Anatomy Test 1

Front 1

Kingdom Animalia

Back 1

Animals
-Multicellular organisms w/out cellulose in cell walls.
-excludes: plants, fungi and single-celled organisms

Front 2

Phylum Chordata

Back 2

Chordates
-Animals w/ a dorsal hollow notochord, and pharyngeal pouches at some stage of development.

Front 3

Subphylum Vertebrata

Back 3

Vertebrates
-Chordates w/ a vertebral column
-includes: fishes, amphibians, reptiles, birds, and reptiles.

Front 4

Class Mammalia

Back 4

Mammals
-Vertebrates w/ mammary glands and hair
-exludes: fishes, amphibians, reptiles, birds and reptiles.

Front 5

Order Primates

Back 5

Primates.
-Mammals w/ 5 digits w/ nails and opposable thumbs.
-excludes all other animals.

Front 6

Family Hominidae

Back 6

Hominids
-Bipedal primates w/ interlocking knees, and steroscopic vision.
-excludes all other primates including great apes [gorillas]

Front 7

Genus Homo

Back 7

Humans
-hominids w/ a large cerebrum and steep facial angle
-excludes all ancestral hominids except genus homo

Front 8

Species Homo Sapiens

Back 8

Modern Humans
-humans w/ the largest extant brain.
-excludes all members of the genus homo.

Front 9

Cell Component: ORGANELLE

Back 9

-Structure = membrane bound and non membrane bound structures that have unique functions and activities.
- Functions = Carry out specific metabolic activity of the cell.

Front 10

What is a CELL

Back 10

the basic anatomical and physiological unit of an organism

Front 11

What is a TISSUE?

Back 11

A group of cells of similar form and function

Front 12

What is an ORGAN?

Back 12

A structure that performs a specific life function for an organism.
(eg. the stomach performs the specific function of protein breakdown)

Front 13

What is an ORGAN SYSTEM?

Back 13

a group of organs that performs a general life function for an organism
(eg. the digestive system performs the general function of digestion)

Front 14

What is an ORGANISM?

Back 14

a free-living individual not dependant on others for its survival.

Front 15

What is HOMEOSTASTIS

Back 15

the regulation of life functions w/ in narrow limits.
(eg. Heart Rate, Respiratory rate, Electorlyte levels, etc.)

Front 16

What is NEGATIVE FEEDBACK?

Back 16

the mechanism that achieves homeostasis.
(eg. the mechanism that returns internal conditions to mean values.)

Front 17

What is the mechanism of HOMEOSTASIS?

Back 17

- observed phenomenon of a nearly constant internal environment.
- narrow fluctuation around mean values plus or minus 1.5%.

Front 18

What is the mechanism of NEGATIVE FEEDBACK?

Back 18

-build up of a product inhibits its production.
-loss of a product stimulates its production

Front 19

The Negative Feedback Mechanism in order.

Back 19

1.Hypothalamus
2. Anterior Pituitary
3. Thyroid Gland
4. "ON"
5. Hypothalamus
6. TRH
7. Anterior Pituatary
8.TSH
9. Thyroid Gland
10. Thyroxin
Loss of a product stimulates its production
11. OFF
12. Hypothalamus
13. Anterior Pituitary
14. TSH
15. Thyroid Gland
16. Thyroxin
17. Hypothalamus
18. Anterior Pituitary
19. Thyroid Gland
20. Thyroxin
21 Hypothalamus
22. Anterior Pituitary
23. Thyroid Gland
Build up of a product INHIBITS its production

Front 20

Extra Info on NEGATIVE FEEDBACK MECHANISM

Back 20

1. Hypothalamus "monitors" all important blood parameters.
2. Lower values prompt the Hypothalamus to "turn on" the Anterior Pituitary Gland.
3. The anterior Pituitary secretes specific hormones to "turn on" other specific endocrine glands.
4. Specific endocrine glands respond by producing specific hormones. Their product builds up in the blood.
5. Product build up causes the Hypothalamus to "turn OFF" the anterior pituitary, terminating the product build up.

Front 21

What is Passive Transport?

