Reading...
Play button
Play button
Use LEFT and RIGHT arrow keys to navigate between flashcards;
Use UP and DOWN arrow keys to flip the card;
H to show hint;
A reads text to speech;
148 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
|
Anterior, Posterior, and Lateral borders of the thoracic cavities
|
Anterior- Sternum and costal cartilage
Posterior- Vertebral column and posterior portion of the ribs Lateral- Ribs and intercostal content |
|
|
Thoracic Inlet/Outlet
|
Inlet- 1st Thoracic vertebrae, manibrum of sternum, and 1st rib
Outlet- 12th thoracic vertebrae, lowest ribs, xyphoid process of sternum, costal cartilagees |
|
|
Landmarks of Thoracic wall
|
Breast, Nipple (easy reference point for 4th interspace), jugular notch (top of manibrum), sternal angle (where 2nd rib attaches to sternum)
|
|
|
Sternum (landmarks)
|
Manibrium- top
Body-middle Xyphoid Process- bottom |
|
|
Ribs- true vs. false
|
True Ribs- 1 through 7....costal cartilage attaches to sternum
False Ribs- 8,9,10...costal cartilage articulate with cartilage of rib above 11, 12- floating rib- float free, no articulation, no costal cartilage |
|
|
Typical Rib
|
Head-has two articular facets for vertebral bodies
Neck Tubercle- has an articular facet for the transverse vertebrae Shaft Angle Costal Groove- at interior surface |
|
|
1st rib exception
|
called superlative rib......flattest, broadest, shortest, most curves, head has one facet
|
|
|
2nd rib exception
|
intermediate size
|
|
|
10th rib exception
|
called the uncertain rib....may articulate with costal cartilage of rib above or may float free, short
|
|
|
11th rib exception
|
short, head has one facet, no neck or tubercle
|
|
|
12th rib exception
|
short, head has one facet, no neck or tubercle, no angle or costal groove
|
|
|
External Intercostal
|
O- Lower border of the rib
I- Upper border of rib below A- elevates ribs during inspiration, increases anterior to posterior diameter N- Intercostal nerves |
|
|
Internal Intercostal Muscle
|
O- Inner surface of the rib
I- Upper border of the rib below A- depresses ribs during expiration, decreases anterior to posterior diameter n- intercostal nerves |
|
|
Tranversus Thoracis Muscle
|
O- Internal Body and xyphoid process of sternum
I- Costal cartilage of ribs 2-6 A- works with the internal thoracic muscle to depress ribs N- intercostal nerves |
|
|
Posterior Intercostal Artery
|
top two come from highest intercostal artery
Rest branch from aorta |
|
|
Anterior Intercostal Artery
|
branches from internal thoracic artery
|
|
|
Anterior Thoracic Vein
|
runs into internal thoracic vein
|
|
|
Posterior Thoracic Vein
|
runs into azygoos and hemiazygos vein
|
|
|
intercostal nerves
|
are the ventral primary rami of the thoracic spinal nerves
|
|
|
subcostal nerves
|
from the 12th thoracic spinal nerves
|
|
|
how are neurovascular bundles found in the thoracic walls?
|
On the inferior borders of ribs and arranged superior to inferior in a V-A-N pattern
|
|
|
visceral pluera
|
Invaginates the lung, seaps into fisures, and adheres to lungs
|
|
|
parietal pleura
|
4 of them
Cervical (dome) Mediastinum Diaphragam Costal |
|
|
Lungs
|
An elastic tissue that is filled with air sacs, called alveoli, that function in gas exchange. Primary bronchus is seperated into brochus and brachioli
-The root of lung (hilus) contains the primary bronchus, the pulmonary arteries, and the pulmonary veins. |
|
|
bronchial arteries and veins
|
Provide the lung tissue with blood, come off of aorta
|
|
|
lymph vessels of the lungs
|
drain excess tissue into the veins.
