Anatomy Term 1 - Q&a - Ii Thoracic Limb

Front 1

Describe the Clavicle in the dog and cat

Back 1

Cat: separate, nonarticular bone;
Dog: rudimentary or absent, embedded in brachiocephalicus

Front 2

What does the spine of the scapula divide?

Back 2

Lateral scapula into infraspinous and supraspinous fossae

Front 3

What is the acromion?

Back 3

End of the spine of the scapula

Front 4

What is the caudal projection of the acromion found in the cat?

Back 4

Suprahamate Process

Front 5

What is the glenoid fossa / cavity and its function?

Back 5

Shallow cavity of the scapula articulating with the humerus to form the shoulder joint

Front 6

What is the supraglenoid tubercle and what is its function?

Back 6

Cranial process near the glenoid cavity where the biceps brachii muscle attaches

Front 7

What and where is the greater tubercle?

Back 7

Projection located craniolateral to the head of the humerus - point of the shoulder

Front 8

What is the intertubercular (bicipital) groove?

Back 8

The sulcus between the greater and lesser humeral tubercles for the biceps brachii tendon

Front 9

Where is the condyle of the humerus and how many are there?

Back 9

Entire distal end of the humerus - there is only one

Front 10

What arises from the epicondyles of the humerus?

Back 10

Lateral (extensor) epicondyle: extensors of forearm;

Medial (flexor) epicondyle: flexors

Front 11

What foramen is found in canine and feline humeri, and what passes through them?

Back 11

Dog - supratrochlear foramen - nothing;
Cat - supracondylar foramen - median n. and brachial vessels

Front 12

What and where is the styloid process of the radius?

Back 12

Pointed end of the radius, located distally and medially on the radius

Front 13

What is the function of the olecranon/olecranon tuberosity? What is a common name for it?

Back 13

Serves as a lever arm for the extensor muscle of the elbow, point of the elbow

Front 14

Name the depression of the ulna that articulates with the humerus and its proximal and distal ends.

Back 14

Trochlear notch (semilunar notch)
Proximal end = anconeal process
Distal ends = medial and lateral coronoid processes

Front 15

What and where is the styloid process of the ulna?

Back 15

Pointed end of the ulna, located distal and lateral end of ulna

Front 16

List the parts of the manus from proximal to distal (and the bones of each part).

Back 16

Carpus (carpal bones), metacarpus (metacarpal bones), digits (proximal, middle, and distal phalanges and associated sesmoid bones)

Front 17

What does the term carpus designate?

Back 17

Carpal bones and compound joint formed by these bones or the region between the forearm and metacarpus

Front 18

Name the bones of the carpus and indicate where they are in each row

Back 18

Proximal row form medial to lateral: radial, ulnar, and accessory carpal bones

Distal row: numbered from 1-4 from medial to lateral

Front 19

Which carpal bone is located laterally and palmarily and is considered a landmark?

Back 19

Accessory Carpal Bone

Front 20

List the bones of the digits and their locations

Back 20

Proximal, middle, and distal phalanges (not middle for dewclaw), 2 proximal sesamoid bones (1 for dewclaw) on palmar side of metacarpophalangeal joints), 1 dorsal sesamoid bone for digit 1-4

Front 21

What is the fingernail-like structure covering the ungual process?

Back 21

Horny Claw

Front 22

What is the shelf of the distal phalanx covering the root of the claw?

Back 22

Ungual Crest

Front 23

What is the Digit (P1, P3, 1 Proximal sesamoid) + MtC1 that doesn't reach the ground?

Back 23

Dew claw

Front 24

What is the configuration of teh shoulder (scapulohumeral, humeral) joint?

Back 24

Ball and socket (spheroidal)

Front 25

What type of motion is allowed at the shoulder joint?

Back 25

All movements (universal) but mainly flexion and extension

Front 26

What protects the biceps tendon in the intertubercular groove?

Back 26

Extension of the shoulder joint capsule (connected) acting as a tendon sheath

Front 27

What stabilizes the shoulder joint?

Back 27

No true collateral ligaments, but infraspinatus tendon laterally and subscapularis tendon medially help stabilize

Front 28

What bones make up the elbow (cubital) joint?

Back 28

Humeral Condyle (humerus), trochlear notch (ulna), head of radius

Front 29

What type of joint is the elbow (cubital) joint, and what action is allowed?

Back 29

Ginglymus or hinge joint, also compound, allows for flexion and extension

Front 30

What powerful ligaments bind sides of all the joints of the limb except the shoulder? how does this effect their movement?

Back 30

Lateral and medial collateral ligaments. Limits movement to mainly flexion and extension

Front 31

What type of joint is the carpus and what movement does it allow?

