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85 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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What makes up the appendicular skeleton?
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The extremities, the pectoral and pelvic girdle
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How are the pectoral and pelvic girdle similar?
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Each is composed of 3 major segments connected by joints
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What is the public girdle composed of?
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The scapulae and clavicles, both paired
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Describe the shape of the clavicles
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Medial 2/3 is convex anteriorly/end is cone shaped Lateral 1/3 is concave anteriorly /end is flat |
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What does the clavicle articulate with?
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The medial end articulates with the manubrium of the sternum to form the sternoclavicular joint The lateral end articulates with the acromian of the scapula to form acromioclavicular joint |
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What is the only bone attached to the axial skeleton?
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The clavicles
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Where are the scapulae located?
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Level of R2-R7
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What are the 3 borders of the scapulae?
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Superior Medial (vertebral) Lateral (axillary) |
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What bones are the pelvic girdle composed of?
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The ilium, ischium and pubis bones
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What does the ilium articulate with and what does it help form?
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The sacrum/it helps form the superior portion of the acetabulum
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What part of the acetabulum does the ischium make up?
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The posteroinferior portion
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What part of the acetabulum does the pubis make up?
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The anterior portion
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List some fxns of the pelvic girdle
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Connect lower limbs to axial skeleton Transmits weight from upper body Attachment site for mm |
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List and describe the 3 points of pelvic structure
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Pelvic brim = pelvic inlet - oval ridge of bone that runs from the public crest through the arcuate line and sacral promontory The false/greater pelvis - superior to the pelvic brim The true/lesser pelvic - inferior to pelvic brim, forms a deep bowl and contains pelvic organs |
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What is the largest bone in the upper limb? What about the body?
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Humerus Femur |
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What region is the humerus located in? What about the ulna and radius?
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The brachial The antebrachial |
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Proximal articulation of the humerus is?
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Humeral head with glenoid fossa (scapula)
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Distal articulation of the humerus is?
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Trochlea with capitulum/radius and ulna at the elbow
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Fxns of the humerus
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Lever for mvm at the shoulder Contributes to the elbow |
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Articulation of the Radius
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Proximal = humerus, radius and ulna to for the radioulnar joint |
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Fxn of the Radius
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Contributes to the wrist jnt and wrist mvmt
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Where is the ulna located?
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Medial to the radius in the antebrachium region
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Ulna articulations?
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Proximal = with humerus and radius (proximal radioulnar joint) Distal = with radius (distal radioulnar joint) |
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The hand includes the...?
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Carpus (wrist) - 8 carpal bones Metacarpus (palm) - 5 long bones each with a proximal base, shaft, and distal head Digits (fingers) composed of phalanges - 14 phalanges, each digit has 3 phalanges: proximal, medial and distal except the pollex which has 2 |
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Articulation of the femur
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Proximal = w/ acetabulum (hip jnt) Distal = w/ tibia (at the knee) |
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What is the largest sesamoid bone in the body?
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The patella (knee cap)
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Fxns of the patella are?
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Articulation point w/ the femur Protects the knee jnt Improves leverage of the quadriceps Attachment site for quad tendons superiorly (at the base) and patellar ligament inferiorly (at the apex) |
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Where is the tibia located?
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Medial side of the leg in the crural region (anterior)
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Articulations of the tibia?
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Proximal = w/ femur and w/ fibula (proximal tibiofibular jnt) Distal = w/ talus (talocrural joint) and w/ fibular (distal tibiofibular jnt) |
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Fxn of the tibia?
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Receive weight of the body from the femur and transmits it to the foot
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Structure of the Fibula?
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Pin or stick like bone Located on lateral side of leg (peroneal) Non-weight bearing attachment site for mm |
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3 parts of the foot include?
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Tarsus - bones that form proximal half of foot Metatarsus - 5 bones beginning with the great toe (hallux) Digits composed of phalanges - 14 phalanges, each with a proximal base, a shaft, and distal head/ 3 per digit except the hallux |
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What are the great digits? What makes them different?
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The pollex (thumb) and the hallux (big toe) they only have 2 phalanges while the other digits have 3 phalanges
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What are joints composed of?
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Ligaments, bones, capsule
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Functional classification of joints
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Synarthrosis - immobile Amphiarthrosis - slight mvmt Diarthrosis - free mvmt |
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What are the 3 types of joints?
