Anatomy Test 2

Front 1

What is a Merkel cell?

Back 1

touch receptor

Front 2

Sweat from merocrine gland is:

Back 2

nonviscous, watery

Front 3

Major type of cell in epidermis (type of cell layer)

Back 3

keratinocyte (keratinized stratified squamous)

Front 4

Thick skin has ____ layers

Back 4

5

Front 5

Layers of thick skin:

Back 5

Stratum corneum, Stratum lucidum, stratum granulosum, stratum spinosum, stratum basale

Front 6

Thin skin has ___ layers, and is missing __________.

Back 6

4, stratum lucidum

Front 7

Features of stratum basale:
(type of cells, functions, location)

Back 7

deepest layer of epidermis
single layer of columnar or cuboidal cells
keratinocytes predominate
also has stem cells, melanocytes, Merkel cells
Keratinocytes undergo mitosis to produce stem cells and cells that migrate to the stratum spinosum above

Front 8

Features of stratum spinosum:
(type of cells, functions, location)

Back 8

located between basale and granulosum
many layers of keratinocytes
deepest cells can divide (cells in this layer and stratum basale responsible for epidermal cell turnover)
cells firmly attached by desmosomes
contain dendritic cells

Front 9

Features of stratum granulosum:

Back 9

3-5 layers of flattened keratinocytes
between spinosum and lucidum

Front 10

Features of stratum lucidum

Back 10

above stratum granulosum
only present in thick skin
3-5 layers of keratinocytes with no nuclei

Front 11

Features of stratum corneum

Back 11

outermost layer of epidermis
dead cells contain keratin
sloughed off and continually replaced

Front 12

Two layers of dermis: __________, composed of ___________; and ________ composed of __________

Back 12

papillary (superficial), areolar CT

reticular (deep), dense irregular CT

Front 13

Dermis contains:

Back 13

BV, CT, fibroblasts, lymphatic vessels, collagen fibers, sweat glands, sebaceous glands, hair follicles, nail roots, nerve endings, arrector pili muscles

Front 14

________ layer of dermis has projections called _______ _________. (function)

Back 14

papillary, dermal papillae (increase surface area between dermis and epidermis, and decrease slippage)

Front 15

People of different skin color have __________ of melanocytes and _________ amounts of melanin

Back 15

the same #

different

Front 16

In darker skin, melanin is located _______________, while in lighter skin it is _____________

Back 16

throughout epidermis; stratum corneum
in stratum basale only

Front 17

__________ is the pigment in lips

Back 17

Hemoglobin

Front 18

Cyanosis:

Back 18

blue skin (oxygen deficiency)

Front 19

Erythema:

Back 19

red (erythrocytes are RBCs)
increased blood flow, dilated blood vessels

Front 20

Pallor

Back 20

pale/ashen
decreased blood flow

Front 21

Albinism

Vitiglio

Back 21

genetic lack of melanin (recessive disorder)

splotchy loss of melanin

Front 22

Jaundice

Back 22

yellowing of skin and white of eyes due to bilirubin in blood

Front 23

Hematoma

Back 23

bruise
clotted blood showing through skin

Front 24

Capillary hemangioma

Back 24

strawberry birthmark
fades, early childhood

Front 25

Cavernous hemangioma

Back 25

can fade away by mid childhood

Front 26

port-winestain

Back 26

doesn't fade

Front 27

Basal cell carcinoma

Back 27

stratum basale
most common, least dangerous

Front 28

Squamous cell carcinoma

Back 28

stratum spinosum
raised, red, scaly

Front 29

melanoma

Back 29

melanocytes
most deadly, result of severe sunburn, especially as a child
arise from moles

Front 30

Acid burn

Back 30

forms an eschar, which helps limit depth of burn

Front 31

Base burn

Back 31

worse
forms a liquefaction eschar
immediate threat to life: fluid loss, infection, effect of eschar