Back 31

Compound/composite hinge joint; flexion and extension (also gliding and rotation)

Front 32

List the joints of the carpus and the movement each allows

Back 32

Antebrachiocarpal joint: most movement flexion and extension
Middle carpal joint: less but considerable extension and flexion
Carpometacarpal joint: very little mainly gliding
Intercarpal Joint: gliding

Front 33

List the boundaries of the carpal canal

Back 33

Carpal Bones (covered by palmar carpal fibrocartilage), accessory carpal bone and flexor retinaculum (transverse carpal ligament)

Front 34

List the joints of the digits (the bones they are between)

Back 34

Metacarpophalangeal (MP) joints (metacarpal bone and proximal phalanx)
Proximal interdigital (PIP) (p1 and P2);
Distal Interdigital (DIP or claw) joint of P2 and P3

Front 35

What bones are located on the palmar side of the metacarpophalangeal joints?

Back 35

2 Palmar sesmoids (main digits 2-5) 1 for dew claw

Front 36

What ligament extends from the proximal P2 to dorsal P3?

Back 36

Dorsal elastic ligament, unique to carnivores

Front 37

What flexor muscles effect the interphalangeal joints?

Back 37

Proximal IP: DDF and SDF
Distal IP: DDF only

Front 38

What is the function of the elastic dorsal ligament of the cat's digit?

Back 38

Opposes the DDF, keeping the claw retracted (sheathing the claw)

Front 39

What local thickening of the deep fascia holds tendons in place?

Back 39

Retinaculum

Front 40

In which layer are the cutaneous muscles located?

Back 40

The superficial fascia

Front 41

What is the function of the cutaneous muscle?

Back 41

Twitch the skin, shoo flies away

Front 42

What muscles connect the thoracic limbs to the head, neck and trunk?

Back 42

Extrinsic muscles of the thoracic limbs

Front 43

Name five of the eight extrinsic muscles of the thoracic limb

Back 43

Trapezius, omotransversarius, brachicephalicus,rhombodeus, serratus ventralis, superficial pectoral, deep pectoral, latissimus dorsi

Front 44

Which extrinsic muscle supports the weight of the trunk?

Back 44

Serratus Ventralis - forms a sling for the trunk

Front 45

What muscles originate and insert on the bones of the thoracic limb?

Back 45

Intrinsic muscles of the thoracic limb

Front 46

What muscles replace collateral ligaments in the shoulder?

Back 46

subscapular, infraspinatus, supraspinatus, biceps brachii, mainly

Front 47

What nerve innervates the supraspinatus and infraspinatus muscles?

Back 47

Suprascapular Nerve

Front 48

What is the common insertion of all four heads of the triceps brachii muscle?

Back 48

Olecranon of the ulna

Front 49

Where does the biceps brachii muscle originate?

Back 49

Supraglenoid tuberosity

Front 50

What nerve innervates the triceps and other extensors of the elbow, carpus and digits?

Back 50

Radial Nerve

Front 51

How are the forearm muscles grouped?

Back 51

Craniolateral antebrachial muscles: extensors of the digits and carpus

Caudal antebrachial muscles: flexors of the digits and carpus

Front 52

Where do most of the extensors of the digits/carpus arise?

Back 52

On or near the lateral epicondyle

Front 53

What muscles arise/originate from the medial (flexor) epicondyle of the humerus?

Back 53

Caudal antebrachial flexor muscles

Front 54

What nerve innervates the extensors of the digits and carpus? Flexors of the carpus?

Back 54

Extensors: Radial n

Flexors: Median and Ulnar

Front 55

Where does the superficial digital flexor and deep digital flexor insert?
What is the clinical significance of this?

Back 55

SDF on Middle Phalanges
DDF on Distal Phalanges

DDF affects the distal interphalangeal joint, SDF doesnt

Front 56

Where are most of the vessels of the nerves and arm? Why?

Back 56

Medial side of the arm, to keep them protected

Front 57

List the main arteries to the forelimb and their location

Back 57

Subclavian a ( medial to first rib), axillary a (in axilla) subscapular a (along caudal scapula) brachial a (in arm, common interosseous a (last branch of brachial) , median (in forearm), digital aa (in paw)

Front 58

What are the locations of the cephalic and accessory cephalic veins of the manus; where do they join and continue as the cephalic vein?

Back 58

Cephalic palmar paw; accessory cephalic dorsal paw; meet above carpus to travel cranial on the forearm

Front 59

Can the lymph nodes of the thoracic limb be palpated?

Back 59

Axillary no, accessory can if present, superficial cervical can

Front 60

What two muscles does the suprascapular nerve innervate?

Back 60

Crosses neck of scapula to the Supraspinatous and infraspinatous

Front 61

What innervates the cutaneous trunci muscle?

Back 61

Lateral thoracic nerve

Front 62

What nerve innervates the extensors of the elbow and thus is necessary for weight bearing?

Back 62

Radial Nerve

Front 63

What nerve does SS_MAR_MU stand for and from what areas of the brachial plexus do they arise?

Back 63

SS: cranial (supraspinous, subscapularis) MAR: middle (musculocutaneous, axillary, radial), MU: caudal (median, ulnar)