|
|
|
parasympathetic and sympathetic nerve innervations of the lung
|
Para- vagus nerve
Symp- sympathetic trunk |
|
|
mediastinum
|
an imaginary plane seperating the thoracic cavity....it runs from the sternal angle to the 4th or 5th thoracic vertebrae. divided into superior and inferior(antererior, middle, posterior)
|
|
|
what comes off of the aortic arch?
|
Brachiocelphalic---branches into r. carotid and r. subclavius
left carotid, left subclavius |
|
|
brachiocephalic veins
|
-both branch from superior vena cava, branch into left/right jugular and subclavius
|
|
|
vagus nerves
|
parasympathetic to abdominal and thoracic viscera
|
|
|
phrenic nerves
|
innervate diaphragam, come from cervical nerves 3,4,5
|
|
|
thoracic duct
|
lymphatic channel draining into left subclavius vein
|
|
|
anterior mediastinum
|
looser aereolar tissue
|
|
|
middle mediastinum
|
heart, pericardium, phrenic nerves,
|
|
|
posterior mediastinum
|
thoracic duct, esophogus, descending aorta, vagus nerves, azygous and hemiazygous veins.
|
|
|
heart
|
a hollow, muscluar organ that is shaped like a cone
|
|
|
pericardium
|
connective tissue surrounding heart
-outer fibrous part -inner serous part, aids in moveement during contraction and relaxation |
|
|
4 chambers of heart
|
R,L Atrium
R,L, ventricles |
|
|
Great vessels of the heart
|
Superior Vena Cava (RA),
Inferior Vena Cava(RA), Aorta(LV), Pulmonary Arteries(RV), Pulmonary Veins(LA) |
|
|
septa
|
walls between chambers
|
|
|
Valves of the heart
|
Right Atrial Ventricular (tricuspid)
L. A-V value (bicuspid, mitral) Aortic semilunar Pulmonary semilunar |
|
|
what muscles are found only in R. Atrium
|
Pectenate muscles
|
|
|
fossa ovalus
|
space that used to be the framinal valley in the infant in R Atrium
|
|
|
How do the walls of the L Ventrical look as compared to the R one
|
R= more muscluar to facilitate pumping
L= smooth |
|
|
trabiculae carne
|
irregular surface of the walls of the ventricles
|
|
|
papillary muscles/chordate tendonae
|
pap- feetlike muscles of off the trebicular carne.......keep valves closed during contraction
chordate tendone, come off off paps. |
|
|
explain the infant
|
02/C02 exchanged in the placenta, umbillical vein (rich in 02) comes through ductus venosa and inferior vena cava. ductus arteriosa bipass away from lungs
When they are born, the lungs start functioning, so placenta isn't needed any more. The umbillical artery closes up and the ductus arteriosa is overrun by smooth muscle. Blood is sent from lungs to left atrium, causing framinal valley to fold over. |
|
|
Explain the conduction system
|
S-A valve or the pacemaker recieves impulses near the superior vena cava in the R Atrium, sends the to the A V node in the floor of the R Atrium. These impulses then go to the bundle of His in the muscular septa. The budle branches left and R and the charge is sent down the muscular septa to the Prkinje fibers. The charge jumps into the ventricular muscle at teh Purkinje fibers. Finally, the impulses innervate sympathetically at the cardiac sympathetic trunk (raising HR) and parasympathetically through the vagus nerves (slowing HR).
|
|
|
Left Coronary Artery
|
Comes off through the semilunar atrial valve
Anterior descending art- suplies the left and R ventricles Circumflex- goes around and supplies the L. Atrium and L. Ventrical |
|
|
R Coronary Artery
|
Comes from the cusps of the aortic semilunar valve
posterior descending- supplies L. and R. Ventricles Marginal- supplies the R. VEntricle |
|
|
VEins of the heart
|
Great VEin- runs with anterior descending
Middle VEin- runs with posterior descending COrnonary Sinus- cardiac veins dump into it, which brings bloof from lungs to R. Atrium |
|
|
VEntricular Septal Defect
|
Septal muscle fails to close completely
|
|
|
Tetrolagy of Fallot
|
VSD, hypertrophy of the R VEntricle, Overriding aorta, and pulmonary stenosis.
