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101 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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External intercostals
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11 pairs between ribs
extends from tubercles to costal cartilage of ribs Lifts rib cage to allow inspiration |
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Internal intercostals
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11 pairs between ribs
extends from sternum to angle of rib perpendicular to external cartilage |
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Diaphragm
1. prime mover in... 2. fibers extend from...to... 3. innervated by... 4. mnemonic for innervation |
1. inspiration
2. margins of thoracic cage, central tendon 3. phrenic nerve 4. 3, 4, 5 keep the diaphragm alive |
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Abdominal Muscles:
1. Transversus abdominus 2. Internal Oblique 3. Rectus abdominus 4. External Oblique |
1. Compress abdominal contents
2. flexes vertebral column compress abdominal wall helps muscles in back with trunk rotation and lateral flexion 3. flexes and rotates lumbar region stabilizes pelvis during walking fixes and depresses ribs gives abdominal tension during situps and curls 4. flexes vertebral column Compresses abdominal wall aids back muscles in trunk rotation and lateral flexion |
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Muscles of Thorax
Extrinsic Shoulder Muscles: Pectoralis minor |
Deep to pectoralis major
Draws scapula forward and down (when ribs are fixed) Draws ribs superiorly (when scapula is fixed) |
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Muscles of Thorax
Extrinsic Shoulder Muscles: Subclavius |
Inserts in groove on inferior surface of clavicle
stabilizes shoulder |
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Muscles of Thorax
Extrinsic Shoulder Muscles: Serratus Anterior |
Rotates scapula to move inferior angle laterally and upward
Prime mover of holding scapula against chest wall raises shoulder and arm Abduction and horizontal movements of the arm (punching, pushing) "Boxer's Muscle" |
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Muscles of Thorax
Extrinsic Shoulder Muscles: Trapezius |
Most superficial
Flat and triangular stabilizes, raises, retracts, rotates scapula |
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Muscles of Thorax
Extrinsic Shoulder Muscles: Levator Scapulae |
Deep to trapezius
Thick, strap like muscle Elevates, adducts scapula neck extension to same side when scapula is fixed |
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Muscles of Thorax
Extrinsic Shoulder Muscles: Rhomboids |
Major and Minor
Stabilize the scapula help retract scapula as in 'squaring shoulders' Rotate scapula so glenoid cavity rotates downward |
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Shoulder Joint Muscles:
1. all muscles acting on humerus originate from pectoral girdle except 2. in general, if muscle is anterior to shoulder joint - If muscle is posterior to shoulder joint - |
1. latissimus dorsi, pectoralis major
2. Flexor, extensor |
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Shoulder Joint Muscles:
Deltoid |
When all fibers contract: abduction
When anterior fibers contract: arm flexion When posterior fibers contract: arm extension |
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Shoulder Joint Muscles:
Rotator cuff muscles: 1. Subscapularis 2. supraspinatus 3. infraspinatus 4. teres minor |
1. rotates arm medially
2. initiates abduction of the arm 3. rotates arm laterally 4. rotates arm laterally |
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coracobrachialis
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flexion
adduction synergist of pectoralis major |
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Teres Major
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Extension
medial roation adduction synergist of latissimus dorsi |
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Triceps brachii
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Prime mover of forearm extension
antagonist of forearm flexors 3 heads: lateral, long and medial Assist in arm adduction |
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Aconeus
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weak synergist of triceps
extends forearm abducts during forearm pronation |
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Biceps brachii
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Two headed fusiform muscle
Tendons of long head helps stabilize shoulder joint flexes forearm at the elbow joint supinates forearm |
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Brachialis
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lifts ulna as biceps lift the radius
flexes forearm |
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Brachioradialis
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synergist in forearm flexion
extends from distal humerus to distal radius |
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Muscles of the the forearm:
1. Pronator teres 2. Flexor carpi radialis 3. Palmaris longus 4. Flexor carpi ulnaris 5. Flexor digitorum superficialis |
1. Pronate the forearm
2. flexes wrist and abducts hand 3. flexes wrist, tenses skin and fascia of palm during hand movement 4. flexes wrist and adducts hand 5. flexes wrist and middle phalanges of fingers 2-5 |
