Anatomy Test 2

Front 1

What are the 2 types of intrensic systems?

Back 1

Innate and adaptive

Front 2

What is the innate intrinsic system?

Back 2

Nonspecific defense system

Front 3

What is the adaptive intrinsic system?

Back 3

Specific defense system

Front 4

What are the two lines of innate defense system?

Back 4

1st external body membranes

2nd antimicrobial proteins phagocytes and other cells

Front 5

What is the line of adaptive defense system?

Back 5

3rd line of defense attacks particular foreign substances

Front 6

What is keratin resistant to?

Back 6

Weak acids and bases, bacterial enzymes, and toxins

Front 7

When is internal defense necessary?

Back 7

If microorganisms invade deeper tissues

Front 8

What are types of internal defenses?

Back 8

Phagocytes, natural killer cells, antimicrobial proteins, inflammatory response

Front 9

What do cytoplasmic extensions bind and engulf?

Back 9

Particles in vessels called phagosomes

Front 10

What do macrophages develop from?

Back 10

Monocytes

Front 11

What are inflammatory mediators?

Back 11

Kinins prostaglands and complement

Front 12

What do helper t cells cause release of and what do they do?

Back 12

Enzymes of respiratory burst which kill pathogens resistant to lysosomal enzymes

Front 13

What are natural killer cells?

Back 13

Nonphagolytic large granular lymphocyte that attack cells that lack self cell surface receptors and introduce apoptosis in cancer cells and virus infected cells

Front 14

What are the cardinal signs of acute inflammation?

Back 14

Redness, heat, swelling, pain, and sometimes function impairment

Front 15

What do activated like receptors (TRLs) trigger the release of?

Back 15

Cytokines that promote inflammation

Front 16

What do clotting factors form?

Back 16

Fibrin mesh

Front 17

What leads and what follows?

Back 17

Neutrophils lead and macrophages follow

Front 18

True or false: If inflammation due to pathogens, complement activated; adaptive immunity elements arrive

Back 18

True

Front 19

What are the steps to phagocyte mobilization?

Back 19

Leukocytosis, margination, diapedesis,chemotaxis

Front 20

What do viral-infected cells secrete to warn neighboring cells

Back 20

IFNs (alpha and beta)

Front 21

What are the 3 pathways to activation?

Back 21

Classical, lectin, and alternative

Front 22

What is the classical pathway?

Back 22

Antibodies bind to invading organisms and to complement and components... First step in activation. More specific to antigen/antibodies

Front 23

What pass the end effect of complement activation?

Back 23

Trigger inflammation

Attract phagocyte

Helps phagocyte attach

Lyse gram - bacteria

Activates b cells

Remove harmful stuff

Front 24

What acts on body's thermostat in hypothalmus to raising body temp?

Back 24

Pyrogens

Front 25

What is the adaptive immune system?

Back 25

Protects against infectious agents and abnormal body cells. Amplifies inflammatory response. Activates complement. Must be primed by initial exposure to specific foreign substances.

Front 26

What are the types of adaptive defenses?

Back 26

Specific (recognizes and targets specific antigens)

Systemic (not restricted to initial site)

Front 27

Which immunity has extracellular targets?

Back 27

Hummoral immunity

Front 28

Which immunity has cellular targets?

Back 28

Cellular immunity

Front 29

What acts against target cells?

Back 29

Lymphocytes

Front 30

What are antigens?

Back 30

Large complex molecules not normally found in the body. Targets if all adaptive immune responses

Front 31

What is immunogenicity?

Back 31

Ability to simulate proliferation of specific lymphocytes

Front 32

What is reactivity?

Back 32

Ability to react with activated lymphocytes and antibodies released by immunogenic reactions

Front 33

What isa hapten?

Back 33

Incomplete antigens

Front 34

True or false: all parts of antigenic determinants of entire antigen are immunogenic.

Back 34

False only some parts are

Front 35

What are b cells?

Back 35

Hummoral immunity

Front 36

What are t cells?

Back 36

Cellular immunity

Front 37

What are the 5 general steps of lymphocyte development maturation and activation?

Back 37

Origin, maturation, seeding secondary lymphoid organs and circulation, antigen encounter and activation, proliferation and differentiation

Front 38

Where are b cells found?

Back 38

Bone marrow

Front 39

Where are t cells found?

Back 39

Thymus

Front 40

B and T cells nut they exposed tl antigen are called what?

Back 40

Naive

Front 41

What determines which foreign substances immune system recognize?