Back 21

Requires no expenditure of the cell's energy.
-particle movement from HI to LO concentration.
-moves down a gradient of particles.
-ATP NOT required

Front 22

What is Active Transport?

Back 22

Requires expenditure of the cell's energy.
-particle movement from LO to HI
-Moves up a gradient of particles.
-Movement of substance AGAINST a concentration radient.
-requires ATP.

Front 23

What is Phagocytosis?

Back 23

It is Cell Eating: involves chemotaxis and amoeboid movement.

Front 24

What is Pinocytosis?

Back 24

It is Cell Drinking: involves protein ingestion.

Front 25

What is SIMPLE DIFFUSION?

Back 25

-Passive Transport
-Unaided movement of substance due to lolecular motion down its concentration gradient across selectively permeable membrane.
-Energy: Molecular movement
0(ex. exchange of 02 and CO2 between blood and body tissues)

Front 26

What is OSMOSIS?

Back 26

-Passive Transport
-Diffusion of h20 across a selectively permeable membrane; direction is determined by relative solute concentrations; continues until equilibrium is reached.
-Energy: Molecular movement
(ex. h20 in small kidney tubules moves across a cell barrier back into the blood from the tubular fluid that eventually forms urine)

Front 27

What is FACILITATED DIFFUSION?

Back 27

-Passive Transport
0Movement of materials too large to pass through membrane channels; relies on transport proteins
-Energy: molecular movement requiring a carrier assistance by a transport protein.
(ex. transport of glucose into cells)

Front 28

What is BULK FILTRATION?

Back 28

-Passive Transport
-Bulk movement of solvents and soutes from an area of high concentration to an area of low concentration as a result of hydrostatic pressure differences across the membrane.
-energy: hydrostatic pressure
(ex. transport of nutrients and fluids from the blood into body tissues.

Front 29

What are ION PUMPS?

Back 29

-Active Transport
-Transport of ions acrtoss the membrane against a concentration gradient by transmembrane protein pumps
-Energy: ATP
(ex. sodium-potassium exchange pump)

Front 30

What is a BULK TRANSPORT?

Back 30

-Active Transport
-Membrane vesicles form around materials for transport
-Energy= ATP

Front 31

What is EXOCYTOSIS?

Back 31

-Active Transport
-Bulk movement of substances out of the cell by fusion of secretory vesicles w/ the plasma membrane.
-Energy = ATP
(ex. release of digestive enzymes by pancreatic cells)

Front 32

What is ENDOCYTOSIS?

Back 32

-Active Transport
-Bulk movement of substances into a cell by vesicles forming at the plasma membrane.
-Energy: ATP

Front 33

What ar RECEPTOR-MEDIATED ENDOCYTOSIS?

Back 33

-Active Transport
-Type of endocytosis in which specific molecule-receptor complexes in the plasma membrane stimulate the clustering of bound molecule-receptor complexes; vesicles containing specific molecules bound to receptors in the membrane stimulate internalization of the bound molecules.
-Energy=ATP
(ex. uptake of cholesterol into cells)

Front 34

Cell Component = PLASMA MEMBRANE

Back 34

Structure = phospholipid bilayer containing cholesterol and proteins (integral and peripheral) and some CHO externally.
-Functions = Contains receptors for communication; forms intercellular connections; acts as physical barrier to enclose cell contents; regultaes material movement into and out of the cell

Front 35

Cell Component = CYTOPLASM

Back 35

- Structure = Contains cytosol, a viscous fluid, and inclusions and organelles.
- Function = site of metabolic processes of the cell; stores nutrients and dissolved solutes

Front 36

Cell Component = CYTOSOL

Back 36

- structure = viscous fluid medium w/ dissolved solutes (ions, nutrients, proteins, CHO, lipids, and other small molecules)
- Functions = provides support for ogranelles; serves as visous medium through which diffusion occurs.

