Anatomy Test 2

Front 1

Functions of respiratory system

Back 1

-Removes CO2
-Replenishes with O2
-Regulates body's acid-base balance
-Responsible for the production of speech

Front 2

Diffusion

Back 2

Particles disburse from areas of high concentration to areas of low concentration; difference between areas is concentration gradient

Front 3

External respiration

Back 3

In the lungs; consists of ventilation, pulmonary perfusion, and diffusion

Front 4

Internal respiration

Back 4

In body tissues; only diffusion

Front 5

Upper respiratory tract

Back 5

Nose, nasal cavity (concha, nostrils), pharynx (nasopharynx, oropharynx, laryngopharynx), larynx

Front 6

Lower respiratory tract

Back 6

larynx, trachea, bronchi, lungs

Front 7

larynx

Back 7

tongue, epiglottis, trachea, false vocal cords, true vocal cords, hyoid bone, thyroid cartilage, cricoid cartilage)

Front 8

How do make speech?

Back 8

Brain plans sound sequences and series of motor commands to be completed by the respiratory system and the speech organs to produce and articulate speech and song.

Front 9

Production of speech

Back 9

Initiation, phonation, oro-nasal process (resonance), articulation

Front 10

Lower respiratory system "respiratory zone"

Back 10

Trachea, bifurcation, cartilage rings, then bronchi sequence thing
C-shaped cartilage rings reinforce & protect trachea
Secondary bronchus ventilates a separate lobe.
Larger bronchi: cartilage, smooth muscle, and epithelium; then lose cartilage, then smooth muscle
Smallest bronchioles are single layers of epithelial cells

Front 11

Gas exchange

Back 11

primary bronchus, secondary/lobar bronchus, tertiary bronchi, smaller bronchi, bronchioles, terminal bronchioles, respiratory bronchioles, alveolar sac, alveoli

Front 12

Lungs

Back 12

Visceral and parietal layers of pleura lining the lungs and thoracic cavity are filled with serous fluid to allow smooth respiratory movement
Negative intrapleural pressure between the two layers: like water bonding two panes of glass

Front 13

Breathing

Back 13

Diaphragm separates thorax/abdomen
Pecs, intercostals, and diaphragm contract (to make room - expand volume)
More volume, less pressure = air forced in to equalize concentration gradient

Front 14

Motor control of breathing

Back 14

Brain stem: medulla oblongata and pons are the CNS respiratory centers
Higher brain centers in cerebral cortex in voluntary control over breathing

Front 15

Lung volume and capacity

Back 15

Tidal volume; inspiratory reserve volume, functional residual capacity. inspiratory capacity, expiratory reserve volume, residual volume. vital capacity, residual volume. total lung capacity.

Front 16

Respiratory changes with aging

Back 16

structural changes: nose enlargement, atrophy of tonsils, tracheal deviations; calcification of costal cartilage and increased chest diameter; lungs more rigid and number/size of alveoli decrease; reduction of respiratory fluids
pulmonary function: decreases as result of respiratory muscle degeneration or atrophy; ventilatory capacity diminishes from decline of lungs' diffusion capacity; lung tissue degeneration; closing of some airways

Front 17

Pathology

Back 17

Obstructive: shortness of breath; difficulty exhaling due to damage to lungs/narrowing of airways. ex/ COPD, asthma, emphysema, bronchiectasis, cystic fibrosis
Restrictive: restricted inspiration due to stiffness of lungs, weak muscles, nerve damage. ex/ obesity, scoliosis, neuromuscular disease, interstitial lung disease, sarcoidosis