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Muscles of the forearm: posterior
1. Extensor carpi radialis longus 2. Extensor digitorum 3. Extensor carpi ulnaris |
1. Extends wrists with extensor carpi ulnaris
abducts wrist with flexor carpi radialis 2. Finger extension 3. Extends wrist with ECR Adducts wrist with flexor carpi ulnaris |
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CNS - components
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Brain in cranium
Spinal cord in vertebral canal interprets afferent signals and dictates efferent responses based on past experiences, reflexes, current conditions |
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PNS - peripheral nervous system components
1. cranial nerves 2. spinal nerves 3. ganglia |
1. carry signals to and from the brain
2. carry signals to and from the spinal cord 3. clusters of neuronal cell bodies |
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Special characteristics of neurons
1. 2. 3. |
1. extreme longevity
2. do not divide exception - stem cells in cns 3. high metabolic rate - requires constant supply of O2 and glucose |
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neuronal cell body:
contain centrioles? |
neurons are amitotic, so nooo
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Nissl bodies
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large clusters of rER and free ribosomes. continually renew cell membranes and cytosolic proteins
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Neurofibrils
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bundles of neurofilaments (made of intermediate filaments) that run between nissl bodies. Keep the cell from being pulled apart
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dendrites....
do they contain organelles? |
yes. they contain almost all organelles found in the cell body.
Nissl bodies extend into basal part of dendrites |
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Axon
1. what are long axons called? 2. terminal branches end in.... that contain neurotransmitters. 3. generate impulses at... |
1. nerve fibers
2. boutons 3. initial segment |
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1. presynaptic neuron
2. postsynaptic neuron |
1. conducts impulses toward the synapse
2. conducts impulses away from synapse |
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Three types of synapses:
1. axosomatic 2. axoaxonic 3. axodendritic |
1. between axon terminal and cell body of another neuron
2. between axon terminal and axonal initial segment of another neuron 3. between axon terminal and dendrite of another neuron |
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Synaptic vesicles
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membrane bound vesicles filled with neurotransmitters
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Synaptic cleft
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extracellular space between the two terminals
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Presynaptic and postsynaptic densities
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regions of dense material on the undersurfaces of opposing cell membranes
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Where are the cell bodies of the sensory afferent neurons?
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Ganglia, outside CNS
dorsal root ganglia? |
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Almost all sensory afferent neurons are what shape?
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pseudounipolar
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Do sensory neurons have dendrites?
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No
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1. central process
2. peripheral process |
1. carries nerve impulse away from cell body -> axon
2. carries nerve impulse but to the cell body -> still axon, because fine structures are identical to true axons |
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What shape is a motor neuron?
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multipolar
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99.98 % of neurons are...what kind of neuron
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interneuron.
found only in the cns almost all are multipolar |
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Neuroglia in CNS:
Astrocytes |
clinging to neurons: sense when they release glutamate, then increase rate of glutamate uptake
clinging to capillaries: extract blood sugar from capillaries to obtain energy for glutamate uptake maintain membrane potential |
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astrocytes form a synapse and produce...
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BDTF
Brain derived trophic factor. These are molecules necessary for neural growth Propagate Ca2+ signals for memory |
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Neuroglia in CNS:
Oligodendrocytes |
"few dendroctyes"
myelinate thick axons in CNS |
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Neuroglia in CNS:
Microglia |
The macrophages of the CNS. These migrate to and engulf invading microorganisms and injured or dead neurons.
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do microglia originate in nervous tissue?