Front 32

Eschar

Back 32

dead tissue

Front 33

First degree burn

Back 33

superficial thickness
involves epidermis
redness, pain, slight edema (swelling)
healing time: 3-5 days
NO scar
ex: mild sunburn

Front 34

Second degree burn

Back 34

partial thickness
involves epidermis and dermis
skin looks red, white, or tan
blistered, very painful
skin can regenerate from glands and hair and edges
weeks to months to heal
may scar
(superficial partial thickness: usually no scar, moist, very painful, red with blister)
(deep partial thickness: usually scars, dry, pressure pain, white, may blister)

Front 35

Third degree

Back 35

full thickness
into hypodermis (through reticular dermis)
no pain
leathery, white/brown appearance
months to heal
skin grafts
scarring, contractures, amputation

Front 36

Fourth degree

Back 36

into muscle and bone
painless
black and charred
requires excision (amputation)
patient may die

Front 37

escharotomy

Back 37

cut through dead skin to allow for swelling

Front 38

Tissue regeneration

Back 38

replacement of dead or damaged cells by the same cell type; restores normal function

Front 39

Tissue fibrosis

Back 39

replacement of damaged tissue with scar tissue
does not restore normal function

Front 40

Bleeding into wound is the _____ stage of healing.

Back 40

first

Front 41

__________&__________ : second stage of healing

Back 41

Scab formation and macrophage activity

Front 42

formation of ____________ is the third stage of healing

Back 42

granulation tissue

Front 43

_________ regeneration and __________ fibrosis : fourth stage of healing

Back 43

epithelial, CT

Front 44

Gangrene:

Back 44

tissue death due to an insufficient blod supply

Front 45

Tissue death that is not reversible

Back 45

necrosis

Front 46

Osteoprogenitor cells
type of cell
location(s)
Production will increase with _____________

Back 46

stem cells
located in: endosteum, inner layer of periosteum, central canal

Production will increase with bone stress & fractures

Front 47

Osteoblasts
(function)

Back 47

synthesize organic material in bones (osteoid)

Front 48

Osteocytes
mature _________
live in ________
connected by _________
Function in homeostatic maintenance:

Back 48

osteoblasts
lacunae
canaliculi
blood concentrations of Ca and phosphate, bone density

Front 49

Osteoclasts
function:
develop from:

Back 49

bone resorption

bone marrow stem cells

also multinucleated

Front 50

Bone matrix: organic matter

makes up how much of bone matrix
made of:
what kind of strength

Back 50

1/3
collagen
tensile (pulling from each end)

Front 51

Bone matrix: inorganic matter

makes up how much of bone matrix
made of:
what kind of strength

Back 51

2/3
calcium phosphate salt
compression strength

Front 52

Inorganic material of bone matrix provides __________.
Without enough, bones are too ________.
Related disease/disorder: ________

Back 52

strength
soft
rickets - mineral deficiency

Front 53

Organic material of bone matrix provides _________.
Without enough, bones are too _________.
Related disease/disorder: ________.

Back 53

flexibility
brittle
osteogenesis imperfecta - improper collagen formation

Front 54

Bone marrow -

Back 54

soft tissue in marrow cavity in a long bone and trabeculae of spongy bone

Front 55

Red marrow

Back 55

mostly in children
produces blood cells
adults: primarily located in skull, vertebrae, ribs, sternum, & pelvis

Front 56

Yellow marrow

Back 56

adults
fat - adipose tissue
can convert to red in severe anemia

Front 57

2 methods of bone formation:

Back 57

intramembranous and endochondrial ossification

Front 58

Intramembranous ossification

Back 58

begins in embryo; produces flat bone of skull, maxilla, zygomatic, mandible, clavicle
begins when embryonic CT thickens with a dense supply of BV

Front 59

___________ stem cells -> ___________ cells -> osteoblasts

Back 59

mesenchynal, osteoprogenitor

Front 60

articulate cartilage is located where?