|
|
|
linea alba
|
line down the central portion of the abdomin
|
|
|
From superficial to deep, layers of the abdomin
|
Skin, Campers Facia, Scarpa's Fascia, Rectus abdomonis muscle, external oblique muscle, internal oblique muscle, transversus abdomonis muscle, transversalis fascia, preparitaneal fat, peritineum
|
|
|
2 elements of Camper's Fascia
|
panniculus adiposus-campers fascia
caput medusae- veins of abdomin |
|
|
Scarpa's fascia
|
membranous layer
|
|
|
Rectus Abdominas Muscle
|
O- pelvic crest
I- Costal Cartilage of 5-7 A- flexes Vertebral Column N- lower 5-6 intercostal, subcostal |
|
|
External Oblique Muscle
|
O- Lower 8 Ribs
I- Illiac Crest, Linea Alba A- Compresses Abdomen, flexes vertebral collumn on both sides, if one side flexes, the trunk rotates in the opposite direction |
|
|
Internal Oblique Muscle
|
O- Lateral 1/3 of the Inguinal Ligament, Lumbar Fascia, Illiac Crest
I- Lower 4 Costal Cartilage, linea alba A- Compresses abdomen, flexes vertebral collumn, if one side flexes, the trunk rotates in the same direction N- Lower 5 intercostals,illeoinguinal, illeohypogastric |
|
|
Transversus abdominalis
|
O- Lower 6 costal cartilage, lateral 1/3 of the inguinal ligament, illiac crest
I- linea alba A- compresses abdomen N- lower 5 interocostal, illeoinguinal, illeohypogastric |
|
|
inguinal Ligament
|
The tendonous part of the external obligue muscle, goes from ASIS to pubic symphesis
|
|
|
Transvercalis Fascia
|
Deep to Transversalis Abdominis muscle
|
|
|
Transvercalis Fascia
|
Deep to Transversalis Abdominis muscle
|
|
|
Peritoneum
|
Deepest layer of abdominal cavity lining
|
|
|
Inguinal Ring/Cavity
|
The cavity seperates the external and internal rings.......through this runs the spermatic cord in males and the round ligament of the uterus in females
|
|
|
Inferior epigastric artery
|
forms part of hesselbach's triangle, runs down external oblique muscle and crosses the inguinal ligament
|
|
|
Hesselbach's Triangle
|
Rectus abdominus muscle, inguinal ligament, inferior epigastric muscle
-sight f direct or acquired hernias |
|
|
above arcuate line
|
Rectus sheath from external obl. goes anterior, interal oblique, splits, and transversus abd. runs posterior. They meet in the middle of rectus abdominus muscles to form the linea alba
|
|
|
below arcuate line
|
All 3 muscles run anterior, there is no posterior border
|
|
|
Direct of acquired hernias
|
Occur when intra abdominal pressure causes internal abdominal organs to push through transversus fascia in the hesselbach's triangle.....can occur in either male or females at any time.
|
|
|
Steps of descent of testes and what it picks up at each layer
|
Teste develops between peritineal layer and transversalis fascia
Peritineal layer- processes vaginalis Preperitineal Fat- fat Transvercallis Fascia- internal spermatic fascia Trans. Abd.- nothing Intern. Obl- Cremaster Muscle External Obl- external spermatic fascia Scarpa's Fascia- Colle's Fascia Camper's Fascia- Dartos Muscle (not fatty, smooth muscle) Skin- Skin |
|
|
Fate of processes vaginalis
|
top part (funicular part) obliterates
bottom part- vaginal part, becomes the tunica vaginalis |
|
|
fate of the gubernaculum
|
In males, it becomes the euromuscular cord from teste to scrotum
In femals, part becomes the prper ligament from ovary to uterus (preventing uterus from descending too far into labia majus) and the other part becomes the round ligament (goes through inguinal canal) from the uterus to the labia majus. |
|
|
indirerct or acquired hernias
|
occur when the funicular part of the processes vaginalis fails to obliterate, causing herniation of the interabdominal organs. This occurs MAINLY in males, and can show any time in life.
