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70 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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what are the 3 main components of blood
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plasma (55%) leukocytes/white blood cells and platelets (<1%) erythrocytes/red blood cells (45%)
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3 main functions of blood
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distribution, protection, regulation
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ph level of blood
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a little alkaine 7.35-7.45
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components of blood plasma
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90% water
but also has 100 different solutes including protein lipids salts electrolytes ions gases waste |
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what do the proteins in plasma NOT do
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they are NOT taken up by cells to be used as fuels or metabolic nutrients as most other plasma solutes such as glucose, fatty acids and aminos are
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What is the main plasma protein and what does it do
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albumin - produced in the liver- 60% - acts as a carrier to shuttle circtain molucules through the circulation, is an important blood buffer, and is the major protein contributator to plasma osmotic pressure
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what is plasma osmotic pressure
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the pressure that helps keep water in the blood stream
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what are some functions of plasma in the blood
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transports small moleculres or bound water solubles so they can stay
maintains Ph - acts as buffers helps with plasma osmotic pressure blood clotting |
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what are the formed elements of blood
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erythrocytes, leukocytes and platelets
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of the formed elements which are complete cells
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only leukocytes
erythrocytes: have no nucluei or organelles platelets: are cell fragments |
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how long do formed elements survive in the blood stream
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only a few days
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how do most blood cells renew themselves
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they do not divide - thye are renewed by division of cells in the bone marrow
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what is the significant of hemoglobin
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it is the main protein in erythrocytes - it is made of 2 beta and 2 alpha cells in each cell there is a iron molecule in the middle which is able to bind and more oxygen and CO2 - each RBC has 250 mil hemoglobins so there is about 1 billion molecules of O being transported
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what are the three structural signs. that contribute to transporting CO and O for the erythrocyte
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1: its small size and biconcave shape provides a big surgace area relative to volume and bc there i no point within its cytoplasm that is far from the surface it is ideal for gas exchange
2: not counting water it is 97% hemoglobin which binds and transports respirtatory gases 3: because erthrycytes lack mitochondria and generate ATP by anaerobic mechanisms then they do not use any of the oxygen being transported |
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what is hematocrit
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the % of RBC in a sample
average : 40 45% |
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what is blood formation called
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hematopoiesis or hemopoiesis
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how does reproduction of erythrocytes happen
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it happened in the red bone marrow - within the newwork of reticular connective tissue is reticular cells which mature and migrate through the thin walls of the sinusoids to enter the bloodstream
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explain the steps of erthrocyte production
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begins with a hemoctyoblast descendent called MYELOID STEM CELL which is transformed into a PROERYTHROBLAST which give rise to EARLY (BASOPHILIC) ERYHTOBLOSTS which produce many ribosomes - during these two stages the cells divide many times and a lot of hemoglobin and iron is produce and then there is the NORMOBLAST which when it has gotten all the hemoglobin needed it releases the organelles and the young RETICULOCYTe - which is a young erythrocye - which is bursting with heoglobin enters the blood and begins the O transport and then usually become full erythcytes within two days
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how long does a RBC live
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about 3-4 months
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what is critical for electrical communication between atria and ventricles
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AV node
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what is important about the reticulocyte counts
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it give the RATE of reproducing RBC
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what is the direct stimulation for erythrocyte
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erythropoeitin - which is a glyoprotein hormone
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where is erythropoeitin produced
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some by the liver byt mostly the kidneys
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is the stimulate for more RBC because of lack of # of erythrocytes or bc of inability to meet different tissues oxygen needs
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the stimulate comes from the inability to meet different tissues oxygen needs
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what is hypoxia
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oxygen deficent
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how does the stimulate for increasing RBC work
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lack of O --> stimulates the kidneys--> release EPO --> stimulates red bone marrow --> enchances eyrthropoesis which increase RBC
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What are the three vit needed for hemoglobin
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B12, iron, folic acid
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how is iron stored in the body
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well free iron is toxic so it is stored in protein cellssuch as ferritin and hemosiderin and tranported by transferrin which is where the hemoglobin can get the iron from
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where do all the old RBC go
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spleen - where they become trapped - but their heme of the hemoglobin is reused and so is the iron
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Explain the main cuases of anemia
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1: insufficent RBC
2: lack of vit B6 B12 and other b vit 3: lack of iron 4: changes in the structure o hemoglobin 5:blood loss 6:destruction of rew marrow |
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what is anemia
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a condition in which the blood has very low oxygen carrying capacity- causes one to unable to support a normal metabolism - anemics are ussually fatigued, pale, and chilly
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what is polycythemia
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abnormal excess of RBC -
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how many RBC are there per a microliter
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4.3-5.3 million (women)
5.1 5.8 million (meN) |
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why are leukocytes important
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they defend us against disease
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what is diapedesis
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it is the process by white WBC are able to slip out of the capillary blood vessals and into the circulatory system where they can do immune responses