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Fibrous Cartilaginous Synovial |
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What are the 3 subcategories of fibrous joints?
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Syndesmosis - hold bone together, amphiarthrosis (slight mvmt) located between tibia/fibula and radius/ulna Suture - edges of bone overlap, synarthrosis (no nvmt) located on the skull Gomphosis - peg-in-socket, synarthrosis (no mvmt) located between tooth and bone |
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What are the 2 subcategories of cartilaginous joints?
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Synchondrosis - synarthrosis, hyaline cartilage holds bone together, epiphysis of long bone Symphysis - amphiarthrosis, hyaline cartilage covers articular surface, IVD |
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What are synovial joints composed of?
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Hyaline cartilage Joint cavity with synovial fluid Synovial membrane Reinforcing ligaments |
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What is a bursae
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a flat sac filled with synovial fluid to decrease friction
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What are the six types of synovial joints?
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Plane - IVD Hinge - elbow Ball and socket - glenohumeral Saddle - thumb Pivot - radius/ulna Ellipsoid - atlanto-occipital |
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What are the mvmt classifications of synovial joints?
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Non-axial - no mvmt Uniaxial - 1 axis of rotation Bi-axial - 2 axes of rotation Multi-axial - more than 2 axes of rotation |
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What are the 2 types of reinforcing ligaments |
Intrinsic - inherit part of joint capsule Extrinsic - not part of joint capsule |
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What are the 3 types of muscle tissue?
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Skeletal - attached to bones Smooth - line internal organs Cardiac - walls of heart and blood vessels |
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What are the 4 fxnal characteristics of muscles?
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Excitability - respond to stimuli Contractibility - Shorten Extensibility - stretched beyond normal length Elasticity - resume length after stretching |
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Skeletal muscles are arranged it what?
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Bundles of muscle fibres known as fascicles
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What are the 7 common fascicle arrangements?
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Parallel - strap-like, allows mm to shorten Fusiform - spindle shaped, like parallel more power Unipennate - attach to one side Bipennate - attach on both sides Multipennate - attach multiple angles Convergent - fascicles converge on tendon Circular - concentric rings, surround openings |
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What are agonists?
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Muscles that are prime movers, provide major force for specific mvmt
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What are antagonists?
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Muscle that oppose or reverse specific mvmts |
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What are synergists?
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work with agonists to promote the same mvmt
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What are fixators?
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Holding synergists that immobilize a bone or mm origin
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What is another term for facet joints?
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Zygapophyseal Joints
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List some facts about facet joints
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Articulate with C1-S1 Formed from superior and inferior articular processes of adjacent VB Plane synovial joints |
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Besides facet joints the vertebral column is supported by what?
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Fibro cartilaginous symphyses (IVD) and ligamentous structures
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Describe the structure of the fibro cartilaginous symphyses
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Annulus fibrousus (outer) - concentric rings of fibrocartilage at right angles to each other Nucleus pulposus (inner) - semigelatinous mass, shock absorber |
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What happens with age to the nucleus polposus?
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The H2O content decreases causing the discs to shrink, this results in decreased shock absorption
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List the 6 intervertebral ligaments...
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Anterior longitudinal ligament - attaches to vertebral bodies and IVDs, prevents hyperextension Posterior longitudinal ligament - within vertebral canal, attaches to IVDs, prevents hyperflexion Supraspinous - joins tips of adjacent SPs Interspinous - runs b/w spinous processes Intertransverse - connect TVPs Ligamentun flava - join lamina of adjacent VB |
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What two ligaments thicken at the C-spine to form the ligamentum nuchae?
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The supraspinous and interspinous ligaments
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The atlanto-occipital joint is composed of...
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The occipital condyles articulate with the facets on the lateral masses of atlas This joint allows for flexion/extension and side bending (condyloid joint) |
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The AO is supported by what membranes?
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Anterior atlanto-occipital - anterior archof C1 to anerior margins of foramen magnum Posterior atlanto-occipital - posterior arch of C1 to posterior margins of foramen magnum |
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The atlanto-axial joint is composed of...
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The atlanto-ondontoid joint 2 lateral atlanto-axial joints |
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The atlanto-axial joint allows for what mvmt?
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The occiput and atlas rotate around the dens of the axis, allows for rotation (pivot joint)
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What are the membranes that support the atlanto-axial joint?