|
|
|
peritineum
|
membranous covering of abdminal cavity, only opened by the fallopian tube in women. There is a serous liquid inside it.
|
|
|
intraperitineal/retroperitineal
|
Intra- able to move inside abdominal cavity
Retro- no movement permitted (pancreas, duodenem, ascending colon, descending colon, rectum, ) |
|
|
mesentary
|
two folds of pericardium
|
|
|
greater ommentum
|
"policeman of abdomen"
Four folds of mesentary that drape over the abdomen, coming from greater curvature of stomach and the transverse colon. Able to block off inflammation |
|
|
lesser ommentum
|
two folds of pericardium, go between liver and lesser curvature of stomach, hepatoduodenal ligament to the right of it.
|
|
|
Esophogus
|
Accompanied with vague nerves, it pierces diapragham and empties into the stomach. (cardia portion)
Artery: left gastric artery |
|
|
Stomach
|
Esophogus empties into it, consists of a bdy, a pylorus prtion, a fundus portion and a cardia portion. Has rugae (folds of muscle on it's inside). Arteries are: left, right gastric, left right gastroepiploic
|
|
|
Duodenum
|
proximal portion of the small intestine, consists of a superior, descending, inferior, ascending portion. At descending, common bile duct and pancreatic ducts enter and midgut portion begins.
Arteries: right gastric, right epiploic, hepatic, gastroduodenal, inferior and superior pancreaticduodenal |
|
|
foregut includes:
|
stomach, proximal duodenem, esophogus, liver, spleen, gallbladder, pancreus
|
|
|
Liver
|
Largest gland in the body, endocrine and exocrine function. Four lobes: right, left, caudate, and quadrate.
Hepatic artery brings it blood from the aorta, hepatic vein moves blood to the inferior vena cava, portal vein brings blood from renal through digestive to kidney. Ligamentum teres (Inside falciform ligament which divides r and l lobes) is the old umbilical vein. COronary ligament runs up top, at ends is right and left triangular lobes. Ligamentum venosa divides caudate and L lobe, is the old ductus venosa. |
|
|
Gallbladder
|
Stores, concentrates, and releases bile. Hepatic duct goes from liver to gallbladder in cystic duct (place of stones, causing upper R pain). then bile is sent into common bile duct to descending duodenum.
Cystic Artery |
|
|
Pancreas
|
sleeps in the arm of the duodenum, has a head, a body, and a tail. Functions in endocrine and exocrine. the pancreaticduodenals and its branches make up the splenic.
|
|
|
Spleen
|
not really a foregut, but is b/c it is fed by the celiac trunk and is intraperitineal. Fed by the spelinic artery. Large lymphoid organ
|
|
|
midgut contents:
|
distal portion of the duodenum, jejunum, illium, cecum, ascending colon, proximal portion of the transverse colon, appendix
|
|
|
how do you tell the difference between jejunum and illium
|
jejunum's mesentary has less blood vessels and less fat, the opposite is true for the illium
|
|
|
small intestine fed blood by:
|
intestinal branches
|
|
|
small intestine fed blood by:
|
intestinal branches
|
|
|
cecum
|
first portion of large intestine....impolite colon, forces contents up it, makes noise when it comes back down. fed by illiocolic
|
|
|
Appendix
|
small lymphatic organ dangling from cecum, inflammation causes R lower quadrant pain, as does inflamation of lymphatic tissue in fallopian tubes and ureter.
|
|
|
Ascending Colon
|
Has large sacculations called houstra and fatty tags called appendicies eppiploics. fed by illiocholic and right cholic.
|
|
|
transverse colon
|
proximal portion and distal portion define borders of midgut and hindgut. proximal fed by middle cholic of superior mesenteric, distal portion fed by ascending artery of inferior messenteric.
|
|
|
descending colon
|
fed by L cholic artery of inferior mesenteric,
|
|
|
Sigmoid colon
|
usually in pelvic cavity, fed by sigmoidal artery.
|
|
|
Rectum
|
in pelvis, fed by superior rectal artery
|
|
|
Anal Cavity
|
termination of digestive track. Interior portion is smooth muscle, exterior portion is skeletal muscle.