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FUCK NO
they come from monocytes bitch |
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Neuroglia in CNS:
Ependymal cells |
simple epithelium lining the central cavity of brain stem and spinal cord.
secrete csf |
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Neuroglia in PNS:
Schwann cells |
Surround all axons in the PNS
mylinate |
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Neuroglia in CNS:
sattelite cells |
like schwann cells but in that ganglia son, in that ganglia
hey what ganglia you in mayne im in the cryps |
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How many axons can a shwann cell myelinate?
How many axons can an oligodendrocyte myelinate? |
one!
many! |
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Neurilemma of shwann cell is located where?
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externally to the myelin
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Where do axon collaterals emerge?
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at the nodes of ranvier
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definitions:
1. nerve cell 2. a long axon 3. collection of nerve fibers in PNS |
1. neuron
2. nerve fiber 3. nerve |
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Sheaths
1. wraps around shwann cells that form myelin sheath around axons or nerve fibers 2. wraps around fascicles of axons 3. wraps around several fascicles of nerve fibers. tough. |
1. endoneurium
2. perineurium 3. epineurium |
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Monosynaptic reflex
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two neurons, one synapse
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Polysynaptic reflex
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more than two neurons:
interneurons to integrate information More than one synapse |
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exception to permanent neuron damage
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if axons alone in PNS are destroyed, but cell bodies survive, teh axons may regenerate at an approximate rate of 1.5mm a day within regeneration tubes formed by surviving schwann cells that surrounded the original axon
NOT POSSIBLE In the cns |
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Ventricles
1. definition 2. identify (4) |
cavities in brain filled with csf. Lined with ependymal cells. continuous with each other and central canal of the spinal cord.
lateral ventricle, lateral ventricle, 3rd ventricle, 4th ventricle |
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Lateral ventricles
1. location 2. anterior horns separated by... |
1. cerebral hemispheres
2. septum pellucidum |
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Third ventricle
1. location 2. connected with lateral ventricles via 3. thin tube like central cavity in the midbrain connecting III and IV ventricles |
1. diencephalon (thalamus and hypothalamus)
2. interventricular foramen 3. Cerebral aquaduct |
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Fourth Ventricle
1. location 2. what connects the ventricles with subarachnoid space? |
1. behind brainstem
2. medial and lateral apertures |
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Cerebrum made of three regions:
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Cerebral cortex (gray matter)
Cerebral white matter Deep Gray matter of the cerebrum |
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Definitions:
1. sulcus 2. fissure 3. gyrus |
1. grooves on surface of cerebral hemisphere
2. separate major portions of the brain 3. twisted ridges of brain tissue between the sulci |
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Find these:
transverse fissure longitudinal fissure central sulcus lateral sulcus ACTUALLY A FISSURE |
DO IT!
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Cerebral cortex
1. composed of... 2. its many folds does what to the surface area? 3. divided into 52 structurally distinct areas called |
1. gray matter. Neuronal cell bodies, dendrites, very short unmyelinated axons
2. triples it Home of the conscious mind Executive suite of nervous system 3. brodmann areas |
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Primary motor cortex
1. location 2. controls... 3. these are large neurons of primary motor cortex |
1. in precentral gyrus of the frontal lobe
2. motor functions 3. pyramidal cells |
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Corticospinal tract (Pyramidal tract)
1. Descends though... 2. axons of what kind of cells signal motor neurons to control various movements 3. contralateral or ipsalateral? |
1. brainstem and spinal cord
2. pyramidal 3. contralateral. right side of brain controls left side of body. |
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Premotor cortex
1. anterior to... 2. involved with the what of movements? |
1. precentral gyrus
2. planning of movements |
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Frontal eye field
1. Anterior to... 2. controls the voluntary movement of.... |
1. premotor cortex
2. the eyeballs. especially when following a target |
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Motor areas: broca's area
1. location 2. manages... 3. corresponding region in right hemisphere controls... |
1. left hemisphere
2. speech production, movement necessary for speaking 3. emotional overtones to spoken words |
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Primary somatosensory cortex
1. location 2. contralateral or ipsilateral? |
1. postcentral gyrus of parietal lobe
2. contralateral |
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Somatosensory association area
1. location 2. integrates different sensory inputs 3. draws upon... |
1. posterior to primary somatosensory cortex
2. touch, pressure, others 3. stored memories of past sensory experiences |
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thus begins SUPER study guide material
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proceed....
