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59 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Hormones classified |
Structurally |
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Physiological actions of a steroid hormone |
Alters rate of DNA transcription Changes protein synthesis Directly effects metabolic activity and structure
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Physiological actions of thyroid hormone |
Affects metabolic rate and calcium ions levels in blood |
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Physiological actions of a peptide/ protein hormone |
Pro-hormones, inactive precursors to be activated into hormones |
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2nd messenger |
Affect enzyme activity and change cellular metabolic activity |
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How does Hypothalamus control pituitary |
Hypophyseal portal system Capillary networks to not dilute hormone |
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Hypothalamus control of posterior pituitary |
Nurons that synthesize ADH & OXT |
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Negative feedback of thyroid hormone |
Hypothalamus TRH Anterior pituitary TSH 2nd hormone T3 & T4 by the thyroid 2nd hormone suppressed both TRH and TSH |
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Cortisol negative feedback |
Hypothalamus CRH anterior pituitary ACTH adrenal cortex releases cortisol, hormone 2 that effects the target cells |
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Growth hormone |
Promotes cell growth & reproduction by speeding up protein synthesis Produced by anterior pituitary |
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Adrenocorticotropic hormone |
Stimulates hormones in adrenal cortex Produced by anterior pituitary |
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Thyroid stimulating hormone |
Increase thyroid activity T3 &T4 Produced by anterior pituitary |
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Prolactin |
Promotes milk production in mammary glands Produced by anterior pituitary |
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Anti-diuretic |
Encourage water retention Increase blood pressure Produced by nurons in Hypothalamus |
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Oxytocin |
Promote labor and delivery Produced by neurons in Hypothalamus |
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Aldosterone |
Increase kidney retention of sodium ions and water Promotes loss of potassium ions Produced by the adrenal cortex |
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Cortisol |
Glucocorticoid, increase lipid and amino acid catabolism, glucose sparing, reduces inflammation Produced by adrenal cortex |
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Epinephrine |
Increase heart rate Increase blood pressure Increase glycogen breakdown Increase blood glucose levels Produced by adrenal medulla |
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Physiological effects of T3 &T4 |
Increase metabolism consumption rate of oxygen heart rate blood pressure Sympathetic stimulation Mineral to bone |
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Increased calcium level |
Thyroid produces calcitonin Excretion by kidneys Calcium deposit in bone |
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Calcium level decreases |
Parathyroid release PTH Absorption by kidneys Calcium released by bone |
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Increased glucose |
Beta cells from pancreas Glucose into cells Glucose utilization and ATP generation Glucose to glycogen Amino acid absorption protein and triglyceride synthesis |
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Decreased glucose level |
Alpha cells Breakdown glycogen to glucose Breakdown fat to fatty acids Release & synthesis of glucose |
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Symptoms of diabetes |
Hyperglycemia Glycosuria- glucose in urine Polyuria - excessive volume of urine |
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Complications of diabetes |
Retinopathy Heart attacks Diabetic Neuropathy Reduced blood flow to extremities |
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Type 1 diabetes |
Childhood Inadequate insulin from beta cells |
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Type 2 diabetes |
Elderly Obesity Tissues don't respond |
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Functions of blood |
Transport dissolved gases, nutrients, hormones, and metabolic waste Regulate pH and ion composition of interstitial fluid Restrictions fluid loss at injury site Defend against pathogens and toxins Stabilize body temperature |
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Erythrocyte |
Oxygen transport Red |
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Nutrophil |
Round Nucleus loves like string of beads Phagocyte |
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Eosinophil |
Nucleus has 2 lobes Large red grains Phagocyte Reduce inflammation |
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Basophil |
Dark and grainy Release histamine Promotes inflammation |
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Monocyte |
Kidney shaped nucleus Macrophages to engulf pathogens and debris |
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Lymphocyte |
Round nucleus Little cytoplasm Defense against specific pathogens Long lasting |
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Thrombocytes |
Platelets for clotting |
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Albiums |
White Osmotic pressure |
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Transport globulins |
Bind small ions, hormones, lipids For non water soluble |
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Immunoglobulin |
White Antibodies that attack pathogens |
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Fibrinogen |
White Clotting Large strands for blood clot Dissolved until needed |
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Hematocrit |
% of whole blood contributed by formed elements |
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Hematocrit elevated |
Polycythemia |
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Hematocrit depressed |
Anemia |
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Hemoglobin |
Quaternary structure 4 polypeptide chains 2 alpha 2 beta 1 heme for each chain Transport oxygen |
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Function of Erythropoietin |
Carried to red bone marrow to stimulate stem cells and developing red blood cells. Released during anaemia blood flow to kidneys drops oxygen content of the air in lungs decline respiratory surfaces of lungs is damaged. |
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What happens after obsolete red blood cells are destroyed by liver? |
RBC's are recycled by macrophages. Iron is pulled out of hemoglobin and recycled. Amino acids are disassembled for other uses. Leftover heme without iron is broken down into belverdin. |
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Hemoglobin not phagotized |
Breaks down into protein chains and eliminated in urine |
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Bilirubin |
Released from macrophages binds to albumin and is released by liver in bile. If not jaundice occurs. |
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Hematopoietic Stem Cell |
Located in bone marrow. Gives rise to formed elements in the blood. Two types of stem cells, lymphoid stem cells and myloid stem cells. |
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White blood cell frequency |
Neutrophil 67% Lymphocyte 25% Eosinophil 4% Monocyte 3% Basophil 1% |
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Leukopenia |
Decreased leukocytes |
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Leuocytosis |
Increase in white blood cells |
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Rh factor |
An antibody not automatically present. Negative will have not antibodies present in blood. |
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Erythroblastosis fetalis or HDN |
Maternal antibodies attack the fetus red blood cells |
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Vascular Spasm |
Endothelial cells contract exposing underlying basement membrane to blood stream. |
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Endothlians |
Peptide Hormone released by endothelial cells. Promotes smooth muscle contraction and vascular spasms. |
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Platelet aggregation |
Attachment of platelets to sticky endotheliar surfaces, basement membranes, expose collegen fibers, and other platelets. |
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Coagulation |
Fibrinogen to fibrin Procoagulants including calcium, enzymes, and proenzymes. |
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Common path way |
X factor activates prothrombin activates thrombin to make fibrinogen to fibrin. |
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Intrinsic and extrinsic |
Intrinsic. proenzymes, platelet , clotting , common pathway. Extrinsic. Tissue damage, tissue factor, tissue factor complex then to common path |