Back 41

Genes

Front 42

Where are dendritic cells found?

Back 42

Connective tissues and eppidermis

Front 43

Where are macrophages found?

Back 43

Connective tissues and lymphoid organs

Front 44

What is the most effective antigen presenter?

Back 44

Dendritic cells

Front 45

What is necessary to activate t cells?

Back 45

Mhc protein

Front 46

What are immunoglobulins?

Back 46

Gamma globulin portionnof blood

Front 47

What are immunoglobulins capae of binding with?

Back 47

Antigens detected by B cells

Front 48

What are the classes of immunoglobulins?

Back 48

IgM IgA IgD IgG IgE

Front 49

Explain IgM

Back 49

Largest of Ig 1st antibody released and readily fixed and activates compliment.

Front 50

Explain IgA

Back 50

In Mucuos Abbas other secretions (breast milk) helps prevent entry of pathogens

Front 51

Explain IgD

Back 51

B cell receptor

Front 52

Explain IgG

Back 52

Monitors for past infections

Front 53

Explain IgE

Back 53

Antihistamine... Released during asthma attacks

Front 54

What are the 2 most important defensive mechanisms?

Back 54

Neutralization and agglutination

Front 55

What do antibodies block?

Back 55

Specific sites on viruses or bacterial exotoxins

Front 56

What is agglutination

Back 56

Antibodies bind same determinate on more than one cell bound antigen

Front 57

What is precipitation

Back 57

Soluble molecules are cross-linked

Front 58

What are the two things T cells do

Back 58

Some directly kill cells and others release chemicals that regulate immune response

Front 59

What are the two populations of T cells based on

Back 59

Which glycoprotein surface receptors are displayed

Front 60

What do cd4 cells usually become

Back 60

Helper T cells

Front 61

What is 88 cells become

Back 61

Cytotoxic T cells

Front 62

What do cytotoxic T cells do

Back 62

They destroy cells harboring foreign antigens and also can become memory T cells

Front 63

What is crucial for cd8 cell activation

Back 63

MHC proteins

Front 64

What do cytotoxic cells ignore

Back 64

Displayed self-antigens

Front 65

What bands are fragments of proteins synthesized in the cell also known as an endogenous antigen

Back 65

MHC proteins

Front 66

What do dendritic cells do

Back 66

Dangle dying virus infected or tumor cells or import intentions via temporary gap junctions with infected cells then displays of class and one in class to MHCs

Front 67

What is the two step process for T cell activation

Back 67

Antigen binding and co-stimulation

Front 68

What does co-stimulation required T cells to bind to

Back 68

Are there surface receptors on an APC

Front 69

What is the benefit of apoptosis

Back 69

Activated T cells are having produce large amount inflammatory cytokines hypoplasia and cancer

Front 70

What are cytokines

Back 70

Bayer chemical messengers of the immune system and mediate cell development differentiation and responses in the immune system

Front 71

How can b cells be activated without Th cells

Back 71

By binding to T cell independent antigens

Front 72

What is it called when an antigen requires th co-stimulation to activate B cells

Back 72

T cell-dependent antigens

Front 73

What do helper T cells do

Back 73

The amplifier response to innate immune systems activated macrophages which are more potent killers and mobilize lymphocytes and macrophages and attractive types of WBCs

Front 74

What are targets of cytotoxic T cells

Back 74

Virus infected cells cells with intracellular bacteria or parasites cancer cells and foreign cells

Front 75

Explain cytotoxic T cells

Back 75

They buy to self nonself complex and can destroy all infected or abnormal cells they're the only sell that can act indirectly

Front 76

What are the four varieties of transplant

Back 76

1 autographs from one body site to another in the same person

2 isograph between identical twins

3 allografts between individuals who are not identical twins

4 exam across from another animal species

Front 77

What is immunosuppressive therapy

Back 77

When a patient's immune system is suppressed

Front 78

What are immunodeficiencies

Back 78

Congenital or acquired conditions that impair function or production of immune cells or molecules such as compliment or antibodies

Front 79

What is Hodgkin's disease

Back 79

An acquired immunodeficiency cancer of the B cells that leads to immunodeficiency by depression in the lymph node self

Front 80

What is AIDS

Back 80

It is caused by the human immunodeficiency virus transmitted via body fluids blood semen and vaginal secretions it can enter the body through blood transfusions blood contaminated needles sexual intercourse oral sex or mother to fetus it destroys th cells and depresses cellular immunity