Back 60

at ends of bone

Front 61

articular cartilage is (vascular/nonvascular)

Back 61

nonvascular

Front 62

Interstitial growth

Back 62

bone grows in length;
dependent on growth of cartilage within the epiphyseal plate

Front 63

Appositional growth

Back 63

bone grows in width

Front 64

5 microzones within epiphyseal plate

Back 64

Zone of reserve cartilage
cell proliferation
cell hypertrophy
calcification
bone deposition

Front 65

Zone of reserve cartilage

Back 65

normal, mature, healthy hyaline cartilage
furthest from marrow cavity

Front 66

Zone of cell proliferation

Back 66

chondrocytes multiply by mitosis

bone growth occurs

Front 67

Zone of cell hypertrophy

Back 67

chondrocytes enlarge

bone growth occurs

Front 68

Zone of calcification

Back 68

minerals deposited in the matrix
destroys the chondrocytes

Front 69

Zone of bone deposition

Back 69

lacunae walls break down and BV and osteoprogenitor cells invade

new matrix of bone is deposited

Front 70

At maturity, epiphyseal cartilage production _______, and rate of osteoblast productivity _________.

Back 70

slows, increases

Front 71

Appositional growth occurs in the _____________.
osteoblasts deposit bone matrix called ____________ ___________.
as they increase in #, bone grows _________
Osteoclasts in _________________ resorb bone matrix

Back 71

inner layer of periosteum
circumferential lamelae
wider
marrow cavity

Front 72

Wolff's Law

Back 72

bone grows in response to the stress placed upon it

Front 73

Sesamoid examples

Back 73

patella, bones embedded in tendon of big toe

Front 74

Paranasal sinuses

Back 74

frontal, sphenoid, ethmoid, maxillary

Front 75

unfused cranial bones

ossify by 1 year old, except ___________

Back 75

fontanels

anterior fontanel

Front 76

Sella turcica

Back 76

saddle-shaped structure, houses pituitary gland

Front 77

cribriform plate

Back 77

part of ethmoid bone
roof of nasal cavity
has olfactory foramina that olfactory nn go through

Front 78

cleft palate

Back 78

maxillae fail to fuse along midline of palate

Front 79

inferior portion of septum

Back 79

vomer

Front 80

lacrimal bones

Back 80

smallest facial bones, contain lacrimal sacs (hold tear ducts)

Front 81

____ cervical vertebrae
____ thoracic
____ lumbar
____ sacral
____ coccygeal

Back 81

7
12
5
5
4

Front 82

C1 -
C2 -

Back 82

atlas
axis

Front 83

kyphosis

Back 83

thoracic vertebrae curvature (hunchback)

Front 84

lordosis

Back 84

exaggerated lumbar curve

Front 85

herniated disk: ________ leaks out into ________

Back 85

nucleus pulposus
anulus fibrosus

Front 86

charcot foot

Back 86

bulge on bottom

Front 87

pes cavus

Back 87

high arch

Front 88

pes planus

Back 88

flat foot

Front 89

diarthrosis

Back 89

another name for synovial joints

Front 90

articular cartilage
composed of:
located:

Back 90

hyaline cartilage without the perichondrium
articulating surface of bones

smooth surface, minimal friction

Front 91

_________ prevents articular cartilage from touching

and is produced by

Back 91

synovial fluid

synovial membrane

Front 92

articular cartilage surrounded by ____________

Back 92

joint capsule

Front 93

joint capsule made up of

Back 93

fibrous capsule and synovial membrane

Front 94

synovial fluid distributes ______________, only when joints are moving

Back 94

nutrients

Front 95

tendon connects ______ to _______

Back 95

bone to muscle

Front 96

ligament connects

Back 96

bone to bone

Front 97

bursa

Back 97

little "purses" of synovial fluid encased in thin CT...can be found near synovial joints or bone to reduce friction or pressure