|
|
|
hidgut contents
|
distal portion of transverse clon, descending colon, sigmoid colon, rectum, anal cavity
fed by inferior mesenteric. |
|
|
kidneys
|
retroperitineal organs in the posterior abdominal cavity, protected by quadratis lumborum muscles. Contain a hilum with a renal artery, vein, and ureter cord coming off of the pelvis
|
|
|
suprarenals
|
On superior border of kidneys, "napolean's hat"
|
|
|
What do Illiacs (external and internal) provide blood to?
|
Glutteals, vesicles (bladder), vaginal , pudendal(floor of pelvis), glutteals, and uterus.
|
|
|
diapraghm
|
firbomuscular covering that seperates the thoracic and abdominal cavities. It functions in respiration and is innervated by the vagus nerve. The vagus, the esophogus, the aorta, the thoracic duct, and the inferior vena cava go through it
|
|
|
quadratus lumborum
|
O- Illiac Crest
I- 12th rib and top 4 lumbar transvverse processes A- protects kidney in posterior, lateral flexion of the vertebral collumn N- Ventral Rami of L1-4 |
|
|
Illiacus
|
O- Illiac fossa
I- lesser trochanter of the femur A- Hip flexion N- femoral nerve |
|
|
Psoiasis Major
|
O-Top 4 Lubar Transverse Vertebrae, the Vertebral discs of T12 and L1-4 and the adjacent vertebrae
I- the lesser trochanter A- hip flexion N- Ventral Rami of L 2-4 |
|
|
Psoasis Minor
|
(not always present)
O- bodies of T12 and C1 I- Illiopsoac fascia and pectineal line of the illium A- flexor of the lumbar spine. N- Ventral Ramus of C1 |
|
|
illiohypogastric
|
Innervates hypogastric region and the lateral abdominal region (serves as sensory)
|
|
|
illioinguinal
|
Innervates lateral portion of abdoman, serving as the sensory, and the cutaneous portion of the base of the penis and scrotum in males and the labius majorum and mons pubis in females
|
|
|
lateral cutaneous femoral nerve
|
innervatest the skin of the lateral thigh
|
|
|
genitohumoral
|
innervates the cremaster muscle and the skin of the proximal and anterior thigh
|
|
|
obturator
|
medial to psoas major, innervates the medial muscles of the thigh and a small cutaneous portion of the medial thigh
|
|
|
femoral nerve
|
runs down the anterior thigh into leg, innervating the muscles of the lateral thing and is sensory to the anteromedial thigh and leg.
|
|
|
lubrosacral nerve
|
runs into sacral plexus, eventually becoming part of the psiatic nerve
|
|
|
Pelvis and it's landmarks.
|
Pelvis consists of an illium, an ischium, and a pubis. THere is also a sacrum and a cocycx. The greater (false pelvis) consists of the sacral prominatory and the upper part of the pubic synthesis. The lower, true, pelvis is below this.
|
|
|
sacral prominatory
|
the most anterior part of the sacrum
|
|
|
urinary bladder
|
recieves the two ureters from the kidneys, and produces the urethra. Innervated by the vesicle from the internal illiac.
|
|
|
retro pubic space (space of retzius)
|
Posterior to pubis and anterior to bladder.
|
|
|
Rectum
|
The final part of the digestive tract before the anal canal, runs anterior, then turns posterior. Innervated by the superior rectal nerve of the inferior mesenteric and the pudendal nerve of the interal illiac.
|
|
|
Recto-uterine pouch (space of douglas)
|
Space anterior to rectum and posterior to uterus in women...blood and water can collect here
|
|
|
retro prostatic space (space of proust)
|
space the is posterior to the prostate and anterior to the rectum in males
|
|
|
Vas Deferens
|
runs from epidiimous to the seminal vesicle.
|
|
|
seminal vesicle
|
produces a secretion that is combined with the spermatozoa in the ejaculatory duct. This duct is a commbonation of the seminal duct and the ductus deferns. and opens into the prostatic urethra.