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Naming of skeletal muscles (7):
Location |
Some muscle's names indicate the bone or body region with which the muscle is associated
temporalis muscle - overlies the temporal bone |
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Naming of skeletal muscles (7):
Relative Size 1. huge 2. large 3. long 4. small 5. short |
1. Vastus
2. Maximus 3. longus 4. minimus 5. brevis |
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Naming of skeletal muscles (7):
Number of origins 1. two heads 2. three heads 3. four heads |
1. biceps
2. triceps 3. quadraceps |
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Naming of skeletal muscles (7):
shape name five |
deltoid
rhomboid latissimus teres trapezius |
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Naming of skeletal muscles (7):
Direction of Fibers 1. fibers run straight/parallel to midline of body 2. transverse/across 3. fibers run at diagonal angles to an imaginary defined axis 4. circular |
1. rectus
2. transversus 3. oblique 4. orbicularis |
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Naming of skeletal muscles (7):
Location of attachments |
named according to the point of origin and insertion
origin is always named first Sternocleidomastoid origin on the sternum and clavicle brachioradialis origin on the brachium insertion on the radius |
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Naming of skeletal muscles (7):
Action 1. to abduct a structure 2. to adduct a structure 3. to flex a structure 4. to extend a structure 5. to lift or elevate a structure 6. to chew |
1. abductor
2. adductor 3. flexor 4. extensor 5. levator 6. masseter |
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Arrangement of muscle fascicles (6)
1. fascicles are arranged in concentric rings, surround external openings 2. Fascicles converge from a broad origin to a single tendon of insertion 3. Fascicles run parallel to the long axis of the muscle 4. Spindle shaped muscles 5. short fascicles that attach obliquely to a central tendon that runs the length of the muscle |
1. circular
2. convergent 3. parallel 4. Fusiform 5. Pennate |
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The more parallel the muscle fibers are....
The more muscle fibers present... |
the greater they can short, but less powerful they are
the more powerful. shorten little |
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Diencephalon:
Composed of 3 structures: |
Thalamus
Hypothalamus Epithalamus |
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Thalamus:
1. Gateway to... 2. Nuclei in thalamus receive afferent impulses and then either... 3. Axons go where? |
1. Cerebral cortex
2. amplify or tone down 3. cerebral cortex |
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Hypothalamus
1. lies where? 2. how many nuclei? 3. what important structure is attached? 4. function? 5. mammillary bodies |
1. below the thalamus
2. bout a dozen 3. pituitary gland 4. Main visceral control center of body regulates body temp, emotions, hormones, sleep wake cycles, food intake 5. receive input from hypothalamus to help in memory formation |
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Diencephalon:
epithalamus |
most dorsal part, contains the pineal gland which secretes melatonin to aid in wake sleep cycles
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Cerebellum:
1. functions 2. receives input from: (3 things) 3. consists of two cerebellar hemispheres, each subdivided into lobes: 4. lobes are connected medially by the... 5. surface folded into ridges called 6. separated by grooves called |
1. coordinate smooth movement
2. proprioreceptors, to know where limbs are inner ear, for balance pyramidal tract 3. anterior lobe posterior lobe flocculonodular lobe 4. vermis 5. folia 6. fissures |
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Cerebellum:
1. 3 regions 2. cerebellar peduncles 3. fibers to and from the cerebellum are...ips or cont |
1. outer cortex - gray matter
arbor vitae - white matter deep cerebellar nuclei - deep gray matter 2. superior cerebellar peduncle - midbrain middle cerebellar peduncles - pons inferior cerebellar peduncles - medulla oblongata 3. ipsilateral |
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CSF:
1. choroid plexus 2. components of csf 3. functions 4. circulates from |
1. knot of capillaries surrounded by ependymal cells
2. glucose, oxygen, vitamins, and ions 3. cushion and protect the brain, and helps to carry chemical signals and remove waste products |
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Ascending, sensory pathways
1. conducts what kind of sensory impulses? 2. chains of neurons composed of: 3. Dorsal column pathway 4. Posterior and Anterior spinocerebellar pathway 5. Spinothalamic pathway |
1. somatic
2. 1st, 2nd, 3rd order 3. touch, pressure, limb position 4. subconscious proprioception 5. pain and temperature |
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Descending Motor Pathways
1. somatotopy 2. pyramidal tracts 3. other motor pathways |
1. tracts arranged according to the body region they supply
2. control precise and skilled voluntary movements axons go from the crebral motor cortex to he spinal gray matter 3. rubrospinal tract - from red nucleus tectospinal tracts vestibulospinal tract reticulospinal tract |
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Somatic nervous system
1. how many motor neurons 2. well myelinated? |
1. 1, from cns to skeletal muscle
2. yes |
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Autonomic nervous system:
1. how many motor neurons? 2. well myelinated? |
1. 2. Preganglionic, postganglionic
2. conduction is slower due to thinly or unmyelinated axons |
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Referred pain
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Area of the anterior skin on which referred pain from certain visceral organs is experienced
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Ex. eye muscles
name, innervated by 1. moves eye laterally 2. moves eye medially 3. Elevates eye and turns it medially 4. depresses eye and turns it medially 5. Elevates eye and turns it laterally 6. depresses eye and turns it laterally |
1. lateral rectus, abducens
2. medial rectus, oculomotor 3. superior rectus, oculomotor 4. inferior rectus, oculomotor 5. inferior oblique, oculomotor 6. superior oblique, trochlear |
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Tunics:
Fibrous 1. Sclera 2. Cornea |
1. opaque white covering of eye. protects eye and anchors extrinsic muscles
2. clear anterior forms transparent region over lens allows light to enter the eye |
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Tunics:
Vascular tunic 1. ciliary body 2. choroid |
1. thickened ring of tissue surrounding lens. Smooth muscle bundles
anchors ligament that holds lens in place 2. dark brown membrane. supplies blood to all tunics Iris - colored part of the eye pupil - central opening of iris |
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Tunics:
Retina 1. optic disc 2. macula lutea 3. pigmented layer 4. neural layer |
1. site where the optic nerve exits the eye posteriorly
"blind spot" 2. lateral to optic disc. pit in the center called fovea centralis containing only cone type photoreceptors 3. the outer layer. abuts the choroid, absorbs light. Prevents its scattering. 4. contains photoreceptors, bipolar cells, ganglion cells, amacrine cells, horizontal cells |
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external ear
1. the ear we see what's it called, char. |
1. Auricle.
elastic cartilage covered with skin. helix -rim. lobule -ear lobe - no cartilage. |
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middle ear
1. location 2. roof of middle ear 3. 3 smallest bones in body 4. noise dampened by |
1. temporal bone
2. epitympanic recess 3. malleus, incus, stapes 4. tensor tympani, stapedius muscle |
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Inner ear
1. filled with 2. functions in 3. vestibule 4. semicircular canals 5. cochlea |
1. perilymph
2. hearing, balance 3. two sacs: saccule and utricle. Sacs house equilibrium receptors called maculae 4. three canals that define two thirds of a circle, lie in the three planes of space ampulla - swollen end of each canal, houses equilibrium receptors in a region called crista ampullaries. respond to angular movements in the head 5. extends from the anterior vestibule. coils around a bony pillar called the modiolus. contains organ of corti. |