Front 37

Cell Components = INCLUSIONS

Back 37

- structure = droplets of melanin, protein, glycogen granules, or lipid, usually non membrane bound
-function = store materials

Front 38

Cell Components = NUCLEUS

Back 38

- Structure = The Governer of the cell. Surrounded by double membrane nuclear envelope (each membrane is a phospholipid bilaryer), contains nucleolus made of RNA and chromatin made of DNA
- Functions = Acts as cell control center; controls all genetic info. (DNA), site of ribosome subunit assembly.

Front 39

Cell Components = NUCLEAR ENVELOPE

Back 39

- Structure = Double membrane boundary between cytoplasm and nuclear contents
- functions = pores in envelope regulate exchange of materials w/ the cytoplasm

Front 40

Cell Components = NUCLEAR PORES

Back 40

- Structure= Openings through the nuclear envelope
- Functions = Allow for passage of materials between nucleus and cytoplasm.

Front 41

Cell Components = NUCLEOLUS

Back 41

- Structure = Spherical, dark-staining, dense granular region in the nucleus
- Functions = Synthesizes rRNA and assembles ribosomes in the nucleus

Front 42

Cell Components = CHROMATIN and CHORMOSOMES

Back 42

- Structure = Filamentous association of DNA and Histone proteins
- Functions = Site of genes in the DNA

Front 43

Membrane-bound Organelles: SMOOTH ENDOPLAMSIC RETICULUM (Smooth ER)

Back 43

- Structure = Interconnected network of membrane tubules and vesicles; no ribosomes.
- Functions = Synthesizes lipids; metabolizes CHO; detoxifies drugs, ETOH

Front 44

Membrane-bound Organelles: ROUGH ENDOPLASMIC RETICULUM (Rough ER)

Back 44

- Structure = Flattened intracelular network of membrane sacs called cisternae; ribosomes attached on cytoplasmic surface
- Functions = Synthesizes proteins for secretion, new proteins for the plasma membrane, and lysosomal enzymes; transports and stores molecules.

Front 45

Membrane-bound Organelles: GOLGI APPARATUS

Back 45

- Structure = Stacked series of flattened, smooth membrane sacs w/ associated shuttle vesicles
- Functions = Modifies, pacages, and sorts newly synthesized proteins for secretion, inclusion in new plasma membrane, or lysosomal enzyme synthesis.

Front 46

Membrane-bound Organelles: LYSOSOMES

Back 46

- Structure = membrane sacs w/ digestive enzymes
- Functions = digest materials or microbes ingested by the cell, remove old/damaged organelles, self-destruct

Front 47

Membrane-bound Organelles: PEROXISOMES

Back 47

- Structure = Memrane-enclosed sacs; usually contain large amounts of specific enzymes to break down harmful substances
- functions = convert hydrogen peroxide formed during metabolism to h20.

Front 48

Membrane-bound Organelles:
MITOCHONDRIA

Back 48

- Structure = Double membrane structures w/ cristae; fluid matrix contents at center.
- Functions = Synthesize most ATP during cellular respiration: "powerhouses of cell"

Front 49

Non-Membrane-bound Organelles: RIBOSOMES

Back 49

- Structure = Dense cytoplasmic granules w/ two subunits (large and small); may be free in cytoplasm (free ribosomes) or bound to rough ER (fixed ribosomes)
- functions = Synthesizeproteins for:
1. Use in the cell (free ribosomes)
2. Secretion, incorporation into plasma membrane, or lysosomes (fixed ribosomes)

Front 50

Non-Membrane-bound Organelles: CYTOSKELETON

Back 50

-Structure = Organized network of protein filaments or hollow tubules throughout the cell
- Functions = provides structural support; facilitates cytoplasmic streaming, organelle and cellular motility, transport of materials, and chromosomal movement and cell divisioni.

Front 51

Non-Membrane-bound Organelles:MICROFILAMENTS

Back 51

-Structure = actin protein monomers formed into filaments.
- functions = maintain cell shape; aid in muscle contraction and intracellular movement; separate dividing cells.