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Anterior atlanto-axial membrane - anterior arch to lamina Posterior atlanto-axial membrane - posterior arch to lamina |
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What are the 5 craniovertebral ligaments?
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Apical - connects tips of dens&occiput Alar - lateral tips of dens to foramen magnum Cruciate - cross like, blends w/ transverse ligg Transverse - lateral masses of atlas/holds dens Tectorial membrane - attaches to floor of cranial cavity |
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What are the primary functions of fascia?
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Seperates layers - skin, mm Enables independent mvmt of mm Enables recruitment of entire mm groups Enables us to preform gross and intricate mvmts |
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All fascia is connected, T or F?
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Even though fascia compartmentalizes muscle groups it is continuous
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What are the main muscle fibre directions?
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Rectus - vertical (up&down)Oblique - diagonalTransverse - horizontal (side to side)
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What causes compression of the TMJ |
The mandibular condyle presses into the mandibular fossa |
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What type of joint is the TMJ |
Modified synovial hinge joint |
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What type of movement is allowed at the TMJ |
Diarthrotial - freely movable |
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Describe the joint capsule, 1 of the 4 supporting structures in the TMJ |
Joint capsule - capsule stretches when mouth is open and relaxes when mouth is closed, attached to mandibular fossa and mandibular condyle |
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Describe the lateral ligament of the TMJ |
AKA temperomandibular ligament, is a thickening of the lateral aspect of the joint capsule, attaches to zygomatic process and nick of the mandible. Prevents excessive movement, compression and dislocation of the joint |
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Describe the last 2 stablizing structures of the TMJ |
Stylomandibular lig - an extrinsic lig, attaches to the styloid process and the ramus of the mandible, prevents excessive anterior movement of the condyle Sphenomandibular lig - extrinsic lig, attaches to the spine of the sphenoid and the ramus of the mandible, helps to support the mandible when the mouth is open |
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What movements occur at the TMJ |
Protraction/Retraction Lateral deviation Elevation/Depression |
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What are the joints of the pectoral girdle? |
Glenohumeral Acromioclavicular Sternoclavicular |
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What are the functions of the pectoral girdle |
Link skeleton Act as brace Transmit force from upper limbs to axial skeleton Atachment site for mm |
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Acromioclavicular joint... |
Is a synovial plane joint Has a fibrous capsule and two ligaments to strengthen it; Coracoclavicular - primary stabilizer, has a conoid and trapezoid part Acromioclavicular - links acromion and clavicle, stengthens joint superiorly |
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Sternoclavicular joint... |
Is a saddle type synovial joint The only bony articulation b/w the upper extremeties and axial skeleton Prevents dislocation of the clavicle and acts as a shock absorbent Has 3 ligaments; sternoclavicular, interclavicular, costoclavicular |
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Sternoclavicular ligament |
Anterior and posterior parts Intrinsic Extends from sternum to clavicle Continuous with articular disc |
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Interclavicular ligament |
Intrinsic Extends across jugular notch from one clavicle to another Reinforces the fibrous capsules |
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Costoclavicular ligament |
Exrinsic-extracapsular Extends from 1st rib to the inferomedial aspect of the clavicle Reinforces SC jnt laterally Limits elevation of the medial end of the clavicle |
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The glenohumeral joint... |
Multi axial, ball-and-socket synovial jnt Head of humerus articulates with glenoid fossa Has a thin/loose joint capsule that attches to the glenoid cavity, coracoid process and neck of the humerus, the inferior portion is the weakest |
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Ligaments of the glenohumeral joint |
Glenohumeral - often absent, anterior part of capsule Transverse humeral - attaches to greater tubercle and lesser tubercle of the humerus, holds tendon of long head of biceps brachii in place Corcohumeral - strong broad band, strengthens superior part of capsule attaches to corocoid process and anatomical neck of humerus Corocoacromial - attaches to lateral border of coracoid process and edge of acromion Corcoacromial arch - formed by corocoacromial lig, coracoid process and acromionm prevents superior displacement of humerus |
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Bursae of the glenohumeral joint |
Subscapular - located b/w tendon of subscapularis mm and the scapula, protects the tendon Subacromial - located b/w deltoid, supraspinatis tendon and joint capsule, protects the supraspinatis tendon |
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What is a labrum? |
A cartilaginous reinforcement on glenoid fossa and acetabulum that gives extra depth |