|
|
|
prostate
|
produces a secretion that forms part of the seminal fluid. inferior to the bladder, it transmits the prostatic urethra. It tends to hypertrophy with age and can get cancerous tumors.
|
|
|
Ovaries
|
Two paired genital glands, about the size and shape of a large almond. They are held to the urethra by a proper ligament, they are connected to the broad ligament by a mesoovalus (two folds of peritineum) and are connected by suspensory ligament (which holds a neurovasular bundle) to the pelvic brim.
|
|
|
Uterus
|
Pear shaped, smooth muscular organ that has a fundus, a body, and a lower cervix opening into the vagina. It is innervated by the uterine nerve of the internal illiac and is lined by the endometrium. The broad ligament connects it to the pelvic brim and the round ligament goes from the uterus through the inguinal canal to the labia majorus.
|
|
|
vagina
|
flattened, distensible, musculomembranous canal that is at the end of the cervix and opens in the labia minorus. It is innervated by the vaginal artery in the internal illiac.
|
|
|
perineum
|
A section at the inferior trunk of a person. It is bordered by four points: the cocycx, the pubic synthesis, and the inschial tuberocities. It is divided in males and females into two triangles: the anterior ureogenital triangle and the posterior anal triangle
|
|
|
scrotum
|
a sack of skin and fascia that holds the testicles
|
|
|
epididimous
|
hold and mature the sperm cells....recieve the seminiferous tubules and outlet to the ductus deferens
|
|
|
Penis
|
formed by three cylindrical bodieserectile tissues, highly vascular
Corpus spongiosum- urethra runs through it Corpus Cavernosum (2) Prepuce- foreskin surrounding glans penis glans penus- enlarged ending of the corpus spongeosum...urethra transmits through it. |
|
|
3 sections of the urethra
|
prostatic, spongeosum, membronous
|
|
|
bulbourethral glad
|
aka cowpers gland....in ureogenital diaphram......secretes a lubricant for urethra.
|
|
|
mons pubis
|
projection of skin anterior to the pubic synthesis that is caused by a proliferation of semicutaneous fat.
|
|
|
labia majorus/labiaminorus
|
majorus-more larger, lateral folds surrounding vestibular cleft
minorus- smaller, medial clefts surrounding vestibles. |
|
|
clitorus
|
analogous to the penis in males, has a body, a prepuce, and a glans.....not transmitted by the urethra.
|
|
|
vestibule/vestibular glands
|
vestibule- the opening where the vagina and the urethra transmit.
Vestibular glands- where the vagina and urethra actually come out. |
|
|
three layers of perenium
|
bulbospongeosum- M: constricts and empties urethra
F: decreases opening of vestibule and the vagina Illiocavernosum- constricts veins and limits venous backflow from erectile tissue to maintain erection Superficial Transversllis perenea- tenses central tendon and perenium ------------------------------ deep transvercallis perenia- tenses perenium sphictor urethrae- surrounds urethra, decreases the opening of the urethra. Voluntary relaxation of this muscle must occur for urination ((((FIRST TWO LAYERS INNERVATED BY PUDENDAL NERVE!!!))) ----------------------------- Levator Ani: pubococogeaus illiococcogeus-both elevate anal cavity to expel contents of rectum and both are innervated by sacral nerve four Cocogeyus- innervated by sacral nerves four and five- works with leator ani muscles to support and elevate pelvic floor |
|
|
superior glluteal
|
innervates the gluteal medius and minimus and the tensfascialata.
|
|
|
inferior gluteal
|
innervates the glutteus maximus
|
|
|
posterior lateral cutaneous
|
comes off of sacral plexus and innervates posterior skin of the femoral thigh
|
|
|
pudendal
|
innervates 1st and second floors of the pelvis (peritineum) and the external genitalia.
|
|
|
tibial nerve
|
anterior portion of the sciatic nerve....runs into posterior leg and eventually splits into plantar nerves in foot.
|
|
|
common peroneal
|
brancches into superficial and deep peroneal, goes to lateral leg and innervateslateral part of leg.
|
|
|
chris
|
is a duchbag
|