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how do WBC leave the blood stream
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they response to chemical trails left by damaged cells by a process called POSTIVE CHEMOTOTAXIS and this causes the wbc to move through tissues spaces by AMOEBOID MOTION (form flowing cytoplasmic extensions that move the wbc along) and then the wbc gather together to fight the intruder
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List the leukocytes in order of abundance
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Never Let Monkeys Eat Bananas
Neutrophil, Lymphocytes, Monocytes, Eosinophils, Basophils |
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which components are included in granulocytes
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neutrophils, basophils, eosinphils
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what is two differences between granulocytes and erythrocyes
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granulocytes are larges and much shorter lived
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how do neutrophils kill bateria
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*phagocytosis- they are chemically atracted to sites of imflamtion and the bateria killing is done by a process called REPIATORY BURST - which makes O actively metabolize to produce potent germ killer oxidizing substances which these are combined with the DEFISINS(which are located in the neutrophil's small granules and contain a potent brew of antimicrobial proteins) there is a peptide that is formed kills all bateria
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what are Eosinphils and what do they do
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2-4% of leukocytes that kill parasitic worms and destrop antigenatibody complexes inactivate some inflammatory chemicals of allergy
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where do eosinphils live and how do they kill their prey
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they live in loose connective tissue and when prey is encountered they release enxymes from their cytoplasm onto the parasits surface
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what do barophil do and what are they
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rarest WBC - .5-1% contain histamine which is an inflammortory chemical that causes blood vessels to dilate (VASODILATORU_ and attracts other WBC to the site
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which components are included in agranulocytes
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lymphocytes and monocyptes - the contain VISIBLE cytoplasmic granules
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what do lymphocytes do and how many are ther
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although there are many in the body only a small proportion is found in the blood stream
they play a crucial role in the immune system of the lymph nodes and the spleen directly attack the cell or via antibodies |
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whats the difference between T and B lymphocytes
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T: act directly against the virus infecteted cells
B: give rise to plasma cells which produce antibodies which are released into the blood |
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What is the largest WBC
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monocyte
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what are monocytes responsbile for
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activation lymphoctyes to mount the immune sytem
for the bodys's defense against viruses certain intracellular baterial parasits chronic infections --- tuberculosis phagocytosis become macrophages |
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the two types of disesases from WBC
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leukemia - lack of
mono - excessive |
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name the 5 chemica tlhat contribute to plasma clotting
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1: serotinin
2: Ca2+ 3: many enzymes 4: ADP 5: plalet drived growth factor |
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what is platlet formation regulated by
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hormone called thrombopoietin
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what is hemostasis
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the stoppage of bleeding which is fast and localized
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what are the three steps of hemostasis
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1: vascular spasm
2: platelet plug formation 3: coagulation or blood clotting |
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how does platelet form
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the immediate ancestral cells of thrombopoetin which are megakaryocytes repeate mitosis of the megakaryoblast bbut not cytokinese which result in megakaryocyte which is a huge cell --> it presses up against the sinusoi and sends out cytoplasmi which reputures and release platelet framents
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what is the immediate response of blood vessel injury
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vasoconstriction
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what does serotonin do
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enchances vascular spasm
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what is vascular spasm
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immediate response to blood vessel injury causing a constriction of the vessels
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what does adenosine diphosphate do (ADP)when released in the blood
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attract more platelets
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what does thromboxane Ac do
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stimulates the attraction of attracting platelets and enchances constriction of the vessels
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what are some clotting factors (procoagulants)
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fibrinogen, prothrombin
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what activates fibrin
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the curled up walls
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what does fibrin do
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usually platelets are loosely knit but fibrin "glues" the platelets together
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what are the 3main functions of plasma
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transporting various solutes and distributing heat and contributor to osmotic pressure
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three steps of blood clotting (turns liquid to gel)
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complex substancve called PROTHROMBIN ACTIVATIOR is formed which concerts a plasma proetin called PROTHROMBIN into THROMBIN (enzyme) which catalyzes the joining of FIBRINOGEN molecules present in plasma to a FIBRIN MESH which traps blood cells and effectible seals the hole
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explain thromboenmbolic conditions
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result from conditions that cause undersirable clot formation - aspirin thins blood
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What is DIC- disseminated intravascular coagulation
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when there is widespread blotting in intact blood vessels and the residual blood becomes unable to clot
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Explain the three Bleeding disorders
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Thrombocytopenia: circulating platelets is dificent causes spontaneous bleeding from small blood vessels 0 caused by surpression of bone marrow
Impaired Liver function: liver produces the procoagulants (clotting factors) *VIT K hemophilias: lack of factor VIII ( AHF)joints become disabled , serum = plasma - clotting facots |
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how much blood can be loos before the servere cause of death
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30%
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what is the universal recipicant
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AB
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what is the universal donor
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O
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