or out

Back 58

buccal pump

Front 59

muscular pump external to the gills

Back 59

opercular pump

Front 60

used by air-breathing fish and amphibians

Back 60

Buccal pump (air ventilation)

Front 61

2-stroke pump: Stroke 1

Back 61

open mouth and expanded buccal cavity draws fresh air into the mouth where is mixes with used air from the lungs.

Front 62

2-stroke pump: Stroke 2

Back 62

closed mouth and contracted buccal cavity forces the mixed across the respiratory membranes of the lungs (excess escapes through the nares).

Front 63

4-stroke pump: exhalation
Stroke 1 (expansion 1)

Back 63

buccal cavity expands drawing air from the lungs into the mouth.

Front 64

4-stroke pump: exhalation
Stroke 2 (compression 1)

Back 64

contraction of the buccal cavity forces air out of the body.

Front 65

4-stroke pump: inhalation
Stroke 3 (expansion 2)

Back 65

buccal cavity expands drawing air into the mouth from outside the body

Front 66

4-stroke pump: inhalation
Stroke 4 (compression 2)

Back 66

contraction of the buccal caivity forces air into the lungs

Front 67

_ pressure may aid respiration for air-breathing fish.

Back 67

hydrostatic

Front 68

_ : air is “sucked” in by the low pressure created around the lungs

Back 68

Aspiration pump (air ventilation)

Front 69

Aspiration pump: The lungs are “_” the pump (muscular _).

Back 69

within, diaphragm and ribs

Front 70

Aspiration pump (air ventilation): _ movement of air

Back 70

bidirectional

Front 71

buccal cavity does not function in respiration and is therefore “_” from feeding and respiration.

Back 71

decoupled

Front 72

Phylogeny: Agnathans:

Back 72

Ventilation occurs via muscular pumps (velum) and the branchial aparatus.
Usually unidirectional
When feeding, ventilation occurs tidally (in and out of the gill slits).
Partition divides the pharynx into dorsal esophagus and ventral water channel.

Front 73

Phylogeny: Elasmobranchs:

Back 73

Ventilation is a dual pump apparatus (buccal pump and parabranchial pump.
Parabranchial pump is lateral to the gills and formed by the closer of the gill flaps.

Front 74

Phylogeny: Osteichthyans:

Back 74

Ventilation is dual pump
The more structurally sound operculum replaces the parabranchial pump from sharks and forms the second chamber/pump

Front 75

Phylogeny: Amphibians:

Back 75

The skin is the major respiratory organ (the exclusive respiratory organ in some species)
Ventilation depends on the pumping movements of the throat to irrigate the gills or fill the lungs.
Faveoli are internal subdivisions of the lung wall that open into a central chamber. Capillaries located in the thin walls of the faveoli take up oxygen and give up carbon dioxide.

Front 76

Phylogeny: Reptiles:

Back 76

Paired lungs and tidal ventilation meet the respiratory needs of most reptiles

Front 77

Phylogeny: Mammals:

Back 77

Ventilation is tidal and involves the ribcage and diaphragm

Front 78

Ductwork (trachea, bronchi, bronchioles, etc).
- _ respiratory surface).

Back 78

alveoli

Front 79

Lungs (paired)
right lung (_)
left lung (_)

Back 79

3 lobes
2 lobes

Front 80

Muscular partition at the posterior of the pleural cavity.

Back 80

diaphragm

Front 81

diaphragm composed of 4 elements:

Back 81

septum transversum
pleuroperitoneal membranes
dorsal mesentary of esophagus
body wall masculature

Front 82

Inhilation: _ muscles contract and rotate the ribs and sternum UP, thus _ the rib cage and the pleural space.

Back 82

external intercostals
expanding

Front 83

Inhilation: The diaphragm _ and pulls down on the pleural cavity.

Back 83

contracts

Front 84

Inhilation: diaphragm creates a _ pressure outside the lungs and “sucks” air in.

Back 84

negative

Front 85

Exhalation: Relaxation of the _ and _ helps to lower the rib cage and cause exhalation, but under strenuous conditions, active exhalation is needed.

Back 85

external intercoastals, gravity

Front 86

Exhalation: _ muscles contract and pull the ribs and sternum down, making the pleural space _

Back 86

internal intercoastals, smaller

Front 87

Exhalation: The diaphragm _

Back 87

relaxes

Front 88

Exhalation: The diaphragm relaxing returns the cavity to a _ pressure and forces air from the lungs.

Back 88

positive