Front 81

What are hypersensitivities

Back 81

Their immune responses to perceived in otherwise harmless threat caused by tissue damage different types can be distinguished by their time course and whatever antibodies or T cells are involved

Front 82

What can antibodies cause

Back 82

Immediate and subacute hypersensitivities

Front 83

What is an acute hypersensitivity

Back 83

It's a hypersensitivity that begins in seconds after contact with the allergen

Front 84

What happens during a hypersensitivity

Back 84

I ge binds to myself and basophils in a flood of histamine releases and induces inflammatory response

Front 85

What is anaphylactic shock

Back 85

This is some response to an allergen that directly into the blood and circulates rapidly

Front 86

What happens during anaphylactic shock

Back 86

Constriction of bronchioles :-P well sudden vasodilation and fluid loss from blood stream may occur circulatory collapse and death

Front 87

Explain delayed hypersensitivity

Back 87

Cytokine activated macrophages and cytotoxic T cells cause damage agents act as haptens TB skin test depends on this reaction

Front 88

What are the major organs of the respiratory system

Back 88

Nose nasal cavity paranasal sinuses pharynx larynx trachea bronchi and their branches the lungs and the alveoli

Front 89

What is pulmonary ventilation

Back 89

The movement of air into and out of the lungs

Front 90

What is external respiration

Back 90

Oxygen and carbon dioxide exchange between lungs and blood

Front 91

What is internal respiration

Back 91

Oxygen and carbon dioxide exchange between systemic blood vessels and tissues

Front 92

What is the respiratory zone

Back 92

The site of gas exchange

Front 93

What is the conducting zone

Back 93

It conducts gas to exchange sites

Front 94

What are the functions of the nose

Back 94

Provides an airway for respiration license and warms entering air filters clean inspired air serves as a resonating chamber for speech in a house is the olfactory receptors

Front 95

Where is the nasal vestibule

Back 95

It is the nasal cavity superior to the nostrils

Front 96

What are the functions of the nasal mucosa and conchae

Back 96

During inhalation conchae and nasal mucosa filter heat and moisten air during acceleration they reclaim the heat in the washer

Front 97

What are the three regions of the pharynx

Back 97

Nasopharynx oropharynx and laryngopharynx

Front 98

What is the pharynx

Back 98

It is the muscular tube from the base of the skull to the c6 it connects the nasal cavity and the mouth to the larynx and esophagus

Front 99

What are the parts of the oropharynx

Back 99

The Isthmus of fauces opening to the oral cavity the palatine tonsils in thelateral walls of the fauces and lingual tonsils on posterior surface of the tongue

Front 100

What is the laryngopharynx

Back 100

A passageway for food and air posterior to the upright epiglottis in extenso larynx where continuous with the esophagus

Front 101

What are the nine cartilages of the larynx

Back 101

Thyroid cartilage with laryngeal prominence ring-shaped Cricut cartridge parent annoyed cuneiform & corniculate cartilages epiglottic vocal ligaments vestibular folds

Front 102

What is involved in the control of respiration

Back 102

The medulla and the pons

Front 103

What is my powerful respiratory stimulant

Back 103

Rising carbon dioxide levels

Front 104

What is intrapulmonary pressure

Back 104

Pressure in the alveoli

Front 105

What is atelectasis

Back 105

Lung collapse due to plug bronchioles collapse of alveoli pneumothorax air in the pleural cavity

Front 106

What can cause lung collapse

Back 106

If intrapleural pressure equals intrapulmonary pressure or atmospheric pressure

Front 107

What causes transpulmonary pressure

Back 107

If intrapulmonary pressure is less than intrapleural pressure

Front 108

What is Boyle's law

Back 108

Pressure varies inversely with volume

Front 109

What are three physical factors influencing pulmonary ventilation

Back 109

Airway resistance alveolus surface tension and lung compliance

Front 110

What happens is every resistance rises

Back 110

Breathing movements become more strenuous

Front 111

What is surfactant

Back 111

Detergent Lake lipid and protein complex produced by type 2 alveolar cells and reduces surface tension of a violar fluid and discourages alveolar collapse

Front 112

What is the main source of resistance with external respiration

Back 112

Friction

Front 113

Which way to Cecilia move contaminated mucosa

Back 113

Posteriorly to the throat

Front 114

What did what depends on the force of air

Back 114

Loudness

Front 115

What is the adventitia

Back 115

The outermost layer made of connective tissue and in case of the Rings of hyaline cartilage