Front 52

Non-Membrane-bound Organelles: INTERMEDIATE FILAMENTS

Back 52

- Structure = Various protein components
- functions = provide structural support, stabilize cell junctions

Front 53

Non-Membrane-bound Organelles: MICROTUBULES

Back 53

- Structure = Hollow cylinders of tubulin protein; able to lengthen and shorten
- function = support cell ; hold organelles in place; maintain cell shape and rigidity; direct organelle movement w/ in cell and cell motility as cilia and flagella; move chromosomes at cell division.

Front 54

Non-Membrane-bound Organelles: CENTROSOME

Back 54

- Structure = amorphous region adjacent to nucleus; contains 2 centrioles which is composed of triplets of microtubules.
- Functions = Organizes moicrotubules; participates in spindle formation during cell division, directs chromosomes during cell division.

Front 55

Non-Membrane-bound Organelles: CENTRIOLES

Back 55

- Structure = Paired perpendicular cylindrical bodies; compsoed of microtubule triplets.
-functions = organize microtubules during cell division for movement of chromosomes

Front 56

Non-Membrane-bound Organelles: CILIA

Back 56

- Structure = Short, membrane-attached projections containing microtubules; occur in large numbers on exposed membrane surfaces.
0functions = move fluid, mucus, and materials over the cell surface.

Front 57

Non-Membrane-bound Organelles: FLAGELLUM

Back 57

- structure = long, singular membrane extension containing microtubules
- functions = propels sperm cells in human male.

Front 58

Non-Membrane-bound Organelles: MICROVILLI

Back 58

- Structure = numerous thin membrane folds projecting from the free cell surface.
- functions = increase membrane surface area for increased absorption and/or secretion.

Front 59

What is the job of mRNA?

Back 59

-Transcribes message to ribosomes.
-Carries message to ribosomes.

Front 60

Wahat is the job of rRNA?

Back 60

Reads and Translates the message and assembles protein one Amino Acid at a time.

Front 61

What is the job of tRNA?

Back 61

-brings amino acid to ribosomes to add growing protein.

Front 62

What are the 3 steps of the Cell Cycle?

Back 62

1. Interphase
2. Mitosis
3. Cytokinesis

Front 63

What are the 3 steps of Interphase?

Back 63

1. G1 (Growth)
2. S (DNA replication and growth)
3. G2 (Growth)

Front 64

What are the 4 steps of Mitosis?

Back 64

1. Prophase
2. Metaphase
3. Anaphase
4. Telophase

Front 65

What happens in Cytokinesis?

Back 65

-The cell DIVIDES
forming 2 daughter cells
-Begins before Telophase ends.

Front 66

What happens in Interphase?

Back 66

-Normal Cell operations
-Protein synthesis
-Chromosomes are indistinct
-Growth and replication

Front 67

What happens in PROPHASE of Mitosis?

Back 67

-Mitotic spindles form
-2 sister chromatids joined at centromere

Front 68

What happens in METAPHASE of Mitosis?

Back 68

-Chromosomes aligned at equatorial plate.
-Mitotic spindle attach to the centromeres of the chromosomes from the centrioles.

Front 69

What happens in ANAPHASE of Mitosis?

Back 69

-Sister chromatids pull apart.

Front 70

What happens in TELOPHASE of Mitosis?

Back 70

-Seperated Chromosomes arrive at cell poles and stop moving.
-Nucleur envelope reappears, mitotic spindle disintegrates, chromosomes disappear and become thin chromatin threads

Front 71

What is Protein Synthesis?

Back 71

The instructions for assembling all necessary proteins. "THE BOOK"

Front 72

What is DNA?

Back 72

-Contains the genetic code in the chromatids of the 46 chromosomes.
-Double Helix: Complimentary DNA strands taht form Chromatids.
-Consists of long cains of nucleotids: A, T, C, G
-"THE LETTERS"

Front 73

What is Codon?

Back 73

-specific sequence of three nucleotides (triplet)
-The instructions for insterting one amino aci into an assembling protein.
-"THE WORD"

Front 74

What is a Gene?

Back 74

-consists of many codons.
-instruction necessary to assemble one complete protein.
-"the Paragraph"

Front 75

What is Genome?

Back 75

-Entire genetic compliment of an organism
-the human genome contains at least 100,000 genes.